Methods for allergen detection

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to methods that may be used for the detection of allergens.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to methods that may be used for detectionof one or more allergens.

SUMMARY

In some embodiments one or more methods are provided that includeprocessing one or more samples with one or more microfluidic chipsconfigured for analysis of one or more allergen indicators and detectingthe one or more allergen indicators with one or more detection unitsthat are operably associated with the one or more microfluidic chips.The method may optionally include displaying results of the detectingwith one or more display units that are operably associated with the oneor more detection units. In addition to the foregoing, other aspects aredescribed in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of thepresent disclosure.

In some embodiments one or more methods are provided that includedetecting one or more allergen indicators with one or more detectionunits that are configured to detachably connect to one or moremicrofluidic chips that are configured for analysis of the one or moreallergen indicators and displaying results of the detecting with one ormore display units that are operably associated with the one or moredetection units. The method may optionally include processing one ormore samples with the one or more microfluidic chips that are configuredfor analysis of the one or more allergen indicators. In addition to theforegoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and textforming a part of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments one or more methods are provided that includeprocessing one or more samples with one or more microfluidic chips thatare configured for analysis of one or more allergen indicators,detecting the one or more allergen indicators with one or more detectionunits that are operably associated with the one or more microfluidicchips, and displaying results of the detecting with one or more displayunits that are operably associated with the one or more detection units.In addition to the foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims,drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments one or more methods are provided that includeprocessing one or more samples with one or more microfluidic chips thatare configured for analysis of one or more allergen indicators andextracting the one or more allergen indicators from the one or moresamples with the one or more microfluidic chips. The method mayoptionally include detecting the one or more allergen indicators withone or more detection units. The method may optionally includedisplaying results of the detecting with one or more display units. Inaddition to the foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims,drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments one or more systems are provided that include one ormore microfluidic chips configured for analysis of one or more samplesfor one or more allergen indicators and one or more detection unitsconfigured for detachable connection to the one or more microfluidicchips and configured to detect the one or more allergen indicators. Thesystem may optionally include one or more display units operablyassociated with the one or more detection units. In addition to theforegoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and textforming a part of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments one or more systems are provided that include one ormore microfluidic chips configured for analysis of one or more samplesfor one or more allergen indicators and one or more reagent deliveryunits configured to deliver one or more reagents to the one or moremicrofluidic chips. The system may optionally include one or moredetection units configured to detect the one or more allergenindicators. The system may optionally include one or more display unitsoperably associated with the one or more detection units. In addition tothe foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings, andtext forming a part of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments one or more systems are provided that include one ormore microfluidic chips configured for analysis of one or more samplesfor one or more allergen indicators, one or more centrifugation unitsconfigured to operably associate with the one or more microfluidicchips, and one or more detection units operably associated with the oneor more microfluidic chips. The system may optionally include one ormore display units operably associated with the one or more detectionunits. The system may optionally include one or more reservoir unitsthat are operably associated with the one or more microfluidic chips. Inaddition to the foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims,drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments one or more microfluidic chips are provided thatinclude one or more accepting units configured to accept one or moresamples and one or more analysis units configured for analysis of one ormore allergen indicators associated with the one or more samples. Themicrofluidic chips may optionally include one or more display units thatare operably associated with the one or more analysis units. In additionto the foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims; drawings,and text forming a part of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments one or more microfluidic chips are provided thatinclude one or more accepting units that are configured to accept one ormore samples associated with one or more food products and one or moreanalysis units that are configured for analysis of one or more allergenindicators associated with the one or more food products. Themicrofluidic chips may optionally include one or more display units thatare operably associated with the one or more analysis units. In additionto the foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings,and text forming a part of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments one or more microfluidic chips are provided thatinclude one or more accepting units configured to accept one or moresamples, one or more reagent inputs configured to accept one or morereagents, and one or more analysis units configured for analysis of theone or more samples for one or more allergen indicators. Themicrofluidic chips may optionally include one or more display units thatare operably associated with the one or more analysis units. In additionto the foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings,and text forming a part of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments one or more devices are provided that include one ormore detection units configured to detachably connect to one or moremicrofluidic chips and configured to detect one or more allergenindicators that are associated with one or more allergens. The devicemay optionally include one or more display units operably associatedwith the one or more detection units. In addition to the foregoing,other aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming apart of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments one or more devices are provided that include one ormore reagent delivery units that are configured to operably associatewith one or more microfluidic chips and provide one or more reagents tothe one or more microfluidic chips and one or more detection unitsconfigured to detachably associate with the one or more microfluidicchips and configured to detect one or more allergen indicators. Thedevice may optionally include one or more display units that areoperably associated with the one or more detection units. In addition tothe foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings, andtext forming a part of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments one or more devices are provided that include one ormore centrifugation units that are configured to operably associate withone or more microfluidic chips and one or more detection units that areoperably associated with the one or more centrifugation units andconfigured to detect one or more allergen indicators within one or moresamples that are included within the one or more microfluidic chips. Thedevice may optionally include one or more display units that areoperably associated with the one or more detection units. The device mayoptionally include one or more reservoir units configured to operablyassociate with the one or more microfluidic chips. In addition to theforegoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and textforming a part of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, means include but are not limited to circuitryand/or programming for effecting the herein-referenced functionalaspects; the circuitry and/or programming can be virtually anycombination of hardware, software, and/or firmware configured to effectthe herein-referenced functional aspects depending upon the designchoices of the system designer. In addition to the foregoing, othersystem aspects means are described in the claims, drawings, and/or textforming a part of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, related systems include but are not limited tocircuitry and/or programming for effecting the herein-referenced methodaspects; the circuitry and/or programming can be virtually anycombination of hardware, software, and/or firmware configured to effectthe herein-referenced method aspects depending upon the design choicesof the system designer. In addition to the foregoing, other systemaspects are described in the claims, drawings, and/or text forming apart of the present application.

The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be inany way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments,and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and featureswill become apparent by reference to the drawings, claims, and thefollowing detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates an example system 100 in which embodiments may beimplemented.

FIG. 2 illustrates an operational flow representing example operationsrelated to methods and systems for analysis of allergens.

FIG. 3 illustrates alternate embodiments of the example operational flowof FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 illustrates alternate embodiments of the example operational flowof FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 illustrates alternate embodiments of the example operational flowof FIG. 2.

FIG. 6 illustrates alternate embodiments of the example operational flowof FIG. 2.

FIG. 7 illustrates an operational flow representing example operationsrelated to methods and systems for analysis of allergens.

FIG. 8 illustrates an operational flow representing example operationsrelated to methods and systems for analysis of allergens.

FIG. 9 illustrates an operational flow representing example operationsrelated to methods and systems for analysis of allergens.

FIG. 10 illustrates alternate embodiments of the example operationalflow of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 illustrates alternate embodiments of the example operationalflow of FIG. 9.

FIG. 12 illustrates alternate embodiments of the example operationalflow of FIG. 9.

FIG. 13 illustrates alternate embodiments of the example operationalflow of FIG. 9.

FIG. 14 illustrates alternate embodiments of the example operationalflow of FIG. 9.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example system 1500 in which embodiments may beimplemented.

FIG. 16 illustrates alternate embodiments of the system of FIG. 15.

FIG. 17 illustrates alternate embodiments of the system of FIG. 15.

FIG. 18 illustrates alternate embodiments of the system of FIG. 15.

FIG. 19 illustrates alternate embodiments of the system of FIG. 15.

FIG. 20 illustrates an example system 2000 in which embodiments may beimplemented.

FIG. 21 illustrates alternate embodiments of the system of FIG. 20.

FIG. 22 illustrates alternate embodiments of the system of FIG. 20.

FIG. 23 illustrates alternate embodiments of the system of FIG. 20.

FIG. 24 illustrates alternate embodiments of the system of FIG. 20.

FIG. 25 illustrates alternate embodiments of the system of FIG. 20.

FIG. 26 illustrates an example system 2600 in which embodiments may beimplemented.

FIG. 27 illustrates alternate embodiments of the system of FIG. 26.

FIG. 28 illustrates alternate embodiments of the system of FIG. 26.

FIG. 29 illustrates alternate embodiments of the system of FIG. 26.

FIG. 30 illustrates alternate embodiments of the system of FIG. 26.

FIG. 31 illustrates alternate embodiments of the system of FIG. 26.

FIG. 32 illustrates alternate embodiments of the system of FIG. 26.

FIG. 33 illustrates an example microfluidic chip 3300 in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 34 illustrates alternate embodiments of the microfluidic chip ofFIG. 33.

FIG. 35 illustrates alternate embodiments of the microfluidic chip ofFIG. 33.

FIG. 36 illustrates alternate embodiments of the microfluidic chip ofFIG. 33.

FIG. 37 illustrates alternate embodiments of the microfluidic chip ofFIG. 33.

FIG. 38 illustrates alternate embodiments of the microfluidic chip ofFIG. 33.

FIG. 39 illustrates an example microfluidic chip 3900 in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 40 illustrates alternate embodiments of the microfluidic chip ofFIG. 39.

FIG. 41 illustrates alternate embodiments of the microfluidic chip ofFIG. 39.

FIG. 42 illustrates alternate embodiments of the microfluidic chip ofFIG. 39.

FIG. 43 illustrates alternate embodiments of the microfluidic chip ofFIG. 39.

FIG. 44 illustrates an example microfluidic chip 4400 in whichembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 45 illustrates alternate embodiments of the microfluidic chip ofFIG. 44.

FIG. 46 illustrates alternate embodiments of the microfluidic chip ofFIG. 44.

FIG. 47 illustrates alternate embodiments of the microfluidic chip ofFIG. 44.

FIG. 48 illustrates alternate embodiments of the microfluidic chip ofFIG. 44.

FIG. 49 illustrates alternate embodiments of the microfluidic chip ofFIG. 44.

FIG. 50 illustrates alternate embodiments of the microfluidic chip ofFIG. 44.

FIG. 51 illustrates an example device 5100 in which embodiments may beimplemented.

FIG. 52 illustrates alternate embodiments of the device of FIG. 51.

FIG. 53 illustrates alternate embodiments of the device of FIG. 51.

FIG. 54 illustrates an example device 5400 in which embodiments may beimplemented.

FIG. 55 illustrates alternate embodiments of the device of FIG. 54.

FIG. 56 illustrates alternate embodiments of the device of FIG. 54.

FIG. 57 illustrates alternate embodiments of the device of FIG. 54.

FIG. 58 illustrates an example device 5800 in which embodiments may beimplemented.

FIG. 59 illustrates alternate embodiments of the device of FIG. 58.

FIG. 60 illustrates alternate embodiments of the device of FIG. 58.

FIG. 61 illustrates alternate embodiments of the device of FIG. 58.

FIG. 62 illustrates alternate embodiments of the device of FIG. 58.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings,similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless contextdictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in thedetailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting.Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made,without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matterpresented here.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, otheraspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art.The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes ofillustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scopeand spirit being indicated by the following claims.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example system 100 in which embodiments may beimplemented. In some embodiments, the system 100 is operable to providea method that may be used to analyze one or more allergens 104. In someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be processed with one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 that are configured to process one or moreallergens 104. In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 associatedwith an individual may be processed. In some embodiments, one sample 102associated with an individual may be processed. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be used to process one or moresamples 102. In some embodiments, one microfluidic chip 108 may be usedto process one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be used to process one or more allergens 104.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be used toprocess one allergen 104. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may include one or more accepting units 110. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or morereservoir units 112. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may include one or more reagent inputs 114. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associatewith one or more reagent delivery units 116. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate withone or more centrifugation units 118. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more analysis units 120. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more detection units 122. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more display units 124. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to operably associate with one or morerecording units 126. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may receive one or more signals 132. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may transmit one or more signals 132. Insome embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be used to detectone or more allergens 104. In some embodiments, one detection unit 122may be used to detect one or more allergens 104. In some embodiments,one or more detection units 122 may be used to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be portable detection units 122. In some embodiments, oneor more detection units 122 may be non-portable detection units 122. Insome embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be hand-helddetection units 122. In some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may include one or more user interfaces 128. In some embodiments,one or more detection units 122 may include one user interface 128. Insome embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include one ormore user interfaces 128 that are directly coupled with the one or moredetection units 122. In some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may include one or more user interfaces 128 that are remotelycoupled with one or more detection units 122. For example, in someembodiments, a user 130 may interact with the one or more detectionunits 122 through direct physical interaction with the one or moredetection units 122. In other embodiments, a user 130 may interact withone or more detection units 122 through remote interaction. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may transmit one or moresignals 132. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 mayreceive one or more signals 132. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may include one or more display units 124. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be directly coupled toone or more display units 124. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be remotely coupled to one or more display units124. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may transmitone or more signals 132 that are received by one or more display units124. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may include oneor more user interfaces 128. In some embodiments, one or more displayunits 124 may include one user interface 128. In some embodiments, oneor more display units 124 may transmit one or more signals 132. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may receive one or moresignals 132. In some embodiments, system 100 may include one or morerecording units 126. In some embodiments, one or more recording units126 may be directly coupled to one or more detection units 122. In someembodiments, one or more recording units 126 may be directly coupled toone or more display units 124. In some embodiments, one or morerecording units 126 may be directly coupled to one or more detectionunits 122 and one or more display units 124. In some embodiments, one ormore recording units 126 may include one or more user interfaces 128. Insome embodiments, one or more recording units 126 may include one ormore directly coupled user interfaces 128. In some embodiments, one ormore recording units 126 may include one or more remotely coupled userinterfaces 128. In some embodiments, one or more recording units 126 mayreceive one or more signals 132. In some embodiments, one or morerecording units 126 may transmit one or more signals 132.

Sample

Numerous types of samples 102 may be analyzed through use of system 100.In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may be associated with anindividual. In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may include aliquid. In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may include asolid. In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may include a vapor.In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may include a semi-solid.In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may include a gas. Examplesof such samples 102 include, but are not limited to, air, water, food,food products, solids, samples 102 obtained from animals, samples 102that are associated with, but not limited to, one or more weeds,grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals,chemicals, autoallergens, human autoallergens, or substantially anycombination thereof.

Allergen Indicator

Numerous allergen indicators 106 may be processed, analyzed and/ordetected through use of system 100. In some embodiments, allergenindicators 106 include allergens 104 and components of allergens 104.For example, in some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may includepolynucleotides and/or polypeptides that are associated with an allergen104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may include one ormore products of an allergen 104. For example, in some embodiments,allergen indicators 106 may include byproducts of cooking a foodallergen 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may includeproducts and/or substrates that are associated with the activity of oneor more allergen 104 associated enzymes. In some embodiments, allergenindicators 106 may include compounds and/or particles that exhibit anadjuvant effect with regard to one or more allergens 104. For example,diesel exhaust particles are known to increase allergic responses toallergens 104 (e.g., Heo et al., Toxicology, 159:143-158 (2001); Loviket al., Toxicology, 121:165-178 (1997)). Examples of allergen indicators106 that may be processed, analyzed and/or detected through use ofsystem 100 include, but are not limited to, allergen indicators 106 thatare associated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals,molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, autoallergens, humanautoallergens, metals, chemicals (e.g., drugs) or substantially anycombination thereof (e.g., Allergen Nomenclature: International Union ofImmunological Societies Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee, List ofallergens and Allergen Nomenclature: International Union ofImmunological Societies Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee, List ofisoallergens and variants).

Examples of weed associated allergen indicators 106 include, but are notlimited to, short ragweed (Amba1, Amba2, Amba3, Amba5, Amba6, Amba7,Amba8, Amba9, Amba10); giant ragweed (Ambt5); mugwort (Artv1, Artv2,Artv3, Artv4, Artv5, Artv6); sunflower (Hela1, Hela2, Hela3);Mercurialis annua (Mera1); lamb's-quarters, pigweed (Chea1); whitegoosefoot (Chea2, Chea3); Russian-thistle (Salk1 ); Rosy periwinkle(Catr1); English plantain (Plal1); Japanese hop (Humj1); Parietariajudaica (Parj1, Parj2, Parj3); Parietaria officinalis (Paro1); Ambrosiaartemisiifolia (Amba8.0101, Amba8.0102, Amba9.0101, Amba9.0102);Plantago lanceolata (Plal1.0101, Plal1.0102, Plal1.0103); and Parietariajudaica (Parj1.0101, Parj1.0102, Parj1.0201, Parj2.0101, Parj2.0102,Parj3.0101, Parj3.0102).

Examples of grass associated allergen indicators 106 include, but arenot limited to, Bermuda grass (Cynd1, Cynd7, Cynd12, Cynd15, Cynd22w,Cynd23, Cynd24); orchard grass (Dacg1, Dacg2, Dacg3, Dacg5); meadowfescue (Fesp4w); velvet grass (Holl1); rye grass (Lolp1, Lolp2, Lolp3,Lolp5, Lolp11); canary grass (Phaa1); Timothy (Phlp1, Phlp2, Phlp4,Phlp5, Phlp6, Phlp11, Phlp12, Phlp13); Kentucky blue grass (Poap1,Poap5); Johnson grass (Sorh1); Cynodon dactylon (Cynd1.0101, Cynd1.0102,Cynd1.0103, Cynd1.0104, Cynd1.0105, Cynd1.0106, Cynd1.0107, Cynd1.0201,Cynd1.0202, Cynd1.0203, Cynd1.0204); Holcus lanatus (Holl1.0101,Holl1.0102); Lolium perenne (Lolp1.0101, Lolp1.0102, Lolp1.0103,Lolp5.0101, Lolp5.0102); Phleum pretense (Phlp1.0101, Phlp1.0102,Phlp4.0101, Phlp4.0201, Phlp5.0101, Phlp5.0102, Phlp5.0103, Phlp5.0104,Phlp5.0105, Phlp5.0106, Phlp5.0107, Phlp5.0108, Phlp5.0201, Phlp5.0202);and Secale cereale (Secc20.0101, Secc20.0201).

Examples of tree associated allergen indicators 106 include, but are notlimited to, Alder (Alng1); Birch (Betv1, Betv2, Betv3, Betv4, Betv6,Betv7); hornbeam (Carb1); chestnut (Cass1, Cass5, Cass8); hazel (Cora1,Cora2, Cora8, Cora9, Cora10, Cora11); White oak (Quea1); Ash (Frae1);privet (Ligv1); olive (Olee1, Olee2, Olee3, Olee4, Olee5, Olee6, Olee7,Olee8, Olee9, Olee10); Lilac (Syrv1); Sugi (Cryj1, Cryj2); cypress(Cupa1); common cypress (Cups1, Cups3w); mountain cedar (Juna1, Juna2,Juna3); prickly juniper (Juno4); mountain cedar (Juns1); eastern redcedar (Junv1); London plane tree (Plaa1, Plaa2, Plaa3); date palm(Phod2); Betula verrucosa (Betv1.0101, Betv1.0102, Betv1.0103,Betv1.0201, Betv1.0301, Betv1.0401, Betv1.0402, Betv1.0501, Betv1.0601,Betv1.0602, Betv1.0701, Betv1.0801, Betv1.0901, Betv1.1001, Betv1.1101,Betv1.1201, Betv1.1301, Betv1.1401, Betv1.1402, Betv1.1501, Betv1.1502,Betv1.1601, Betv1.1701, Betv1.1801, Betv1.1901, Betv1.2001, Betv1.2101,Betv1.2201, Betv1.2301, Betv1.2401, Betv1.2501, Betv1.2601, Betv1.2701,Betv1.2801, Betv1.2901, Betv1.3001, Betv1.3101, Betv6.0101, Betv6.0102);Carpinus betulus (Carb1.0101, Carb1.0102, Carb1.0103, Carb1.0104,Carb1.0105, Carb1.0106, Carb1.0106, Carb1.0106, Carb1.0106, Carb1.0107,Carb1.0107, Carb1.0108, Carb1.0201, Carb1.0301, Carb1.0302); Corylusavellana (Cora1.0101, Cora1.0102, Cora1.0103, Cora1.0104, Cora1.0201,Cora1.0301, Cora1.0401, Cora1.0402, Cora1.0403, Cora1.0404); Ligustrumvulgare (Ligv1.0101, Ligv1.0102); Olea europea (Olee1.0101, Olee1.0102,Olee1.0103, Olee1.0104, Olee1.0105, Olee1.0106, Olee1.0107); Syringavulgaris (Syrv1.0101, Syrv1.0102, Syrv1.0103); Cryptomeria japonica(Cryj2.0101, Cryj2.0102); and Cupressus sempervirens (Cups1.0101,Cups1.0102, Cups1.0103, Cups1.0104, Cups1.0105).

Examples of mite associated allergen indicators 106 include, but are notlimited to, mite (Acas13, Blot1, Blot3, Blot4, Blot5, Blot6, Blot10,Blot11, Blot12, Blot13, Blot19); American house dust mite (Derf1, Derf2,Derf3, Derf7, Derf10, Derf11, Derf14, Derf15, Derf16, Derf17, Derf18w);house dust mite (Derm1); European house dust mite (Derp1, Derp2, Derp3,Derp4, Derp5, Derp6, Derp7, Derp8, Derp9, Derp10, Derp11, Derp14,Derp20, Derp21); mite (Eurm2; Eurm14); storage mite (Glyd2, Lepd2,Lepd5, Lepd7, Lepd10, Lepd13, Tyrp2, Tyrp13); Dermatophagoides farinae(Derf1.0101, Derf1.0102, Derf1.0103, Derf1.0104, Derf1.0105, Derf2.0101,Derf2.0102, Derf2.0103, Derf2.0104, Derf2.0105, Derf2.0106, Derf2.0107,Derf2.0108, Derf2.0109, Derf2.0110, Derf2.0111, Derf2.0112, Derf2.0113,Derf2.0114, Derf2.0115, Derf2.0116, Derf2.0117); Dermatophagoidespteronyssinus (Derp1.0101, Derp1.0102, Derp1.0103, Derp1.0104,Derp1.0105, Derp1.0106, Derp1.0107, Derp1.0108, Derp1.0109, Derp1.0110,Derp1.0111, Derp1.0112, Derp1.0113, Derp1.0114, Derp1.0115, Derp1.0116,Derp1.0117, Derp1.0118, Derp1.0119, Derp1.0120, Derp1.0121, Derp1.0122,Derp1.0123, Derp2.0101, Derp2.0102, Derp2.0103, Derp2.0104, Derp2.0105,Derp2.0106, Derp2.0107, Derp2.0108, Derp2.0109, Derp2.0110, Derp2.0111,Derp2.0112, Derp2.0113); Euroglyphus maynei (Eurm2.0101, Eurm2.0102);Glycyphagus domesticus (Glyd2.0101, Glyd2.0201); and Lepidoglyphusdestructor (Lepd2.0101, Lepd2.0101, Lepd2.0101, Lepd2.0102, Lepd2.0201,Lepd2.0202).

Examples of animal associated allergen indicators 106 include, but arenot limited to, domestic cattle (Bosd2, Bosd3, Bosd4, Bosd5, Bosd6,Bosd7, Bosd8); dog (Canf1, Canf2, Can3, Canf4); domestic horse (Equc1,Equc 2, Equc 3, Equc 4, Equc 5); cat (saliva)(Feld1, Feld2, Feld3,Feld4, Feld5w, Feld6w, Feld7w); guinea pig (Cavp1, Cavp2); mouse(urine)(Musm1); rat (urine)(Ratn1); Bos domesticus (Bosd2.0101,Bosd2.0102, Bosd2.0103); and Equus caballus (Equc2.0101, Equc 2.0102).

Examples of fungus (mold) associated allergen indicators 106 include,but are not limited to, Alternaria alternate (Alta1, Alta3, Alta4,Alta5, Alta6, Alta7, Alta8, Alta10, Alta12, Alta13); Cladosporiumherbarum (Clah2, Clah5, Clah6, Clah7, Clah8, Clah9, Clah10, Clah12);Aspergillus flavus (Aspfl13); Aspergillus fumigatus (Aspf1, Aspf2,Aspf3, Aspf4, Aspf5, Aspf6, Aspf7, Aspf8, Aspf9, Aspf10, Aspf11, Aspf12,Aspf13, Aspf15, Aspf16, Aspf17, Aspf18, Aspf22w, Aspf23, Aspf27, Aspf28,Aspf29); Aspergillus niger (Aspn14, Aspn18, Aspn25); Aspergillus oryzae(Aspo13, Aspo21); Penicillium brevicompactum (Penb13, Penb26);Penicillium chrysogenum (Pench13, Pench18, Pench20); Penicilliumcitrinum (Penc3, Penc13, Penc19, Penc22w, Penc24); Penicillium oxalicum(Peno18); Fusarium culmorum (Fusc1, Fusc2); Trichophyton rubrum (Trir2,Trir4); Trichophyton tonsurans (Trit1, Trit4); Candida albicans (Canda1,Canda3); Candida boidinii (Candb2); Psilocybe cubensis (Psic1, Psic2);shaggy cap (Copc1, Copc2, Copc3, Copc5, Copc7); Rhodotorula mucilaginosa(Rhom1, Rhom2); Malassezia furfur (Malaf2, Malaf3, Malaf4); Malasseziasympodialis (Malas1, Malas5, Malas6, Malas7, Malas8, Malas9, Malas10,Malas11, Malas12, Malas13); Epicoccum purpurascens (Epip1); andAlternaria alternate (Alta1.0101, Alta1.0102).

Examples of insect associated allergen indicators 106 include, but arenot limited to, Mosquito (Aeda1, Aeda2); honey bee (Apim1, Apim2, Apim4,Apim6, Apim7); bumble bee (Bomp1, Bomp4); German cockroach (Blag1,Blag2, Blag4, Blag5, Blag6, Blag7, Blag8); American cockroach (Pera1,Pera3, Pera6, Pera7); midge (Chit1-9, Chit1.01, Chit1.02, Chit2.0101,Chit2.0102, Chit3, Chit4, Chit5, Chit6.01, Chit6.02, Chit7, Chit8,Chit9); cat flea (Ctef1, Ctef2, Ctef3); pine processionary moth (Thap1);silverfish (Leps1); white face hornet (Dolm1, Dolm2, Dolm5); yellowhornet (Dola5); wasp (Pola1, Pola2, Pola5, Pole1, Pole5, Polf5, Polg5,Polm5, Vesvi5); Mediterranean paper wasp (Pold1, Pold4, Pold5); Europeanhornet (Vespc1, Vespc5); giant asian hornet (Vespm1, Vespm5);yellowjacket (Vesf5, Vesg5, Vesm1, Vesm2, Vesm5, Vesp5, Vess5, Vesv1,Vesv2, Vesv5); Australian jumper ant (Myrp1, Myrp2); tropical fire ant(Solg2, Solg4); fire ant (Soli2, Soli3, Soli4); Brazilian fire ant(Sols2); California kissing bug (Triap1); Blattella germanica(Blag1.0101, Blag1.0102, Blag1.0103, Blag1.02, Blag6.0101, Blag6.0201,Blag6.0301); Periplaneta Americana (Pera1.0101, Pera1.0102, Pera1.0103,Pera1.0104, Pera1.02, Pera3.01, Pera3.0201, Pera3.0202, Pera3.0203,Pera7.0101, Pera7.0102); Vespa crabo (Vespc5.0101, Vespc5.0101); andVespa mandarina (Vesp m 1.01, Vesp m 1.02).

Examples of food associated allergen indicators 106 include, but are notlimited to, Cod (Gadc1); Atlantic salmon (Sals1); domestic cattle milk(Bosd4, Bosd5, Bosd6, Bosd7, Bosd8); chicken (Gald1, Gald2, Gald3,Gald4, Gald5); shrimp (Mete1); shrimp (Pena1, Peni1); black tiger shrimp(Penm1, Penm2); squid (Todp1), brown garden snail (Helas1); abalone(Halm1); edible frog (Rane1, Rane2); oriental mustard (Braj1); rapeseed(Bran1); cabbage (Brao3); turnip (Brar1, Brar2); barley (Horv15, Horv16,Horv17, Horv21); rye (Secc20); wheat (Tria18, Tria19, Tria25, Tria26);corn (Zeam14, Zeam25); rice (Orys1), celery (Apig1, Apig4, Apig5);carrot (Dauc1, Dauc4); hazelnut (Cora1.04, Cora2, Cora8); strawberry(Fraa1, Fraa3, Fraa4); apple (Mald1, Mald2, Mald3, Mald4); pear (Pyrc1,Pyrc4, Pyrc5); avocado (Persa1); apricot (Pruar1, Pruar3); sweet cherry(Pruav1, Pruav2, Pruav3, Pruav4); European plum (Prud3); almond(Prudu4); peach (Prup3, Prup4); asparagus (Aspao1); saffron crocus(Cros1, Cros2); lettuce (Lacs1); grape (Vitv1); banana (Musxp1);pineapple (Anac1, Anac2); lemon (Cit13); sweet orange (Cits1, Cits2,Cits3); litchi (Litc1); yellow mustard (Sina1); soybean (Glym1, Glym2,Glym3, Glym4); mung bean (Vigr1); peanut (Arah1, Arah2, Arah3, Arah4,Arah5, Arah6, Arah7, Arah8); lentil (Lenc1, Lenc2); pea (Piss1, Piss2);kiwi (Actc1, Actc2); bell pepper (Capa1w, Capa2); tomato (Lyce1, Lyce2,Lyce3); potato (Solat1, Solat2, Solat3, Solat4); Brazil nut (Bere1,Bere2); black walnut (Jugn1, Jugn2); English walnut (Jugr1, Jugr2,Jugr3); Cashew (Anao1, Anao2, Anao3); Castor bean (Ricc1); sesame(Sesi1, Sesi2, Sesi3, Sesi4, Sesi5, Sesi6); muskmelon (Cucm1, Cucm2,Cucm3); Chinese-date (Zizm1); Anacardium occidentale (Anao1.0101,Anao1.0102); Apium graveolens (Apig1.0101, Apig1.0201); Daucus carota(Dauc1.0101, Dauc1.0102, Dauc1.0103, Dauc1.0104, Dauc1.0105,Dauc1.0201); Citrus sinensis (Cits3.0101, Cits3.0102); Glycine max(Glym1.0101, Glym1.0102, Glym3.0101, Glym3.0102); Lens culinaris(Lenc1.0101, Lenc1.0102, Lenc1.0103); Pisum sativum (Piss1.0101,Piss1.0102); Lycopersicon esculentum (Lyce2.0101, Lyce2.0102); Fragariaananassa (Fraa3.0101, Fraa3.0102, Fraa3.0201, Fraa3.0202, Fraa3.0203,Fraa3.0204, Fraa3.0301); Malus domestica (Mald1.0101, Mald1.0102,Mald1.0103, Mald1.0104, Mald1.0105, Mald1.0106, Mald1.0107, Mald1.0108,Mald1.0109, Mald1.0201, Mald1.0202, Mald1.0203, Mald1.0204, Mald1.0205,Mald1.0206, Mald1.0207, Mald1.0208, Mald1.0301, Mald1.0302, Mald1.0303,Mald1.0304, Mald1.0401, Mald1.0402, Mald1.0403, Mald3.0101w,Mald3.0102w, Mald3.0201w, Mald3.0202w, Mald3.0203w, Mald4.0101,Mald4.0102, Mald4.0201, Mald4.0202, Mald4.0301, Mald4.0302); Prunusavium (Pruav1.0101, Pruav1.0201, Pruav1.0202, Pruav1.0203); and Prunuspersica (Prup4.0101, Prup4.0201).

Examples of additional allergen indicators 106 include, but are notlimited to, Nematode (Anis1, Anis2, Anis3, Anis4); pigeon tick (Argr1);worm (Ascs1); papaya (Carp1); soft coral (Denn1); rubber (latex)(Hevb1,Hevb2, Hevb3, Hevb4, Hevb5, Hevb6.01, Hevb6.02, Hevb6.03, Hevb7.01,Hevb7.02, Hevb8, Hevb9, Hevb10, Hevb11, Hevb12, Hevb13); humanautoallergens (Homs1, Homs2, Homs3, Homs4, Homs5); obeche (Trips1); andHeveabrasiliensis (Hevb6.01, Hevb6.0201, Hevb6.0202, Hevb6.03,Hevb8.0101, Hevb8.0102, Hevb8.0201, Hevb8.0202, Hevb8.0203, Hevb8.0204,Hevb10.0101, Hevb10.0102, Hevb10.0103, Hevb11.0101, Hevb11.0102).

Microfluidic Chip

Numerous types of microfluidic chips 108 may be utilized within system100. Methods to construct microfluidic chips 108 have been described(e.g., U.S. Statutory Invention Registration No. H201; U.S. Pat. Nos.6,454,945; 6,818,435; 6,812,458; 6,794,196; 6,709,869; 6,582,987;6,482,306; 5,726,404; 7,118,910; herein incorporated by reference).

In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured toutilize microfluidic principles. Accordingly, in some embodiments, amicrofluidic chip 108 may be configured to include one or more channelswith at least one dimension that is less than 1 millimeter. However, insome embodiments, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured such thatthey do not utilize microfluidic principles. Accordingly, in someembodiments, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured such that thereare not any components that have a dimension that is less than 1millimeter. Accordingly, in some embodiments, microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured that include components having a dimension that is lessthan 1 millimeter, while in other embodiments, microfluidic chips 108may be configured with components having dimensions that are greaterthan 1 millimeter. In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 mayinclude at least one component that has at least one dimension that isless than 1 millimeter and at least one component having at least onedimension that is greater than 1 millimeter.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include alancet. Methods to construct lancets are known and have been described(e.g., U.S. Patent Application No. 20020177763 and 20030083685; hereinincorporated by reference). Numerous additional methods may be used toconstruct microfluidic chips 108 that may be used for analysis of one ormore allergens 104.

For example, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to utilize avariety of methods to process one or more allergens 104. Examples ofsuch methods include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid(polynucleotide) hybridization based methods, immunological basedmethods, chromatographic based methods, affinity based methods,extraction based methods, separation based methods, isolation basedmethods, filtration based methods, enzyme based methods, isoelectricfocusing methods, or substantially any combination thereof.

Microfluidic chips 108 may utilize numerous methods for analysis of oneor more allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to utilize:chemiluminescent methods (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,090,545 and 5,093,268;herein incorporated by reference), plasmon resonance sensors (e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 7,030,989; herein incorporated by reference), nuclear magneticresonance detectors (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,900; herein incorporatedby reference), gradient-based assays (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,112,444;herein incorporated by reference), reporter beads (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.5,747,349; herein incorporated by reference), transverse electrophoresis(e.g., Macounova et al., Analytical Chemistry, 73:1627-1633 (2001));isoelectric focusing (e.g., Macounova et al., Analytical Chemistry,72:3745-3751 (2000); Xu et al., Isoelectric focusing of greenfluorescent proteins in plastic microfluidic channels. Abstracts ofPapers of the American Chemical Society, 219:9-ANYL (2000); Macounova etal., Analytical Chemistry, 73:1627-1633 (2001)), diffusion based systems(e.g., Kamholz et al., Biophysical Journal, 80:1967-1972 (2001); Hatchet al., Nature Biotechnology, 19:461-465 (2001); U.S. Pat. Nos.6,221,677 and 5,972,710; herein incorporated by reference), highperformance liquid chromatography (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,923,907; hereinincorporated by reference), polynucleotide analysis (e.g., Belgrader etal., Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 14:849-852 (2000); Buchholz et al.,Analytical Chemistry, 73:157-164 (2001); Fan et al., AnalyticalChemistry, 71:4851-4859 (1999); Koutny et al., Analytical Chemistry,72:3388-3391 (2000); Lee et al., Microfabricated plastic chips by hotembossing methods and their applications for DNA separation anddetection. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, 75:142-148 (2001); U.S.Pat. No. 6,958,216; herein incorporated by reference), capillaryelectrophoresis (e.g., Kameoka et al., Analytical Chemistry,73:1935-1941 (2001)), immunoassays (e.g., Hatch et al., NatureBiotechnology, 19:461-465 (2001); Eteshola and Leckband, Development andcharacterization of an ELISA assay in PDMS microfluidic channels.Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 72:129-133 (2001); Cheng et al.,Analytical Chemistry, 73:1472-1479 (2001); Yang et al., AnalyticalChemistry, 73:165-169 (2001)), flow cytometry (e.g., Sohn et al., Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci., 97:10687-10690 (2000)), PCR amplification (e.g.,Belgrader et al., Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 14:849-852 (2000);Khandurina et al., Analytical Chemistry, 72:2995-3000 (2000); Lagally etal., Analytical Chemistry, 73:565-570 (2001)), cell manipulation (e.g.,Glasgow et al., IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, 48:570-578(2001)), cell separation (e.g., Yang et al., Analytical Chemistry,71:911-918 (1999)), cell patterning (e.g., Chiu et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci., 97:2408-2413 (2000); Folch et al., Journal of BiomedicalMaterials Research, 52:346-353 (2000)), chemical gradient formation(e.g., Dertinger et al., Analytical Chemistry, 73:1240-1246 (2001); Jeonet al., Langmuir, 16:8311-8316 (2000)), microcantilevers (e.g., U.S.Pat. Nos. 7,141,385; 6,935,165; 6,926,864; 6,763,705; 6,523,392;6,325,904; herein incorporated by reference), or substantially anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize one or more magnets that may be used duringprocessing and/or analysis of one or more samples 102. For example, insome embodiments, ferrous metallic particles may be associated with oneor more allergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or moresamples 102 (e.g., use of antibodies, aptamers, peptides,polynucleotides, and the like that bind to one or more allergenindicators 106 and that are coupled to a ferrous metallic particle). Theone or more allergen indicators 106 may be separated from the remainderof the one or more samples 102 through use of one or more magnets. Insome embodiments, one or more magnets may be used to create eddycurrents that may be used to process and/or analyze one or more samples102. For example, in some embodiments, non-ferrous metallic particlesmay be associated with one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more samples 102 (e.g., use of antibodies,aptamers, peptides, polynucleotides, and the like that bind to one ormore allergen indicators 106 and that are coupled to a non-ferrousmetallic particle). One or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredsuch that passage of a non-ferrous metallic particle through a magneticfield will cause an eddy current to impart kinetic energy to thenon-ferrous metallic particle and provide for separation of theassociated allergen indicators 106 from the remainder of the one or moresamples 102. In some embodiments, such methods may be combined withadditional methods to provide for separation of one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. For example, magneticseparation may be used in combination with one or more methods that mayinclude, but are not limited to, diffusion (e.g., use of an H-filter),filtration, precipitation, immunoassay, immunodiffusion, and the like.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize ferrofluids to separate one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include an H-filter where asample fluid and a ferrofluid flow in parallel (e.g., the sample fluidand the ferrofluid flow side-by-side through the H-filter). In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include a ferrofluidhaving magnetic particles such that ferrous materials contained withinthe sample fluid are attracted to the ferrofluid and thereby separatedfrom the sample fluid. Accordingly, such microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to separate one or more allergen indicators 106 from one ormore samples 102. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may include a ferrofluid having ferrous particles such that magneticmaterials contained within the sample fluid are attracted to theferrofluid and thereby separated from the sample fluid. Accordingly, insuch embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto utilize ferrofluids to separate one or more allergen indicators 106from one or more samples 102.

Microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process numerous types ofsamples 102. For example, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108may be configured to sonicate one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or more ultrasonicelectronic generators that produce a signal (e.g., 20 kilohertz) thatcan be used to drive a piezoelectric convertor/transducer. Thiselectrical signal may be converted by the transducer to a mechanicalvibration due to the characteristics of the internal piezoelectriccrystals. This vibration can be amplified and transmitted to one or moreprobes having tips that expand and contract to provide for sonication ofone or more samples 102. In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108may include one or more sonication probes. Such probes may be configuredsuch that are able to operably associate with one or more vibrationsources in a detachable manner. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 that include one or more probes may beconfigured to detachably connect with one or more vibration sources thatproduce a vibration that can be coupled to the one or more probes. Insome embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include one ormore vibration sources.

In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to mixone or more samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, amicrofluidic chip 108 may include a mixing chamber which includes one ormore ferrous mixing members and electromagnetics which are configuredsuch that motion may be imparted to the one or more ferrous mixingmembers. In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one ormore mixing chambers that include two or more electromagnets positionedaround the one or more mixing chambers and one or more ferrous memberspositioned within the one or more mixing chambers and between theelectromagnetics. Accordingly, mixing of one or more materials withinthe one or more mixing chambers may be facilitated by alternatingcurrent between the electromagnets positioned around the mixing chamber.In some embodiments, a mixing chamber may include an elastomericmaterial that includes a ferrous material (e.g., an elastomeric-ferrousmaterial) such that movement of the elastomeric-ferrous material may befacilitated through use of one or more magnets, such as electromagnets.

In some embodiments, elastomeric-ferrous materials may be utilized tofabricate pumps that are associated with microfluidic chips 108. Forexample, in some embodiments, a tube may include an elastomeric materialthat includes ferrous material such that movement of the elastomericmaterial may be facilitated through use of one or more magnets.Accordingly, valves and ferrous materials may be associated with theelastomeric tube such that expansion of a portion of the elastomerictube through the action of a magnet, such as an electromagnetic, willact like a vacuum pump to draw fluids into the expanded portion of theelastomeric tube. In some embodiments, release of the elastomericmaterial from the magnetic field will cause the expanded portion of thetube to contract and will act to push the fluid from the formerlyexpanded portion of the elastomeric tubing. In some embodiments, valvesmay be positioned within the tube to provide for directional flow offluid through the elastomeric tube. Accordingly, such pumps may beconfigured as vacuum pumps, propulsion type pumps, and/or both vacuumand propulsion type pumps.

In some embodiments, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to utilizemagnetically actuated fluid handling. In some embodiments, amicrofluidic chip 108 may utilize magnetic fluid (e.g., ferrofluid,ferrogel, and the like) to move one or more gases and/or liquids throughflow channels. For example, magnetically actuated slugs of magneticfluid may be moved within channels of a microfluidic chip 108 tofacilitate valving and/or pumping of one or more gases and/or liquids.In some embodiments, the magnets used to control gas and/or liquidmovement may be individual magnets that are moved along the flowchannels and/or one or more arrays of magnets that may be individuallycontrolled to hold or move one or more magnetic slugs. In someembodiments, an array of electromagnets may be positioned along a flowchannel which may be turned on and off in a predetermined pattern tomove magnetic fluid slugs in desired paths in one or more flow channels.Methods to construct magnetically actuated fluid handling devices havebeen described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,408,884 and 7,110,646; hereinincorporated by reference).

Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured for analysis ofnumerous types of allergen indicators 106.

Reagent Delivery Unit

System 100 may include one or more reagent delivery units 116. In someembodiments, one or more reagent delivery units 116 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more microfluidic chips 108. Accordingly,in some embodiments, one or more reagent delivery units 116 may beconfigured to contain one or more reagents that may be used within oneor more microfluidic chips 108 to extract, analyze, and/or detect one ormore allergens 104 and/or one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more reagent delivery units 116 may include one ormore pumps to facilitate delivery of one or more reagents. Numeroustypes of pumps may be used within a reagent delivery unit 116. In someembodiments, one or more reagent delivery units 116 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more centrifugation units 118.Accordingly, reagents may be delivered through use of centrifugal force.Reagent delivery units 116 may be configured in numerous ways. Forexample, in some embodiments, reagent delivery units 116 may include oneor more reagent reservoirs, one or more waste reservoirs, orsubstantially any combination thereof. Reagent delivery units 116 may beconfigured to contain and/or deliver numerous types of reagents.Examples of such reagents include, but are not limited to, phenol,chloroform, alcohol, salt solutions, detergent solutions, solvents,reagents used for polynucleotide precipitation, reagents used forpolypeptide precipitation, reagents used for polynucleotide extraction,reagents used for polypeptide extraction, reagents used for chemicalextractions, and the like. Accordingly, reagent delivery units 116 maybe configured to contain and/or deliver virtually any reagent that maybe used for the analysis of one or more allergens 104 and/or allergenindicators 106.

Centrifugation Unit

System 100 may include one or more centrifugation units 118. In someembodiments, one or more centrifugation units 118 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more microfluidic chips 108. Accordingly,in some embodiments, one or more centrifugation units 118 may be used tofacilitate the extraction, analysis, and/or detection of one or moreallergens 104 and/or one or more allergen indicators 106. Methods tofabricate devices that may be used to drive fluid movement throughcentripetal acceleration in a microfluidics system have been described(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,709,869; herein incorporated by reference).

For example, in some embodiments, one or more centrifugation units 118may be used to facilitate the extraction of one or more polynucleotidesfrom one or more samples 102 that are applied to one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Briefly, one or more samples 102 may be appliedto a microfluidic chip 108 where the sample 102 is mixed with asolubilizing agent, such as a detergent, that solubilizes the sample 102to facilitate extraction of polynucleotides from the sample 102. Asecond reagent may be added to the solubilized sample 102 to facilitateprecipitation of the non-polynucleotide portion of the sample 102. Themicrofluidic chip 108 may then be centrifuged to pellet thenon-polynucleotide portion of the sample 102. The portion of the sample102 that contains the polynucleotides can then be transferred to anotherportion of the microfluidic chip 108 where the polynucleotides may befurther extracted. The further extracted portion of the sample 102 maythen be transferred to another portion of the microfluidic chip 108where it may be mixed with a reagent that facilitates precipitation ofthe polynucleotides. The microfluidic chip 108 may be centrifuged topellet the polynucleotides. The pelleted polynucleotides may then beresuspended for analysis. Such methods may be used with polynucleotides,polypeptides, and numerous other components that may be included withinone or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more centrifugation units 118 may beconfigured to centrifuge one or more microfluidic chips 108 tofacilitate movement of one or more samples 102, one or more reagents,one or more fluids, and the like through the one or more microfluidicchips 108.

In some embodiments, one or more centrifugation units 118 may beconfigured to centrifuge one or more microfluidic chips 108 to create agradient. In some embodiments, velocity gradients may be created tofacilitate analysis of one or more samples 102. For example, glycerolgradients may be used to separate polypeptides from one or more samples102. In other embodiments, density gradients may be created tofacilitate analysis of one or more samples 102. For example, cesiumchloride may be used to create a density gradient to facilitate theanalysis of one or more polynucleotides.

In some embodiments, one or more centrifugation units 118 may beconfigured to centrifuge one or more microfluidic chips 108 tofacilitate chromatographic separations of components within one or moresamples 102. For example, chromatographic media may be packed within amicrofluidic chip 108 that facilitates the separation of components,such as allergens 104 and/or allergen indicators 106, from one or moresamples 102. Such chromatographic media is commercially available (e.g.,Qiagen Sciences, Germantown, Md. and Pfizer, New York, N.Y.).

Analysis Unit

System 100 may include one or more analysis units 120. Analysis units120 may be configured for analysis of numerous types of allergens 104and/or allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one or moreanalysis units 120 may be configured for analysis of one or morepolynucleotides, polypeptides, spores, dander samples 102, foodproducts, small molecules, and the like.

For example, in some embodiments, one or more analysis units 120 may beconfigured for analysis of one or more polypeptides. Briefly, ananalysis unit 120 may include a portion that is configured to separatethe one or more polypeptides from a sample 102. The one or morepolypeptides may then be applied to another portion of the analysis unit120 that includes antibodies or aptamers that are immobilized on anarray such that the one or more polypeptides are bound by the antibodiesor aptamers. Such binding will provide for detection of the one or morebound polypeptides through use of numerous techniques. Examples of suchtechniques include, but are not limited to, competition assays,immunological methods (e.g., sandwich assays), and the like.

In other embodiments, one or more analysis units 120 may be configuredfor analysis of one or more polynucleotides. Briefly, an analysis unit120 may include a portion that is configured to separate the one or morepolynucleotides from a sample 102. The one or more polynucleotides maythen be applied to another portion of the analysis unit 120 thatincludes complementary polynucleotides that are immobilized on an arraysuch that the one or more polynucleotides hybridize with the immobilizedpolynucleotides. Such binding will provide for detection of the one ormore bound polynucleotides through use of numerous techniques. Examplesof such techniques include, but are not limited to, competition assays,electron transfer assays, electrical conductivity assays, and the like.

Detection Unit

Numerous types of detection units 122 may be used within system 100.Accordingly, numerous types of detection methods may be used withinsystem 100. Examples of such detection methods include, but are notlimited to, colorimetric methods, spectroscopic methods, resonance basedmethods, electron transfer based methods (redox), conductivity basedmethods, gravimetric based assays, turbidity based methods, ion-specificbased methods, refractive index based methods, radiological basedmethods, or substantially any combination thereof. For example, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured toutilize one or more ion-specific electrodes to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106. Examples of such allergen indicators 106 thatmay be detected with an ion specific electrode include, but are notlimited to, metals (e.g., tin, silver, nickel, cobalt, chromate),nitrates, nitrites, sulfites, and the like. Such allergen indicators 106are often associated with food, beverages, clothing, jewelry, and thelike. In some embodiments, a detection unit 122 may be stationary. Forexample, in some embodiments, a detection unit 122 may be a laboratoryinstrument. In some embodiments, a detection unit 122 may be portable.For example, in some embodiments, a detection unit 122 may be ahand-held device.

Display Unit

The system 100 may include one or more display units 124. Numerous typesof display units 124 may be used in association with system 100.Examples of such display units 124 include, but are not limited to,liquid crystal displays, printers, audible displays, cathode raydisplays, plasma display panels, Braille displays, passive displays,chemical displays, active displays, and the like. In some embodiments,display units 124 may display information in numerous languages.Examples of such languages include, but are not limited to, English,Spanish, German, Japanese, Chinese, Italian, and the like. In someembodiments, display units 124 may display information pictographically,colorometrically, and/or physically, such as displaying information inBraille.

In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may be physicallycoupled to one or more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, oneor more display units 124 may be remotely coupled to one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. For example, in some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may receive one or more signals 132 from one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 that are remotely positioned relative to thedetection units 122. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124may be physically coupled to one or more analysis units 120. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may be remotely coupled toone or more analysis units 120. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore display units 124 may receive one or more signals 132 from one ormore analysis units 120 that are remotely positioned relative to thedisplay units 124. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124may be physically coupled to one or more detection units 122. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may be remotely coupled toone or more detection units 122. For example, in some embodiments, oneor more display units 124 may receive one or more signals 132 from oneor more detection units 122 that are remotely positioned relative to thedisplay units 124. Accordingly, one or more display units 124 may bepositioned in one or more locations that are remote from the positionwhere analysis of one or more allergens 104 takes place. Examples ofsuch remote locations include, but are not limited to, the offices ofphysicians, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, coaches, personal trainers,clerks at food supplement stores, clerks at grocery stores, and thelike.

Recording Unit

The system 100 may include one or more recording units 126. In someembodiments, one or more recording units 126 can communicate with one ormore microfluidic chips 108, one or more reagent delivery units 116, oneor more centrifugation units 118, one or more analysis units 120, one ormore detection units 122, one or more display units 124, one or moreuser interfaces 128, and/or substantially any combination thereof. Manytypes of recording units 126 may be used within system 100. Examples ofsuch recording devices include those that utilize a recordable mediumthat includes, but is not limited to, many types of memory, opticaldisks, magnetic disks, magnetic tape, and the like.

In some embodiments, one or more recording units 126 may be physicallycoupled to one or more detection units 122. In some embodiments, one ormore recording units 126 may be physically coupled to one or moredisplay units 124. In some embodiments, one or more recording units 126may be remotely coupled to one or more detection units 122 and/or one ormore display units 124. For example, in some embodiments, one or morerecording units 126 may receive one or more signals 132 from one or moredetection units 122 and/or one or more display units 124 that areremotely positioned relative to the one or more recording units 126.Accordingly, one or more recording units 126 may be positioned in one ormore locations that are remote from the position where analysis of oneor more allergens 104 takes place. Examples of such remote locationsinclude, but are not limited to, the offices of physicians, nurses,dietitians, pharmacists, coaches, personal trainers, clerks at foodsupplement stores, clerks at grocery stores, and the like.

User Interface/User

Numerous types of users 130 may interact with system 100. In someembodiments, a user 130 may be human. In some embodiments, a user 130may be non-human. In some embodiments, a user 130 may interact with oneor more microfluidic chips 108, one or more reagent delivery units 116,one or more centrifugation units 118, one or more analysis units 120,one or more detection units 122, one or more display units 124, one ormore user interfaces 128, one or more recording units 126, orsubstantially any combination thereof. The user 130 can interact throughuse of numerous types of user interfaces 128. For example, one or moreusers 130 may interact through use of numerous user interfaces 128 thatutilize hardwired methods, such as through use of a keyboard, use ofwireless methods, use of the internet, and the like. In someembodiments, a user 130 may be a health-care worker. Examples of suchhealth-care workers include, but are not limited to, physicians, nurses,dietitians, pharmacists, and the like. In some embodiments, users 130may include those persons who work in health-related fields, such ascoaches, personal trainers, clerks at food supplement stores, clerks atgrocery stores, and the like.

Signal

The system 100 may include one or more signals 132. Numerous types ofsignals 132 may be transmitted. Examples of such signals 132 include,but are not limited to, hardwired signals 132, wireless signals 132,infrared signals 132, optical signals 132, radiofrequency (RF) signals132, audible signals 132, digital signals 132, analog signals 132, orsubstantially any combination thereof.

I. Method for Analysis of One or More Allergens

FIG. 2 illustrates an operational flow 200 representing examples ofoperations that are related to the performance of a method for analysisof one or more allergens 104. In FIG. 2 and in following figures thatinclude various examples of operations used during performance of themethod, discussion and explanation may be provided with respect to theabove-described example of FIG. 1, and/or with respect to other examplesand contexts. However, it should be understood that the operations maybe executed in a number of other environments and contexts, and/ormodified versions of FIG. 1. Also, although the various operations arepresented in the sequence(s) illustrated, it should be understood thatthe various operations may be performed in other orders than those whichare illustrated, or may be performed concurrently.

After a start operation, the operational flow 200 includes a processingoperation 210 involving processing one or more samples with one or moremicrofluidic chips configured for analysis of one or more allergenindicators. In some embodiments, processing operation 210 may includeprocessing the one or more samples that include one or more liquids. Insome embodiments, processing operation 210 may include processing theone or more samples that include one or more solids. In someembodiments, processing operation 210 may include processing the one ormore samples that include one or more gases. In some embodiments,processing operation 210 may include processing the one or more samplesfor the one or more allergen indicators that are associated with one ormore airborne allergens. In some embodiments, processing operation 210may include processing the one or more samples for the one or moreallergen indicators that are associated with one or more food products.In some embodiments, processing operation 210 may include processing theone or more samples for the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals,molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, autoallergens, metals, chemicals, orhuman autoallergens. In some embodiments, processing operation 210 mayinclude processing the one or more samples with the one or moremicrofluidic chips that are configured for analysis of the one or moreallergen indicators through use of polynucleotide interaction, proteininteraction, peptide interaction, antibody interaction, chemicalinteraction, diffusion, filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis,immunoassay, or competition assay.

The operational flow 200 includes a detecting operation 220 involvingdetecting the one or more allergen indicators with one or more detectionunits that are operably associated with the one or more microfluidicchips. In some embodiments, detecting operation 220 may includedetecting the one or more allergen indicators that are associated withone or more airborne allergens. In some embodiments, detecting operation220 may include detecting the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments,detecting operation 220 may include detecting the one or more allergenindicators that are associated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees,mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals,autoallergens, or human autoallergens. In some embodiments, detectingoperation 220 may include detecting the one or more allergen indicatorswith at least one technique that includes spectroscopy, electrochemicaldetection, polynucleotide detection, fluorescence anisotropy,fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding, electrophoresis,use of a CCD camera, or immunoassay. In some embodiments, detectingoperation 220 may include.

The operational flow 200 may optionally include a displaying operation230 involving displaying results of the detecting with one or moredisplay units that are operably associated with the one or moredetection units. In some embodiments, displaying operation 230 mayinclude displaying results of the detecting with one or more displayunits that are passive display units. In some embodiments, displayingoperation 230 may include displaying results of the detecting with oneor more display units that are active display units. In someembodiments, displaying operation 230 may include indicating a presenceor an absence of the one or more allergen indicators within the one ormore samples. In some embodiments, displaying operation 230 may includeindicating an identity of one or more allergens that correspond to theone or more allergen indicators present within the one or more samples.In some embodiments, displaying operation 230 may include indicating oneor more concentrations of one or more allergens that correspond to theone or more allergen indicators present within the one or more samples.In some embodiments, displaying operation 230 may include. In someembodiments, displaying operation 230 may include transmitting one ormore signals to one or more recording units.

FIG. 3 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example operationalflow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 3 illustrates example embodiments where theprocessing operation 210 may include at least one additional operation.Additional operations may include an operation 302, an operation 304, anoperation 306, and/or an operation 308.

At operation 302, the processing operation 210 may include processingthe one or more samples that include one or more liquids. In someembodiments, one or more samples 102 that include a liquid may beprocessed with one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configuredfor analysis of one or more allergen indicators 106. Numerous types ofliquids may be processed by one or more microfluidic chips 108. Examplesof such liquids include, but are not limited to, beverages (e.g., water,soda, milk, milk substitutes, juice, wine, beer, and the like),environmental samples 102 (e.g., water samples 102, plant sap, plantnectar, suspended soil samples 102, suspended air filtrate samples 102,and the like), animal samples 102 (e.g., suspended dander samples 102,saliva, urine, excrement, suspended fur samples 102, and the like), foodsamples 102 (e.g., suspended food samples 102, extracted food samples102, and the like), or substantially any combination thereof. In someembodiments, one or more liquids may include a solvent. In someembodiments, a liquid may include one or more solvents that may be usedto extract one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in someembodiments, one or more solvents may be used to extract one or moreallergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102.

At operation 304, the processing operation 210 may include processingthe one or more samples that include one or more solids. In someembodiments, one or more samples 102 that include a solid may beprocessed with one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configuredfor analysis of one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, processing one or more samples 102 that include a solid mayinclude suspending the samples 102 in a liquid. In some embodiments,processing one or more samples 102 that include a solid may includeextracting the samples 102 with a solvent. In some embodiments,processing one or more samples 102 that include a solid may includeaccepting the one or more samples 102 into one or more microfluidicchips 108 where the samples 102 are resuspended in a liquid and/orextracted in a solvent.

At operation 306, the processing operation 210 may include processingthe one or more samples that include one or more gases. In someembodiments, one or more samples 102 that include a gas may be processedwith one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configured for analysisof one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in someembodiments, one or more gases that are being analyzed may be passedthrough one or more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, gas maybe pumped through a microfluidic chip 108. In some embodiments, gas maybe drawn through a microfluidic chip 108 through use of a vacuum. Insome embodiments, gas may be passed through a filter on which suspectedallergen indicators 106 are collected for analysis. Accordingly, largevolumes of gas may be analyzed. In some embodiments, one or more gasesmay be analyzed for one or more allergen indicators 106 that include oneor more metals. For example, gases may be analyzed for metals that areassociated with tanks in which the gases are stored, such as iron,steel, aluminum, and the like.

At operation 308, the processing operation 210 may include processingthe one or more samples for the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more airborne allergens. In some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be processed with one or more microfluidic chips108 that are configured for processing the one or more samples 102 forone or more allergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or moreairborne allergens 104. Examples of such airborne allergens 104 include,but are not limited to, pollen, dander, seeds, and the like. In someembodiments, the allergen indicators 106 may be collected within one ormore microfluidic chips 108 through filtering air that is passed throughthe one or more microfluidic chips 108. Such filtering may occur throughnumerous mechanisms that may include, but are not limited to, use ofphysical filters, passing air through a fluid bubble chamber, passingthe air through an electrostatic filter, and the like. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess the allergen 104 directly. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process the allergen 104 toobtain allergen indicators 106 that are associated with the allergen104.

FIG. 4 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example operationalflow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 illustrates example embodiments where theprocessing operation 210 may include at least one additional operation.Additional operations may include an operation 402, an operation 404,and/or an operation 406.

At operation 402, the processing operation 210 may include processingthe one or more samples for the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, one ormore samples 102 may be processed with one or more microfluidic chips108 that are configured for processing the one or more samples 102 forthe one or more allergen indicators 106 that are associated with one ormore food products (e.g., the foods themselves or processed productsthat include one or more foods). Such allergen indicators 106 aredescribed herein and are known. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or morefood products at a restaurant to facilitate detection of a presence oran absence of an allergen indicator 106 within the food product, such asa presence of one or more allergen indicators 106 associated with nuts,dairy products, crustaceans, eggs, gluten, soy, and the like. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess one or more polynucleotides, one or more polypeptides, one ormore portions of one or more polynucleotides, and/or one or moreportions of one or more polypeptides that have a nucleic acid sequenceand/or an amino acid sequence that corresponds to, but is not limitedto, one or more of the following accession numbers: X97824, M18780,X14712, M73993, X60688, U08008, AF479772, Y14855, AJ315959, AJ414730,P80208, CAA46782, P81729, AJ404845, X12928, P19656, AJ890020, U31771,Z48967, AF129423, P81943, AF456482, AF327622, AF329829, DR027057,AJ243427, AF05730, AF129424, AF071477, Z78202, U93165, U66076, U32440,AF221501, AF129425, AY081850, AY081852, P81402, AY898658, P80274,AF377948, AF377949, D14059, AY049013, A57106, AY792956, X60043, L34402,L77197, AF093541, AF086821, AF059616, AF092846, AF091737, AY328088,P00785, AJ297410, AJ417552, AJ417553, U81996, P15476, P16348, P20347,P30941, P04403, M17146, AY221641, AY102930, AY102931, U66866, AF066055,AF453947, AY081853, P01089, AF240005, AF091841, AF240006, AAG23840,AAD42942, AF091842, D32206, AY271295, P83834, or AY839230. Accordingly,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process numeroustypes of food products to facilitate detection of numerous types ofallergen indicators 106.

At operation 404, the processing operation 210 may include processingthe one or more samples for the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals,molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, autoallergens, metals, chemicals, orhuman autoallergens. In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may beprocessed with one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configuredfor processing the one or more samples 102 for the one or more allergenindicators 106 that are associated with one or more weeds, grasses,trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals,chemicals, autoallergens, or human autoallergens. Such allergenindicators 106 are described herein and are known. For example, in someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess one or more material samples 102 to determine if the materialcontains latex.

At operation 406, the processing operation 210 may include processingthe one or more samples with the one or more microfluidic chips that areconfigured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicators throughuse of polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction, peptideinteraction, antibody interaction, chemical interaction, diffusion,filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay, orcompetition assay. In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may beprocessed with one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configuredfor processing the one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofpolynucleotide interaction, protein interaction, peptide interaction,antibody interaction, chemical interaction, diffusion, filtration,chromatography, aptamer interaction, electrical conductivity,isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay, or competitionassay. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may be separatedfrom other materials included within one or more samples 102 throughprocessing. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may beimmobilized through processing to facilitate detection and/oridentification of the one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofpolynucleotide interaction. Numerous methods based on polynucleotideinteraction may be used. Examples of such methods include, but are notlimited to, those based on polynucleotide hybridization, polynucleotideligation, polynucleotide amplification, polynucleotide degradation, andthe like. Methods that utilize intercalation dyes, FRET analysis,capacitive DNA detection, and nucleic acid amplification have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and 6,960,437; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, fluorescence resonanceenergy transfer, fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electrontransfer, electrical conductivity, and the like may be used to analyzepolynucleotide interaction. Such methods are known and have beendescribed (e.g., Jarvius, DNA Tools and Microfluidic Systems forMolecular Analysis, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of UppsalaDissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 161, ACTA UNIVERSITATISUPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2006, ISBN: 91-554-6616-8; Singh-Zocchi et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem.,75:3941-3945 (2003); Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137(2003); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,958,216; 5,093,268; 6,090,545; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or morepolynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube are combinedwith one or more samples 102, and/or one or more partially purifiedpolynucleotides obtained from one or more samples 102. The one or morepolynucleotides that include one or more carbon nanotubes are allowed tohybridize with one or more polynucleotides that may be present withinthe one or more samples 102. The one or more carbon nanotubes may beexcited (e.g., with an electron beam and/or an ultraviolet laser) andthe emission spectra of the excited nanotubes may be correlated withhybridization of the one or more polynucleotides that include at leastone carbon nanotube with one or more polynucleotides that are includedwithin the one or more samples 102. Methods to utilize carbon nanotubesas probes for nucleic acid interaction have been described (e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 6,821,730; herein incorporated by reference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of proteininteraction. Numerous methods based on protein interaction may be used.In some embodiments, protein interaction may be used to immobilize oneor more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, proteininteraction may be used to separate one or more allergen indicators 106from one or more samples 102. Examples of such methods include, but arenot limited to, those based on ligand binding, protein-protein binding,protein cross-linking, use of green fluorescent protein, phage display,the two-hybrid system, protein arrays, fiber optic evanescent wavesensors, chromatographic techniques, fluorescence resonance energytransfer, regulation of pH to control protein assembly and/oroligomerization, and the like. For example, tropomyosin is a majormuscle protein in crustaceans that is thought to be a major shrimpallergen 104. Tropomyosin is associated with the well knownactin-troponin-myosin complex. Calcium ion binding to troponin enablestroponin to bind tropomyosin and shift it from the binding sites ofmyosin on the actin proteins. Without the presence of Calcium ion,troponin is no longer able to bind to tropomyosin, and tropomyosin againblocks the binding sites of myosin on the actin proteins. Tropomyosinalso binds to the calcium-binding protein calcyclin (Nelson et al.,Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 1:253-259 (2002) and Liou and Chen,European Journal of Biochemistry, 270:3092-3100 (2003)). Accordingly,protein interactions may be used to separate tropomyosin (allergenindicator 106) from one or more samples 102. Similar methods may be usedwith numerous proteins. Methods that may be used to construct proteinarrays have been described (e.g., Warren et al., Anal. Chem.,76:4082-4092 (2004) and Walter et al., Trends Mol. Med., 8:250-253(2002), U.S. Pat. No. 6,780,582; herein incorporated by reference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of peptideinteraction. Peptides are generally described as being polypeptides thatinclude less than one hundred amino acids. For example, peptides includedipeptides, tripeptides, and the like. In some embodiments, peptides mayinclude from two to one hundred amino acids. In some embodiments,peptides may include from two to fifty amino acids. In some embodiments,peptides may include from two to one twenty amino acids. In someembodiments, peptides may include from ten to one hundred amino acids.In some embodiments, peptides may include from ten to fifty amino acids.Accordingly, peptides can include numerous numbers of amino acids.Numerous methods based on peptide interaction may be used. In someembodiments, peptide interaction may be used to immobilize one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, peptide interaction may beused to separate one or more allergen indicators 106 from one or moresamples 102. Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to,those based on ligand binding, peptide-protein binding, peptide-peptidebinding, peptide-polynucleotide binding, peptide cross-linking, use ofgreen fluorescent protein, phage display, the two-hybrid system, proteinarrays, peptide arrays, fiber optic evanescent wave sensors,chromatographic techniques, fluorescence resonance energy transfer,regulation of pH to control peptide and/or protein assembly and/oroligomerization, and the like. Accordingly, virtually any technique thatmay be used to analyze proteins may be utilized for the analysis ofpeptides. In some embodiments, high-speed capillary electrophoresis maybe used to detect binding through use of fluorescently labeledphosphopeptides as affinity probes (Yang et al., Anal. Chem.,10.1021/ac061936e (2006)). Methods to immobilize proteins and peptideshave been reported (Taylor, Protein Immobilization: Fundamentals andApplications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1991)).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of antibodyinteraction. Antibodies may be raised that will bind to numerousallergen indicators 106 through use of known methods (e.g., Harlow andLane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1988)). Antibodies may be configured innumerous ways within one or more microfluidic chips 108 to process oneor more allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments,antibodies may be coupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108.One or more samples 102 may be passed over the antibodies to facilitatebinding of one or more allergen indicators 106 to the one or moreantibodies to form one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106complexes. A labeled detector antibody that binds to the allergenindicator 106 (or the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex) may thenbe passed over the one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexessuch that the labeled detector antibody will label the allergenindicator 106 (or the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex). Numerouslabels may be used that include, but are not limited to, enzymes,fluorescent molecules (e.g., quantum dots), radioactive labels, spinlabels, redox labels, and the like. In other embodiments, antibodies maybe coupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or moresamples 102 may be passed over the antibodies to facilitate binding ofone or more allergen indicators 106 to the one or more antibodies toform one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Such bindingprovides for detection of the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexthrough use of methods that include, but are not limited to, surfaceplasmon resonance, conductivity, and the like (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.7,030,989; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments,antibodies may be coupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108to provide for a competition assay. One or more samples 102 may be mixedwith one or more reagent mixtures that include one or more labeledallergen indicators 106. The mixture may then be passed over theantibodies to facilitate binding of allergen indicators 106 in thesample 102 and labeled allergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture tothe antibodies. The unlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102will compete with the labeled allergen indicators 106 in the reagentmixture for binding to the antibodies. Accordingly, the amount of labelbound to the antibodies will vary in accordance with the concentrationof unlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102. In someembodiments, antibody interaction may be used in association withmicrocantilevers to process one or more allergen indicators 106. Methodsto construct microcantilevers are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,141,385;6,935,165; 6,926,864; 6,763,705; 6,523,392; 6,325,904; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or more antibodiesmay be used in conjunction with one or more aptamers to process one ormore samples 102. Accordingly, in some embodiments, aptamers andantibodies may be used interchangeably to process one or more samples102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of chemicalinteraction. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured to utilize chemical extraction to process one or moresamples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102may be mixed with a reagent mixture that includes one or more solventsin which the one or more allergen indicators 106 are soluble.Accordingly, the solvent phase containing the one or more allergenindicators 106 may be separated from the sample phase to provide fordetection of the one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixed with a reagent mixturethat includes one or more chemicals that cause precipitation of one ormore allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, the sample phase may bewashed away from the one or more precipitated allergen indicators 106 toprovide for detection of the one or more allergen indicators 106.Accordingly, reagent mixtures that include numerous types of chemicalsthat interact with one or more allergen indicators 106 may be used.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of diffusion.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more fluid samples 102 through use of anH-filter. For example, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured toinclude a channel through which a fluid sample 102 and a second fluidflow such that the fluid sample 102 and the second fluid undergoparallel flow through the channel without significant mixing of thesample fluid and the second fluid. As the fluid sample 102 and thesecond fluid flow through the channel, one or more allergen indicators106 in the fluid sample 102 may diffuse through the fluid sample 102into the second fluid. Accordingly, such diffusion provides for theseparation of the one or more allergen indicators 106 from the sample102. Methods to construct H-filters have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,742,661; 6,409,832; 6,007,775; 5,974,867; 5,971,158; 5,948,684;5,932,100; 5,716,852; herein incorporated by reference). In someembodiments, diffusion based methods may be combined with immunoassaybased methods to process and detect one or more allergen indicators 106.Methods to conduct microscale diffusion immunoassays have been described(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,213; herein incorporated by reference).Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous waysto process one or more allergen indicators 106 through use of diffusion.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of filtration.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to include one or more filters that have a molecular weightcut-off. For example, a filter may allow molecules of low molecularweight to pass through the filter while disallowing molecules of highmolecular weight to pass through the filter. Accordingly, one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are contained within a sample 102 may beallowed to pass through a filter while larger molecules contained withinthe sample 102 are disallowed from passing through the filter.Accordingly, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may includetwo or more filters that selectively retain, or allow passage, of one ormore allergen indicators 106 through the filters. Such configurationsprovide for selective separation of one or more allergen indicators 106from one or more samples 102. Membranes and filters having numerousmolecular weight cut-offs are commercially available (e.g., Millipore,Billerica, Mass.). In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to provide for dialysis of one or more samples102. For example, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may beconfigured to contain one or more samples 102 in one or more samplechambers that are separated from one or more dialysis chambers by asemi-permeable membrane. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are able to pass through the semi-permeablemembrane may be collected in the dialysis chamber. In other embodiments,one or more allergen indicators 106 may be retained in the one or moresample chambers while other sample 102 components may be separated fromthe one or more allergen indicators 106 by their passage through thesemi-permeable membrane into the dialysis chamber. Accordingly, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include two or moredialysis chambers for selective separation of one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. Semi-permeable membranesand dialysis tubing is available from numerous commercial sources (e.g.,Millipore, Billerica, Mass.; Pierce, Rockford, Ill.; Sigma-Aldrich, St.Louis, Mo.). Methods that may be used for microfiltration have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,210; herein incorporated byreference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofchromatography. Numerous chromatographic methods may be used to processone or more samples 102. Examples of such chromatographic methodsinclude, but are not limited to, ion-exchange chromatography, affinitychromatography, gel filtration chromatography, hydroxyapatitechromatography, gas chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, thinlayer chromatography, capillary chromatography, size exclusionchromatography, hydrophobic interaction media, and the like. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of one or more chromatographic methods. Insome embodiments, chromatographic methods may be used to process one ormore samples 102 for one or more allergen indicators 106 that includeone or more polynucleotides. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore samples 102 may be applied to a chromatographic media to which theone or more polynucleotides bind. The remaining components of the sample102 may be washed from the chromatographic media. The one or morepolynucleotides may then be eluted from chromatographic media in a morepurified state. Similar methods may be used to process one or moresamples 102 for one or more allergen indicators 106 that include one ormore proteins or polypeptides (e.g., Mondal and Gupta, Biomol. Eng.,23:59-76 (2006)). Chromatography media able to separate numerous typesof molecules is commercially available (e.g., Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.;Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.; Pfizer, New York, N.Y.; Millipore, Billerica,Mass.; GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of aptamerinteraction. In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may includepolynucleotides (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid; ribonucleic acid; andderivatives of polynucleotides that may include polynucleotides thatinclude modified bases, polynucleotides in which the phosphodiester bondis replaced by a different type of bond, or many other types of modifiedpolynucleotides). In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may includepeptide aptamers. Methods to prepare and use aptamers have beendescribed (e.g., Collett et al., Methods, 37:4-15 (2005); Collet et al.,Anal. Biochem., 338:113-123 (2005); Cox et al., Nucleic Acids Res.,30:20 e108 (2002); Kirby et al., Anal. Chem., 76:4066-4075 (2004);Ulrich, Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., 173:305-326 (2006); Baines and Colas,Drug Discovery Today, 11:334-341 (2006); Guthrie et al., Methods,38:324-330 (2006); Geyer et al., Chapter 13: Selection of Genetic Agentsfrom Random Peptide Aptamer Expression Libraries, Methods in Enzymology,Academic Press, pg. 171-208 (2000); U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,630; hereinincorporated by reference). Aptamers may be configured in numerous wayswithin one or more microfluidic chips 108 to process one or moreallergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, aptamers maybe coupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or moresamples 102 may be passed over the aptamers to facilitate binding of oneor more allergen indicators 106 to the one or more aptamers to form oneor more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Labeled detectorantibodies and/or aptamers that bind to the allergen indicator 106 (orthe aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex) may then be passed over theone or more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that thelabeled detector antibodies and/or aptamers will label the allergenindicator 106 (or the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex). Numerouslabels may be used that include, but are not limited to, enzymes,fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spin labels, redox labels,and the like. In other embodiments, aptamers may be coupled to asubstrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or more samples 102 may bepassed over the aptamers to facilitate binding of one or more allergenindicators 106 to the one or more aptamers to form one or moreaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Such binding provides fordetection of the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex through use ofmethods that include, but are not limited to, surface plasmon resonance,conductivity, and the like (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, aptamers may be coupledto a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108 to provide for acompetition assay. One or more samples 102 may be mixed with one or morereagent mixtures that include one or more labeled allergen indicators106. The mixture may then be passed over the aptamers to facilitatebinding of allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 and labeledallergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture to the aptamers. Theunlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 will compete withthe labeled allergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture for bindingto the aptamers. Accordingly, the amount of label bound to the aptamerswill vary in accordance with the concentration of unlabeled allergenindicators 106 in the sample 102. In some embodiments, aptamerinteraction may be used in association with microcantilevers to processone or more allergen indicators 106. Methods to constructmicrocantilevers are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,141,385; 6,935,165;6,926,864; 6,763,705; 6,523,392; 6,325,904; herein incorporated byreference). In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may be used inconjunction with one or more antibodies to process one or more samples102. In some embodiments, aptamers and antibodies may be usedinterchangeably to process one or more samples 102. Accordingly, in someembodiments, methods and/or systems for processing and/or detectingallergen indicators 106 may utilize antibodies and aptamersinterchangeably and/or in combination.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of electricalconductivity. In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may beprocessed though use of magnetism. For example, in some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be combined with one or more taggedpolynucleotides that are tagged with a ferrous material, such as aferrous bead. The tagged polynucleotides and the polynucleotides in theone or more samples 102 may be incubated to provide hybridized complexesof the tagged polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides.Hybridization will serve to couple one or more ferrous beads to thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 that hybridize with the taggedpolynucleotides. Accordingly, the mixture may be passed over anelectromagnet to immobilize the hybridized complexes. Other componentsin the sample 102 may then be washed away from the hybridized complexes.In some embodiments, a chamber containing the magnetically immobilizedhybridized complexes may be heated to release the sample polynucleotidesfrom the magnetically immobilized tagged polynucleotides. The samplepolynucleotides may then be collected in a more purified state. In otherembodiments, similar methods may be used in conjunction with antibodies,aptamers, peptides, ligands, and the like. Accordingly, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways to utilizemagnetism to process one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be processed though use of eddy currents. Eddycurrent separation uses the principles of electromagnetic induction inconducting materials to separate non-ferrous metals by their differentelectric conductivities. An electrical charge is induced into aconductor by changes in magnetic flux cutting through it. Movingpermanent magnets passing a conductor generates the change in magneticflux. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to include a magnetic rotor such that whenconducting particles move through the changing flux of the magneticrotor, a spiraling current and resulting magnetic field are induced. Themagnetic field of the conducting particles may interact with themagnetic field of the magnetic rotor to impart kinetic energy to theconducting particles. The kinetic energy imparted to the conductingparticles may then be used to direct movement of the conductingparticles. Accordingly, non-ferrous particles, such as metallic beads,may be utilized to process one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be combined with one or moretagged polynucleotides that are tagged with a non-ferrous material, suchas an aluminum bead. The tagged polynucleotides and the polynucleotidesin the one or more samples 102 may be incubated to provide hybridizedcomplexes of the tagged polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides.Hybridization will serve to couple one or more ferrous beads to thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 that hybridize with the taggedpolynucleotides. Accordingly, the mixture may be passed through amagnetic field to impart kinetic energy to the non-ferrous bead. Thiskinetic energy may then be used to separate the hybridized complex. Inother embodiments, similar methods may be used in conjunction withantibodies, aptamers, peptides, ligands, and the like. Accordingly, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways toutilize eddy currents to process one or more samples 102. One or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways to utilizeelectrical conductivity to process one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of isoelectricfocusing. Methods have been described that may be used to constructcapillary isoelectric focusing systems (e.g., Herr et al., Investigationof a miniaturized capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) system using afull-field detection approach, Mechanical Engineering Department,Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Wu and Pawliszyn, Journal ofMicrocolumn Separations, 4:419-422 (1992); Kilar and Hjerten,Electrophoresis, 10:23-29 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,150,813; 7,070,682;6,730,516; herein incorporated by reference). Such systems may bemodified to provide for the processing of one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofelectrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofone-dimensional electrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of two-dimensional electrophoresis. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of gradient gel electrophoresis. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess one or more samples 102 through use of electrophoresis underdenaturing conditions. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples 102 throughuse of electrophoresis under native conditions. One or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to utilize numerous electrophoretic methods.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoassay. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured to process one or more samples 102 through use of enzymelinked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of radioimmuno assay (RIA). In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 through use of enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In someembodiments, such methods may utilize antibodies (e.g., monoclonalantibodies, polyclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, single-chainantibodies, and the like), aptamers, or substantially any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, a labeled antibody and/or aptamer may beused within an immunoassay. In some embodiments, a labeled ligand towhich the antibody and/or aptamer binds may be used within animmunoassay. Numerous types of labels may be utilized. Examples of suchlabels include, but are not limited to, radioactive labels, fluorescentlabels, enzyme labels, spin labels, magnetic labels, gold labels,colorimetric labels, redox labels, and the like. Numerous immunoassaysare known and may be configured for processing one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of one or morecompetition assays. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofone or more polynucleotide based competition assays. One or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to include one or morepolynucleotides coupled to a substrate, such as a polynucleotide array.The one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be further configured so thata sample 102 and/or substantially purified polynucleotides obtained fromone or more samples 102, may be mixed with one or more reagent mixturesthat include one or more labeled polynucleotides to form an analysismixture. This analysis mixture is then passed over the substrate suchthat the labeled polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides areallowed to hybridize to the polynucleotides that are immobilized on thesubstrate. The sample polynucleotides and the labeled polynucleotideswill compete for binding to the polynucleotides that are coupled on thesubstrate. Accordingly, the presence and/or concentration of thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 can be determined through detection ofthe label (e.g., the concentration of the polynucleotides in the sample102 will be inversely related to the amount of label that is bound tothe substrate). Numerous labels may be used that include, but are notlimited to, enzymes, fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spinlabels, redox labels, and the like. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to include one or moreantibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are coupled to asubstrate. The one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be furtherconfigured so that a sample 102 and/or substantially purified samplepolynucleotides and/or sample peptides obtained from one or more samples102, may be mixed with one or more reagent mixtures that include one ormore labeled polypeptides and/or labeled peptides to form an analysismixture. This analysis mixture can then be passed over the substratesuch that the labeled polypeptides and/or labeled peptides and thesample polynucleotides and/or sample peptides are allowed to bind to theantibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are immobilized onthe substrate. The sample polypeptides and/or sample peptides and thelabeled polypeptides and/or sample peptides will compete for binding tothe antibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are coupled onthe substrate. Accordingly, the presence and/or concentration of thesample polypeptides and/or sample peptides in the sample 102 can bedetermined through detection of the label (e.g., the concentration ofthe sample polypeptides and/or sample peptides in the sample 102 will beinversely related to the amount of label that is bound to thesubstrate). Numerous labels may be used that include, but are notlimited to, enzymes, fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spinlabels, redox labels, and the like. Microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize numerous types of competition assays.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize numerous processing methods. For example, in someembodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be precipitatedwith salt, dialyzed, and then applied to a chromatographic column.

FIG. 5 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example operationalflow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 5 illustrates example embodiments where thedetecting operation 220 may include at least one additional operation.Additional operations may include an operation 502, an operation 504, anoperation 506, an operation 508, and/or an operation 510 At operation502, the detecting operation 220 may include detecting the one or moreallergen indicators that are associated with one or more airborneallergens. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beused to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 that are associatedwith one or more airborne allergens 104. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for detectionof one or more allergens 104 that are airborne. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips 108 and todetect one or more airborne allergens 104. For example, in someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toallow one or more air samples 102 to contact the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 such that one or more allergen indicators 106included within the one or more air samples 102 are retained by the oneor more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, the one or more airsamples 102 may be passed through a filter on which one or more airborneallergen indicators 106 are collected. The collected airborne allergenindicators 106 may then be washed from the filter and caused to passover an antibody array to which the one or more airborne allergenindicators 106 become immobilized. The immobilized airborne allergenindicators 106 may then be detected through numerous methods thatinclude, but are not limited to, electrical conductivity, immunoassaybased methods, and the like. Accordingly, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect the one or more airborne allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe configured to operably associate with one or more microfluidic chips108 such that the one or more detection units 122 facilitate air flowthrough the one or more microfluidic chips 108 to provide for airsampling. For example, in some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may include one or more fans to push and/or pull air through one ormore operably associated microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments,one or more detection units 122 may include one or more bellows to pushand/or pull air through one or more operably associated microfluidicchips 108. Detection units 122 may be configured in numerous ways toprovide for detection of one or more airborne allergen indicators 106.

At operation 504, the detecting operation 220 may include detecting theone or more allergen indicators that are associated with one or morefood products. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe used to detect the one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for detectionof one or more allergens 104 that are associated with one or more foodproducts. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may be configured to operably associate with the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 and to detect one or more allergen indicators 106that are associated with one or more food products. Such allergenindicators 106 have been described herein and within additional sources(e.g., Allergen Nomenclature: International Union of ImmunologicalSocieties Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee, List of allergens andAllergen Nomenclature: International Union of Immunological SocietiesAllergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee, List of isoallergens and variants).Numerous methods may be used to detect one or more allergen indicators106 that are associated with one or more food products. Such methodshave been described herein. In addition, other detection methods thathave been described may be modified to provide for detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or more foodproducts. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more polynucleotides, one or morepolypeptides, one or more portions of one or more polynucleotides,and/or one or more portions of one or more polypeptides that have anucleic acid sequence and/or an amino acid sequence that corresponds to,but is not limited to, one or more of the following accession numbers:X97824, M18780, X14712, M73993, X60688, U08008, AF479772, Y14855,AJ315959, AJ414730, P80208, CAA46782, P81729, AJ404845, X12928, P19656,AJ890020, U31771, Z48967, AF129423, P81943, AF456482, AF327622,AF329829, DR027057, AJ243427, AF05730, AF129424, AF071477, Z78202,U93165, U66076, U32440, AF221501, AF129425, AY081850, AY081852, P81402,AY898658, P80274, AF377948, AF377949, D14059, AY049013, A57106,AY792956, X60043, L34402, L77197, AF093541, AF086821, AF059616,AF092846, AF091737, AY328088, P00785, AJ297410, AJ417552, AJ417553,U81996, P15476, P16348, P20347, P30941, P04403, M17146, AY221641,AY102930, AY102931, U66866, AF066055, AF453947, AY081853, P01089,AF240005, AF091841, AF240006, AAG23840, AAD42942, AF091842, D32206,AY271295, P83834, or AY839230.

At operation 506, the detecting operation 220 may include detecting theone or more allergen indicators that are associated with one or moreweeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers,metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or human autoallergens. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be used to detect oneor more allergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or moreweeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers,metals, chemicals, autoallergens, human autoallergens, or substantiallyany combination thereof. Numerous allergen indicators 106 are known tobe associated with weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi,insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, human autoallergens,or substantially any combination thereof. Such allergen indicators 106have been described herein and within additional sources (e.g., AllergenNomenclature: International Union of Immunological Societies AllergenNomenclature Sub-Committee, List of allergens and Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of isoallergens and variants). Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess one or more samples 102 and provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, an allergen indicator 106may be an allergenic particle. For example, in some embodiments, anallergen indicator 106 may include a complete pollen particle, such as apollen particle, a spore, a flake of dander, and the like. In someembodiments, an allergen indicator 106 may be a portion of an allergenicparticle. For example, in some embodiments, an allergen indicator 106may include a portion of a pollen particle (e.g., polynucleotides,sporoderm, and the like). In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106may include polynucleotides that are associated with one or moreallergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may includefragments of polynucleotides that are associated with one or moreallergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may includepolypeptides, peptides, and/or proteins that are associated with one ormore allergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 mayinclude polysaccharides that are associated with one or more allergens104. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to provide for detection of one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe configured to operably associate with one or more such microfluidicchips 108 and configured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.Numerous detection methods may be used to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Such methods have been described herein. In addition,detection methods that have been described may be modified to providefor detection of one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured to detectand determine a concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106that are included within a sample 102. For example, in some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide fordetection of one or more polynucleotides that are allergen indicators106 through detection of electrical current produced upon hybridizationof the one or more polynucleotides. Accordingly, in such embodiments,the one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to produce anelectrical current that is relative to polynucleotide concentration toprovide for determination of polynucleotide concentration within one ormore samples 102. Numerous configurations may be used in associationwith one or more allergen indicators 106 to provide for determination ofallergen 104 concentration. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for identificationof one or more allergens 104. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include immobilized polynucleotides thatselectively hybridize to one or more polynucleotides that are associatedwith a known allergen indicator 106. Accordingly, hybridization of oneor more polynucleotides with the one or more immobilized polynucleotidesindicates that a sample 102 includes one or more allergen indicators 106that correspond to one or more known allergens 104. Accordingly, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to operably associate withsuch microfluidic chips 108 to provide for specific detection of one ormore allergens 104. In some embodiments, microfluidic chips 108 and/ordetection units 122 may be configured to determine the identity andconcentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 that are includedwithin one or more samples 102.

At operation 508, the detecting operation 220 may include detecting theone or more allergen indicators with at least one technique thatincludes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection, polynucleotidedetection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescence resonance energytransfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electrical conductivity,isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera,or immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 with at least onetechnique that includes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescenceresonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, filtration, electrophoresis, use of aCCD camera, immunoassay, or substantially any combination thereof. Insome embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured todetect one or more allergen indicators 106 that have been processed byone or more microfluidic chips 108. For example, in some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include a window (e.g., a quartzwindow, a cuvette analog, and/or the like) through which one or moredetection units 122 may determine if one or more allergen indicators 106are present or determine the concentration of one or more allergenindicators 106. In such embodiments, numerous techniques may be used todetect the one or more allergen indicators 106, such as visible lightspectroscopy, ultraviolet light spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy,fluorescence spectroscopy, and the like. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include circuitryand/or electro-mechanical mechanisms to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 present within one or more microfluidic chips 108 througha window in the one or more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of surface plasmon resonance. In someembodiments, the one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one ormore antibodies, aptamers, proteins, peptides, polynucleotides, and thelike, that are bound to a substrate (e.g., a metal film) within the oneor more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, such microfluidicchips 108 may include a prism through which one or more detection units122 may shine light to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 thatinteract with the one or more antibodies, aptamers, proteins, peptides,polynucleotides, and the like, that are bound to a substrate. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include an exposedsubstrate surface that is configured to operably associate with one ormore prisms that are included within one or more detection units 122. Insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include anuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe. In such embodiments, themicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to associate with one or moredetection units 122 that accept the NMR probe and are configured todetect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use of NMRspectroscopy. Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 and detection units122 may be configured in numerous ways to associate with each other toprovide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of spectroscopy. Numerous types of spectroscopic methods maybe used. Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to,ultraviolet spectroscopy, visible light spectroscopy, infraredspectroscopy, x-ray spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, massspectroscopy, plasmon resonance (e.g., Cherif et al., ClinicalChemistry, 52:255-262 (2006) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching, fluorescence resonanceenergy transfer, intrinsic fluorescence, ligand fluorescence, and thelike.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrochemical detection. In some embodiments, one ormore polynucleotides may be detected through electrochemical detection.For example, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide that includes a redoxlabel, such as ferrocene is coupled to a gold electrode. The labeledpolynucleotide forms a stem-loop structure that can self-assemble onto agold electrode by means of facile gold-thiol chemistry. Hybridization ofa sample 102 polynucleotide induces a large conformational change in thesurface-confined polynucleotide structure, which in turn alters theelectron-transfer tunneling distance between the electrode and theredoxable label. The resulting change in electron transfer efficiencymay be measured by cyclic voltammetry (Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci., 100:9134-9137 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem., 75:3941-3945(2003); Singh-Zocchi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610(2003)). Such methods may be used to detect messenger ribonucleic acid,genomic deoxyribonucleic acid, and fragments thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of polynucleotide detection. In some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106 through use of polynucleotide detection.Numerous methods may be used to detect one or more polynucleotides.Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to, those based onpolynucleotide hybridization, polynucleotide ligation, polynucleotideamplification, polynucleotide degradation, and the like. Methods thatutilize intercalation dyes, fluorescence resonance energy transfer,capacitive deoxyribonucleic acid detection, and nucleic acidamplification have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and6,960,437; herein incorporated by reference). Such methods may beadapted to provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.In some embodiments, fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electrontransfer, electrical conductivity, and the like may be used to analyzepolynucleotide interaction. Such methods are known and have beendescribed (e.g., Jarvius, DNA Tools and Microfluidic Systems forMolecular Analysis, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of UppsalaDissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 161, ACTA UNIVERSITATISUPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2006, ISBN: 91-554-6616-8; Singh-Zocchi et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem.,75:3941-3945 (2003); Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137(2003); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,958,216; 5,093,268; 6,090,545; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or morepolynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube may becombined with one or more samples 102, and/or one or more partiallypurified polynucleotides obtained from one or more samples 102. The oneor more polynucleotides that include one or more carbon nanotubes areallowed to hybridize with one or more polynucleotides that may bepresent within the one or more samples 102. The one or more carbonnanotubes may be excited (e.g., with an electron beam and/or aultraviolet laser) and the emission spectra of the excited nanotubes maybe correlated with hybridization of the one or more polynucleotides thatinclude at least one carbon nanotube with one or more polynucleotidesthat are included within the one or more samples 102. Accordingly,polynucleotides that hybridize to one or more allergen indicators 106may include one or more carbon nanotubes. Methods to utilize carbonnanotubes as probes for nucleic acid interaction have been described(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,730; herein incorporated by reference).Numerous other methods based on polynucleotide detection may be used todetect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of fluorescence anisotropy. Fluorescence anisotropy is basedon measuring the steady state polarization of sample 102 fluorescenceimaged in a confocal arrangement. A linearly polarized laser excitationsource preferentially excites fluorescent target molecules withtransition moments aligned parallel to the incident polarization vector.The resultant fluorescence is collected and directed into two channelsthat measure the intensity of the fluorescence polarized both paralleland perpendicular to that of the excitation beam. With these twomeasurements, the fluorescence anisotropy, r, can be determined from theequation: r=(Intensity parallel−Intensity perpendicular)/(Intensityparallel+2(Intensity perpendicular)) where the I terms indicateintensity measurements parallel and perpendicular to the incidentpolarization. Fluorescence anisotropy detection of fluorescent moleculeshas been described. Accordingly, fluorescence anisotropy may be coupledto numerous fluorescent labels as have been described herein and as havebeen described.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET).Fluorescence resonance energy transfer refers to an energy transfermechanism between two fluorescent molecules. A fluorescent donor isexcited at its fluorescence excitation wavelength. This excited state isthen nonradiatively transferred to a second molecule, the fluorescentacceptor. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer may be used withinnumerous configurations to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.For example, in some embodiments, an antibody may be labeled with afluorescent donor and one or more allergen indicators 106 may be labeledwith a fluorescent acceptor. Accordingly, such labeled antibodies andallergen indicators 106 may be used within competition assays to detectthe presence and/or concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106in one or more samples 102. Numerous combinations of fluorescent donorsand fluorescent acceptors may be used to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to emit one or more wavelength of light to excite afluorescent donor and may be configured to detect one or more wavelengthof light emitted by the fluorescent acceptor. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured to acceptone or more microfluidic chips 108 that include a quartz window throughwhich fluorescent light may pass to provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106 through use of fluorescence resonance energytransfer. Accordingly, fluorescence resonance energy transfer may beused in conjunction with competition assays and/or numerous other typesof assays to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electron transfer. Electron transfer is the process bywhich an electron moves from an electron donor to an electron acceptorcausing the oxidation states of the electron donor and the electronacceptor to change. In some embodiments, electron transfer may occurwhen an electron is transferred from one or more electron donors to anelectrode. In some embodiments, electron transfer may be utilized withincompetition assays to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 mayinclude one or more polynucleotides that may be immobilized on one ormore electrodes. The immobilized polynucleotides may be incubated with areagent mixture that includes sample polynucleotides and polynucleotidesthat are tagged with an electron donor. Hybridization of the taggedpolynucleotides to the immobilized polynucleotides allows the electrondonor to transfer an electron to the electrode to produce a detectablesignal 132. Accordingly, a decrease in signal 132 due to the presence ofone or more polynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106 in thereagent mixture indicates the presence of an allergen indicator 106 inthe sample 102. Such methods may be used in conjunction withpolynucleotides, polypeptides, peptides, antibodies, aptamers, and thelike. One or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to utilizenumerous electron transfer based assays to provide for detection of oneor more allergen indicators 106 by a detection unit 122.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of one or more enzyme assays. Numerous enzyme assays may beused to provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.Examples of such enzyme assays include, but are not limited to,beta-galactosidase assays, peroxidase assays, catalase assays, alkalinephosphatase assays, and the like. In some embodiments, enzyme assays maybe configured such that an enzyme will catalyze a reaction involving anenzyme substrate that produces a fluorescent product. Accordingly, oneor more detection units 122 may be configured to detect fluorescenceresulting from the fluorescent product. Enzymes and fluorescent enzymesubstrates are known and are commercially available (e.g.,Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.). In some embodiments, enzyme assays maybe configured as binding assays that provide for detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include a substrate towhich is coupled to one or more antibodies, aptamers, peptides,proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, and the like, that will interactwith one or more allergen indicators 106. One or more samples 102 may bepassed across the substrate such that one or more allergen indicators106 present within the one or more samples 102 will interact with theone or more antibodies, aptamers, peptides, proteins, polynucleotides,ligands, and the like, and be immobilized on the substrate. One or moreantibodies, aptamers, peptides, proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, andthe like, that are labeled with an enzyme may then be passed across thesubstrate such that the one or more labeled antibodies, aptamers,peptides, proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, and the like, will bind tothe one or more immobilized allergen indicators 106. An enzyme substratemay then be introduced to the one or more immobilized enzymes such thatthe enzymes are able to catalyze a reaction involving the enzymesubstrate to produce a fluorescent product. Such assays are oftenreferred to as sandwich assays. Accordingly, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect one or more products of enzyme catalysisto provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrical conductivity. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106through use of electrical conductivity. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more detection units 122 such that the one or more detection units122 can detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrical conductivity. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to include two or more electrodes that areeach coupled to one or more detector polynucleotides. Interaction of anallergen 104 associated polynucleotide, such as hybridization, with twodetector polynucleotides that are coupled to two different electrodeswill complete an electrical circuit. This completed circuit will providefor the flow of a detectable electrical current between the twoelectrodes and thereby provide for detection of one or more allergen 104associated polynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, the electrodes may be carbon nanotubes (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.6,958,216; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments,electrodes may include, but are not limited to, one or more conductivemetals, such as gold, copper, iron, silver, platinum, and the like; oneor more conductive alloys; one or more conductive ceramics; and thelike. In some embodiments, electrodes may be selected and configuredaccording to protocols typically used in the computer industry thatinclude, but are not limited to, photolithography, masking, printing,stamping, and the like. In some embodiments, other molecules andcomplexes that interact with one or more allergen indicators 106 may beused to detect the one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrical conductivity. Examples of such molecules and complexesinclude, but are not limited to, proteins, peptides, antibodies,aptamers, and the like. For example, in some embodiments, two or moreantibodies may be immobilized on one or more electrodes such thatcontact of the two or more antibodies with an allergen indicator 106,such as a spore, a pollen particle, a dander particle, and the like,will complete an electrical circuit and facilitate the production of adetectable electrical current. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include electricalconnectors that are able to operably associate with one or moredetection units 122 such that the detection units 122 may detect anelectrical current that is due to interaction of one or more allergenindicators 106 with two or more electrodes. In some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may include electrical connectors that providefor operable association of one or more microfluidic chips 108 with theone or more detection units 122. In some embodiments, the one or moredetectors are configured for detachable connection to one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122may be configured in numerous ways to process one or more samples 102and detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106through use of isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, nativeisoelectric focusing may be utilized to process and/or detect one ormore allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, denaturingisoelectric focusing may be utilized to process and/or detect one ormore allergen indicators 106. Methods to construct microfluidic channelsthat may be used for isoelectric focusing have been reported (e.g.,Macounova et al., Anal Chem., 73:1627-1633 (2001); Macounova et al.,Anal Chem., 72:3745-3751 (2000); Herr et al., Investigation of aminiaturized capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) system using afull-field detection approach, Mechanical Engineering Department,Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Wu and Pawliszyn, Journal ofMicrocolumn Separations, 4:419-422 (1992); Kilar and Hjerten,Electrophoresis, 10:23-29 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,150,813; 7,070,682;6,730,516; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 through use of methods that include isoelectric focusing. Insome embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more such microfluidic chips 108 suchthat the one or more detection units 122 can be used to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that have been focused within one or moremicrofluidic channels of the one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured toinclude one or more CCD cameras that can be used to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be configured to include one or more spectrometers thatcan be used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Numeroustypes of spectrometers may be utilized to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 following isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, oneor more detection units 122 may be configured to utilize refractiveindex to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured tocombine one or more samples 102 with one or more reagent mixtures thatinclude one or more binding molecules and/or binding complexes that bindto one or more allergen indicators 106 that may be present within theone or more samples 102 to form an allergen indicator-bindingmolecule/binding complex. Examples of such binding molecules and/orbinding complexes that bind to one or more allergen indicators 106include, but are not limited to, antibodies, aptamers, peptides,proteins, polynucleotides, and the like. In some embodiments, anallergen indicator-binding molecule/binding complex may be processedthrough use of isoelectric focusing and then detected with one or moredetection units 122. In some embodiments, one or more binding moleculesand/or one or more binding complexes may include a label. Numerouslabels may be used and include, but are not limited to, radioactivelabels, fluorescent labels, colorimetric labels, spin labels,fluorescent labels, and the like. Accordingly, in some embodiments, anallergen indicator-binding molecule (labeled)/binding complex (labeled)may be processed through use of isoelectric focusing and then detectedwith one or more detection units 122 that are configured to detect theone or more labels. Microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122 maybe configured in numerous ways to process one or more samples 102 anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 though use of isoelectricfocusing.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of chromatographic methodology alone or in combination withadditional processing and/or detection methods. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators106 through use of chromatographic methods. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips 108 anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 that were processed throughuse of chromatographic methods. In some embodiments, the one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to operably associate with one ormore microfluidic chips 108 and supply solvents and other reagents tothe one or more microfluidic chips 108. For example, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include pumps andsolvent/buffer reservoirs that are configured to supply solvent/bufferflow through chromatographic media (e.g., a chromatographic column) thatis operably associated with one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more microfluidic chips 108 and beconfigured to utilize one or more methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Numerous types of chromatographic methods and media maybe used to process one or more samples 102 and provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106. Chromatographic methods include,but are not limited to, low pressure liquid chromatography, highpressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), microcapillary low pressureliquid chromatography, microcapillary high pressure liquidchromatography, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography,gel filtration chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, thin layerchromatography, paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and the like.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to include one or more high pressure microcapillary columns.Methods that may be used to prepare microcapillary HPLC columns (e.g.,columns with a 100 micrometer-500 micrometer inside diameter) have beendescribed (e.g., Davis et al., Methods, A Companion to Methods inEnzymology, 6: Micromethods for Protein Structure Analysis, ed. by JohnE. Shively, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, 304-314 (1994); Swiderek etal., Trace Structural Analysis of Proteins. Methods of Enzymology, ed.by Barry L. Karger & William S. Hancock, Spectrum, Publisher Services,271, Chap. 3, 68-86 (1996); Moritz and Simpson, J. Chromatogr.,599:119-130 (1992)). In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to include one or more affinity columns. Methodsto prepare affinity columns have been described. Briefly, a biotinylatedsite may be engineered into a polypeptide, peptide, aptamer, antibody,or the like. The biotinylated protein may then be incubated with avidincoated polystyrene beads and slurried in Tris buffer. The slurry maythen be packed into a capillary affinity column through use of highpressure packing. Affinity columns may be prepared that may include oneor more molecules and/or complexes that interact with one or moreallergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, one or moreaptamers that bind to one or more allergen indicators 106 may be used toconstruct an affinity column. Accordingly, numerous chromatographicmethods may be used alone, or in combination with additional methods, toprocess and detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Numerousdetection methods may be used in combination with numerous types ofchromatographic methods. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122may be configured to utilize numerous detection methods to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that are processed through use of one ormore chromatographic methods. Examples of such detection methodsinclude, but are not limited to, conductivity detection, use ofion-specific electrodes, refractive index detection, colorimetricdetection, radiological detection, detection by retention time,detection through use of elution conditions, spectroscopy, and the like.For example, in some embodiments, one or more chromatographic markersmay be added to one or more samples 102 prior to the samples 102 beingapplied to a chromatographic column. One or more detection units 122that are operably associated with the chromatographic column may beconfigured to detect the one or more chromatographic markers and use theelution time and/or position of the chromatographic markers as acalibration tool for use in detecting one or more allergen indicators106 if those allergen indicators 106 are eluted from the chromatographiccolumn. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to utilize one or more ion-specific electrodes to detect oneor more allergen indicators 106. For example, such electrodes may beused to detect allergen indicators 106 that include, but are not limitedto, metals (e.g., tin, silver, nickel, cobalt, chromate), nitrates,nitrites, sulfites, and the like. Such allergen indicators 106 are oftenassociated with food, beverages, clothing, jewelry, and the like.Accordingly, chromatographic methods may be used in combination withadditional methods and in combination with numerous types of detectionmethods.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoprecipitation. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of immunoprecipitation. In some embodiments,immunoprecipitation may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoprecipitation. For example, in some embodiments, one or moresamples 102 may be combined with one or more antibodies that bind to oneor more allergen indicators 106 to form one or more antibody-allergenindicator 106 complexes. An insoluble form of an antibody bindingconstituent, such as protein A (e.g., protein A-sepharose bead, proteinA-magnetic bead, protein A-ferrous bead, protein A-non-ferrous bead, andthe like), Protein G, a second antibody, an aptamer, and the like, maythen be mixed with the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex such thatthe insoluble antibody binding constituent binds to theantibody-allergen indicator 106 complex and provides for precipitationof the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex. Such complexes may beseparated from other sample 102 components to provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments,sample 102 components may be washed away from the precipitatedantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 that are configured for immunoprecipitationmay be operably associated with one or more centrifugation units 118 toassist in precipitating one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106complexes. In some embodiments, aptamers (polypeptide and/orpolynucleotide) may be used in combination with antibodies or in placeof antibodies. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofnumerous detection methods in combination with immunoprecipitation basedmethods.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoseparation. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of immunoseparation. In some embodiments,immunoseparation may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoseparation. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples102 may be combined with one or more antibodies that bind to one or moreallergen indicators 106 to form one or more antibody-allergen indicator106 complexes. An antibody binding constituent may be added that bindsto the antibody-allergen complex.

Examples of such antibody binding constituents that may be used alone orin combination include, but are not limited to, protein A (e.g., proteinA-sepharose bead, protein A-magnetic bead, protein A-ferrous bead,protein A-non-ferrous bead, and the like), Protein G, a second antibody,an aptamer, and the like. Such antibody binding constituents may bemixed with an antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex such that theantibody binding constituent binds to the antibody-allergen indicator106 complex and provides for separation of the antibody-allergenindicator 106 complex. In some embodiments, the antibody bindingconstituent may include a tag that allows the antibody bindingconstituent and complexes that include the antibody binding constituentto be separated from other components in one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, the antibody binding constituent may include a ferrousmaterial. Accordingly, antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes may beseparated from other sample 102 components through use of a magnet, suchas an electromagnet. In some embodiments, an antibody bindingconstituent may include a non-ferrous metal. Accordingly,antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes may be separated from othersample 102 components through use of an eddy current to direct movementof one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In someembodiments, two or more forms of an antibody binding constituents maybe used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, insome embodiments, a first antibody binding constituent may be coupled toa ferrous material and a second antibody binding constituent may becoupled to a non-ferrous material. Accordingly, the first antibodybinding constituent and the second antibody binding constituent may bemixed with antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that the firstantibody binding constituent and the second antibody binding constituentbind to antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes that include differentallergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in such embodiments, differentallergen indicators 106 from a single sample 102 and/or a combination ofsamples 102 may be separated through use of direct magnetic separationin combination with eddy current based separation. In some embodiments,one or more samples 102 may be combined with one or more antibodies thatbind to one or more allergen indicators 106 to form one or moreantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, the oneor more antibodies may include one or more tags that provide forseparation of the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Forexample, in some embodiments, an antibody may include a tag thatincludes one or more magnetic beads, a ferrous material, a non-ferrousmetal, an affinity tag, a size exclusion tag (e.g., a large bead that isexcluded from entry into chromatographic media such thatantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes pass through a chromatographiccolumn in the void volume), and the like. Accordingly, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of numerous detection methods in combinationwith immunoseparation based methods. In some embodiments, aptamers(polypeptide and/or polynucleotide) may be used in combination withantibodies or in place of antibodies.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of aptamer binding. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of aptamer binding. In some embodiments,aptamer binding may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofaptamer binding. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples102 may be combined with one or more aptamers that bind to one or moreallergen indicators 106 to form one or more aptamer-allergen indicator106 complexes. In some embodiments, aptamer binding constituents may beadded that bind to the aptamer-allergen 104 complex. Numerous aptamerbinding constituents may be utilized. For example, in some embodiments,one or more aptamers may include one or more tags to which one or moreaptamer binding constituents may bind. Examples of such tags include,but are not limited to, biotin, avidin, streptavidin, histidine tags,nickel tags, ferrous tags, non-ferrous tags, and the like. In someembodiments, one or more tags may be conjugated with a label to providefor detection of one or more complexes. Examples of such tag-labelconjugates include, but are not limited to, Texas red conjugated avidin,alkaline phosphatase conjugated avidin, CY2 conjugated avidin, CY3conjugated avidin, CY3.5 conjugated avidin, CY5 conjugated avidin, CY5.5conjugated avidin, fluorescein conjugated avidin, glucose oxidaseconjugated avidin, peroxidase conjugated avidin, rhodamine conjugatedavidin, agarose conjugated anti-protein A, alkaline phosphataseconjugated protein A, anti-protein A, fluorescein conjugated protein A,IRDye® 800 conjugated protein A, peroxidase conjugated protein A,sepharose protein A, alkaline phosphatase conjugated streptavidin, AMCAconjugated streptavidin, anti-streptavidin (Streptomyces avidinii)(rabbit) IgG Fraction, beta-galactosidase conjugated streptavidin, CY2conjugated streptavidin, CY3 conjugated streptavidin, CY3.5 conjugatedstreptavidin, CY5 conjugated streptavidin, CY5.5 conjugatedstreptavidin, fluorescein conjugated streptavidin, IRDye® 700DXconjugated streptavidin, IRDye® 800 conjugated streptavidin, IRDye®800CW conjugated streptavidin, peroxidase conjugated streptavidin,phycoerythrin conjugated streptavidin, rhodamine conjugatedstreptavidin, Texas red conjugated streptavidin, alkaline phosphataseconjugated biotin, anti-biotin (rabbit) IgG fraction, beta-galactosidaseconjugated biotin, glucose oxidase conjugated biotin, peroxidaseconjugated biotin, alkaline phosphatase conjugated protein G,anti-protein G (rabbit) Agarose conjugated, anti-protein G (Rabbit) IgGfraction, fluorescein conjugated protein G, IRDye® 800 conjugatedprotein G, peroxidase conjugated protein G, and the like. Many suchlabeled tags are commercially available (e.g., Rockland Immunochemicals,Inc., Gilbertsville, Pa.). Such labels may also be used in associationwith other methods to process and detect one or more allergen indicators106. Aptamer binding constituents may be mixed with an aptamer-allergenindicator 106 complex such that the aptamer binding constituent binds tothe aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex and provides for separationof the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex. In some embodiments, theaptamer binding constituent may include a tag that allows the aptamerbinding constituent and complexes that include the aptamer bindingconstituent to be separated from other components in one or more samples102. In some embodiments, the aptamer binding constituent may include aferrous material. Accordingly, aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexesmay be separated from other sample 102 components through use of amagnet, such as an electromagnet. In some embodiments, an aptamerbinding constituent may include a non-ferrous metal. Accordingly,aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes may be separated from othersample 102 components through use of an eddy current to direct movementof one or more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In someembodiments, two or more forms of aptamer binding constituents may beused to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in someembodiments, a first aptamer binding constituent may be coupled to aferrous material and a second aptamer binding constituent may be coupledto a non-ferrous material. Accordingly, the first aptamer bindingconstituent and the second aptamer binding constituent may be mixed withaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that the first aptamerbinding constituent and the second aptamer binding constituent bind toaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes that include different allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, in such embodiments, different allergenindicators 106 from a single sample 102 and/or a combination of samples102 may be separated through use of direct magnetic separation incombination with eddy current based separation. In some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be combined with one or more aptamers that bindto one or more allergen indicators 106 to form one or moreaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, the oneor more aptamer may include one or more tags that provide for separationof the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. For example, in someembodiments, an aptamer may include a tag that includes one or moremagnetic beads, a ferrous material, a non-ferrous metal, an affinitytag, a size exclusion tag (e.g., a large bead that is excluded fromentry into chromatographic media such that antibody-allergen indicator106 complexes pass through a chromatographic column in the void volume),and the like. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofnumerous detection methods in combination with aptamer binding basedmethods. In some embodiments, antibodies may be used in combination withaptamers or in place of aptamers.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of electrophoresis. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more detection units 122. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to operably associate withone or more microfluidic chips 108 and detect one or more allergenindicators 106 that were processed through use of electrophoresis.Numerous electrophoretic methods may be utilized to provide fordetection of one or more allergen indicators 106. Examples of suchelectrophoretic methods include, but are not limited to, capillaryelectrophoresis, one-dimensional electrophoresis, two-dimensionalelectrophoresis, native electrophoresis, denaturing electrophoresis,polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, agarose gel electrophoresis, and thelike. Numerous detection methods may be used in combination with one ormore electrophoretic methods to detect one or more allergen indicators106. In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may bedetected according to the position to which the one or more allergenindicators 106 migrate within an electrophoretic field (e.g., acapillary and/or a gel). In some embodiments, the position of one ormore allergen indicators 106 may be compared to one or more standards.For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixedwith one or more molecular weight markers prior to gel electrophoresis.The one or more samples 102, that include the one or more molecularweight markers, may be subjected to electrophoresis and then the gel maybe stained. In such embodiments, the molecular weight markers may beused as a reference to detect one or more allergen indicators 106present within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one ormore components that are known to be present within one or more samples102 may be used as a reference to detect one or more allergen indicators106 present within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, gelshift assays may be used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.For example, in some embodiments, a sample 102 (e.g., a single sample102 or combination of multiple samples 102) may be split into a firstsample 102 and a second sample 102. The first sample 102 may be mixedwith an antibody, aptamer, ligand, or other molecule and/or complex thatbinds to the one or more allergen indicators 106. The first and secondsamples 102 may then be subjected to electrophoresis. The gelscorresponding to the first sample 102 and the second sample 102 may thenbe analyzed to determine if one or more allergen indicators 106 arepresent within the one or more samples 102. Microfluidic chips 108 anddetection units 122 may be configured in numerous ways to process anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrophoresis.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of one or more charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 that include one or moreCCD cameras may be configured to operably associate with one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Such detection units 122 may be utilized incombination with numerous processing methods. Examples of such methodsinclude, but are not limited to, electrophoresis; competition assays;methods based on polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction,peptide interaction, antibody interaction, aptamer interaction,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, and the like. For example, insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto process one or more samples 102 through use of immunoprecipitation.In some embodiments, one or more antibodies may be conjugated to afluorescent label such that binding of one or more labeled antibodies toone or more allergen indicators 106 included within one or more samples102 will form a fluorescently labeled antibody-allergen indicator 106complex. One or more insoluble allergen indicator 106 bindingconstituents, such as a sepharose bead that includes an antibody oraptamer that binds to the one or more allergen indicators 106, may bebound to the fluorescently labeled antibody-allergen indicator 106complex and used to precipitate the complex. One or more detection units122 that include a CCD camera that is configured to detect fluorescentemission from the one or more fluorescent labels may be used to detectthe one or more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one ormore CCD cameras may be configured to utilize dark frame subtraction tocancel background and increase sensitivity of the camera. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include one or morefilters to select and/or filter wavelengths of energy that can bedetected by one or more CCD cameras (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,065;herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may include polarized lenses. One or more detectionunits 122 may be configured in numerous ways to utilize one or more CCDcameras to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to operably associate with one ormore such microfluidic chips 108 and to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 associated with the use of immunoassay. Numerous types ofdetection methods may be used in combination with immunoassay basedmethods. In some embodiments, a label may be used within one or moreimmunoassays that may be detected by one or more detection units 122.Examples of such labels include, but are not limited to, fluorescentlabels, spin labels, fluorescence resonance energy transfer labels,radiolabels, electrochemiluminescent labels (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.5,093,268; 6,090,545; herein incorporated by reference), and the like.In some embodiments, electrical conductivity may be used in combinationwith immunoassay based methods.

At operation 510, the detecting operation 220 may include. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 that are calibrated for usewith an individual may be used to detect the one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe calibrated to detect one or more specific allergens 104 and/orallergen indicators 106 that produce an allergic response by anindividual. For example, in some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be calibrated to detect peanuts and/or peanut associatedproducts for an individual who is allergic to peanuts. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be calibrated to detectdifferent concentrations of allergen indicators 106. For example, insome embodiments, an individual may produce an allergic response ifexposed to an allergen 104 at a concentration that is above a certainlevel. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a detection unit 122 may becalibrated to detect one or more concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 that produce an allergic response within an individual.

FIG. 6 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example operationalflow 200 of FIG. 2. FIG. 6 illustrates example embodiments where theoptional displaying operation 230 may include at least one additionaloperation. Additional operations may include an operation 602, anoperation 604, an operation 606, an operation 608, an operation 610, anoperation 612, and/or an operation 614.

At operation 602, the displaying operation 230 may include displayingresults of the detecting with one or more display units that are passivedisplay units. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 maydisplay results of the detecting with one or more display units 124 thatare passive display units 124. In some embodiments, one or more displayunits 124 may include one or more liquid crystal displays (LCD). Methodsto construct passive displays have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.4,807,967; 4,729,636; 4,436,378; 4,257,041; herein incorporated byreference).

At operation 604, the displaying operation 230 may include displayingresults of the detecting with one or more display units that are activedisplay units. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 maydisplay results of the detecting with one or more display units 124 thatare active display units 124. Numerous active display units 124 areknown and include, but are not limited to, quarter-video graphics array(QVGA), video graphics array (VGA), super video graphics array (SVGA),extended graphics array (XGA), wide extended graphics array (WXGA),super extended graphics array (SXGA), ultra extended graphics array(UXGA), wide super extended graphics array (WSXGA), wide ultra extendedgraphics array (WUXGA).

At operation 606, the displaying operation 230 may include indicating apresence or an absence of the one or more allergen indicators within theone or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124may indicate a presence or an absence of the one or more allergenindicators 106 within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may use a colorimetric message to indicatea presence or an absence of one or more allergen indicators 106 withinone or more samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may display a green light if one or more allergenindicators 106 are not found within one or more samples 102 and a redlight if one or more allergen indicators 106 are found within one ormore samples 102. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 mayuse a pictographic message to indicate a presence or an absence of oneor more allergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may displaya smiley face if one or more allergen indicators 106 are not foundwithin one or more samples 102 and a frowny face if one or more allergenindicators 106 are found within one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may use a typographicalmessage to indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergenindicators 106 within one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may display an “Allergen NotPresent” message if one or more allergen indicators 106 are not foundwithin one or more samples 102 and an “Allergen Present” message if oneor more allergen indicators 106 are found within one or more samples102. Such messages may be displayed in numerous languages. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may display one or moremessages in multiple formats. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore messages may be displayed in colored text.

At operation 608, the displaying operation 230 may include indicating anidentity of one or more allergens that correspond to the one or moreallergen indicators present within the one or more samples. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may indicate an identity ofone or more allergens 104 that correspond to the one or more allergenindicators 106 present within the one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may be operably associatedwith one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configured to identifyone or more allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may be configured to display the identityof one or more allergens 104 that are present and/or absent from one ormore samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, a display unit 124may be configured to indicate a presence or an absence ofbeta-lactoglobulin in a food product.

At operation 610, the displaying operation 230 may include indicatingone or more concentrations of one or more allergens that correspond tothe one or more allergen indicators present within the one or moresamples. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may indicateone or more concentrations of one or more allergens 104 that correspondto the one or more allergen indicators 106 present within the one ormore samples 102. Concentration may be displayed in numerous formats.For example, in some embodiments, concentration may be expressednumerically (e.g., mass allergen indicator 106 per volume sample 102(e.g., milligrams per milliliter), mass allergen indicator 106 per masssample 102 (e.g., milligrams per milligram of sample), parts permillion, and the like). In some embodiments, concentration may beexpressed graphically. For example, in some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may include a display having a gray scale on which theconcentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 that are presentwithin one or more samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., higherconcentrations of one or more allergens 104 may be displayed as darkgray while lower concentrations of one or more allergens 104 may bedisplayed as light gray). In some embodiments, one or more display units124 may include a display having a color scale on which theconcentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 that are presentwithin one or more samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., lowconcentrations of one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicatedby a green light, intermediate concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 may be indicated by a yellow light, high concentrationsof one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicated by a red light).In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may be calibrated toan individual. For example, in such embodiments, an individual may usethe display to obtain an immediate reading that will indicate if a foodproduct contains a dangerous level of one or more allergens 104.

At operation 612, the displaying operation 230 may include. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 that are calibrated for anindividual may display the results of the detecting. In someembodiments, one or or more display units 124 may be calibrated todisplay whether one or more allergens 104, and/or allergen indicators106, that are specific to an individual are present or absent within oneor more samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may be configured to display whether one or moresamples 102 contain shellfish associated allergens 104 for an individualknown to be allergic to shellfish. In some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may be calibrated to indicate safe and/or unsafeconcentrations of one or more allergens 104 within one or more samples102 for an individual.

At operation 614, the displaying operation 230 may include transmittingone or more signals to one or more recording units. In some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may transmit one or more signals 132 toone or more recording units 126. In some embodiments, one or moresignals 132 may be transmitted from one or more microfluidic chips 108,one or more reagent delivery units 116, one or more centrifugation units118, one or more analysis units 120, one or more detection units 122,one or more display units 124, one or more user interfaces 128, and/orsubstantially any combination thereof. Numerous types of signals 132 maybe transmitted. Examples of such signals 132 include, but are notlimited to, hardwired signals 132, wireless signals 132, infraredsignals 132, optical signals 132, radiofrequency (RF) signals 132,audible signals 132, digital signals 132, analog signals 132, and/orsubstantially any combination thereof. One or more signals 132 mayinclude numerous types of information. For example, one or more signals132 may include information with regard to the presence of an absence ofone or more allergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102, atype of reagent used to process one or more samples 102, conditions usedto process one or more samples 102, an identity of a user 130, and thelike. Such information may be recorded by one or more recording units126.

FIG. 7 illustrates an operational flow 700 representing examples ofoperations that are related to the performance of a method for analysisof one or more allergens 104. In FIG. 7 and in following figures thatinclude various examples of operations used during performance of themethod, discussion and explanation may be provided with respect to theabove-described example of FIG. 1, and/or with respect to other examplesand contexts. However, it should be understood that the operations maybe executed in a number of other environments and contexts, and/ormodified versions of FIG. 1. Also, although the various operations arepresented in the sequence(s) illustrated, it should be understood thatthe various operations may be performed in other orders than those whichare illustrated, or may be performed concurrently.

After a start operation, the operational flow 700 includes a detectingoperation 710 involving detecting one or more allergen indicators withone or more detection units that are configured to detachably connect toone or more microfluidic chips that are configured for analysis of theone or more allergen indicators. In some embodiments, detectingoperation 710 may include detecting the one or more allergen indicatorsthat are associated with one or more airborne allergens. In someembodiments, detecting operation 710 may include detecting the one ormore allergen indicators that are associated with one or more foodproducts. In some embodiments, detecting operation 710 may includedetecting the one or more allergen indicators that are associated withone or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi,insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or humanautoallergens. In some embodiments, detecting operation 710 may includedetecting the one or more allergen indicators with at least onetechnique that includes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescenceresonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera,or immunoassay. In some embodiments, detecting operation 710 mayinclude.

After a start operation, the operational flow 700 includes a displayingoperation 720 involving displaying results of the detecting with one ormore display units that are operably associated with the one or moredetection units. In some embodiments, displaying operation 720 mayinclude displaying results of the detecting with one or more displayunits that are passive display units. In some embodiments, displayingoperation 720 may include displaying results of the detecting with oneor more display units that are active display units. In someembodiments, displaying operation 720 may include indicating a presenceor an absence of the one or more allergen indicators within the one ormore samples. In some embodiments, displaying operation 720 may includeindicating an identity of one or more allergens that correspond to theone or more allergen indicators present within the one or more samples.In some embodiments, displaying operation 720 may include indicating oneor more concentrations of one or more allergens that correspond to theone or more allergen indicators present within the one or more samples.In some embodiments, displaying operation 720 may include. In someembodiments, displaying operation 720 may include transmitting one ormore signals to one or more recording units.

After a start operation, the operational flow 700 may optionally includea processing operation 730 involving processing one or more samples withthe one or more microfluidic chips that are configured for analysis ofthe one or more allergen indicators. In some embodiments, processingoperation 730 may include processing the one or more samples thatinclude one or more liquids. In some embodiments, processing operation730 may include processing the one or more samples that include one ormore solids. In some embodiments, processing operation 730 may includeprocessing the one or more samples that include one or more gases. Insome embodiments, processing operation 730 may include processing theone or more samples for the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more airborne allergens. In some embodiments,processing operation 730 may include processing the one or more samplesfor the one or more allergen indicators that are associated with one ormore food products. In some embodiments, processing operation 730 mayinclude processing the one or more samples for the one or more allergenindicators that are associated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees,mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, autoallergens, metals,chemicals, or human autoallergens. In some embodiments, processingoperation 730 may include processing the one or more samples with theone or more microfluidic chips that are configured for analysis of theone or more allergen indicators through use of polynucleotideinteraction, protein interaction, peptide interaction, antibodyinteraction, chemical interaction, diffusion, filtration,chromatography, aptamer interaction, electrical conductivity,isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay, or competitionassay.

FIG. 8 illustrates an operational flow 800 representing examples ofoperations that are related to the performance of a method for analysisof one or more allergens 104. In FIG. 8 and in following figures thatinclude various examples of operations used during performance of themethod, discussion and explanation may be provided with respect to theabove-described example of FIG. 1, and/or with respect to other examplesand contexts. However, it should be understood that the operations maybe executed in a number of other environments and contexts, and/ormodified versions of FIG. 1. Also, although the various operations arepresented in the sequence(s) illustrated, it should be understood thatthe various operations may be performed in other orders than those whichare illustrated, or may be performed concurrently.

After a start operation, the operational flow 800 includes a processingoperation 810 involving processing one or more samples with one or moremicrofluidic chips that are configured for analysis of one or moreallergen indicators. In some embodiments, processing operation 810 mayinclude processing the one or more samples that include one or moreliquids. In some embodiments, processing operation 810 may includeprocessing the one or more samples that include one or more solids. Insome embodiments, processing operation 810 may include processing theone or more samples that include one or more gases. In some embodiments,processing operation 810 may include processing the one or more samplesfor the one or more allergen indicators that are associated with one ormore airborne allergens. In some embodiments, processing operation 810may include processing the one or more samples for the one or moreallergen indicators that are associated with one or more food products.In some embodiments, processing operation 810 may include processing theone or more samples for the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals,molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, autoallergens, metals, chemicals, orhuman autoallergens. In some embodiments, processing operation 810 mayinclude processing the one or more samples with the one or moremicrofluidic chips that are configured for analysis of the one or moreallergen indicators through use of polynucleotide interaction, proteininteraction, peptide interaction, antibody interaction, chemicalinteraction, diffusion, filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis,immunoassay, or competition assay.

The operational flow 800 includes a detecting operation 820 involvingdetecting the one or more allergen indicators with one or more detectionunits that are operably associated with the one or more microfluidicchips. In some embodiments, detecting operation 820 may includedetecting the one or more allergen indicators that are associated withone or more airborne allergens. In some embodiments, detecting operation820 may include detecting the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments,detecting operation 820 may include detecting the one or more allergenindicators that are associated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees,mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals,autoallergens, or human autoallergens. In some embodiments, detectingoperation 820 may include detecting the one or more allergen indicatorswith at least one technique that includes spectroscopy, electrochemicaldetection, polynucleotide detection, fluorescence anisotropy,fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding, electrophoresis,use of a CCD camera, or immunoassay. In some embodiments, detectingoperation 820 may include.

The operational flow 800 includes a displaying operation 830 involvingdisplaying results of the detecting with one or more display units thatare operably associated with the one or more detection units. In someembodiments, displaying operation 830 may include displaying results ofthe detecting with one or more display units that are passive displayunits. In some embodiments, displaying operation 830 may includedisplaying results of the detecting with one or more display units thatare active display units. In some embodiments, displaying operation 830may include indicating a presence or an absence of the one or moreallergen indicators within the one or more samples. In some embodiments,displaying operation 830 may include indicating an identity of one ormore allergens that correspond to the one or more allergen indicatorspresent within the one or more samples. In some embodiments, displayingoperation 830 may include indicating one or more concentrations of oneor more allergens that correspond to the one or more allergen indicatorspresent within the one or more samples. In some embodiments, displayingoperation 830 may include. In some embodiments, displaying operation 830may include transmitting one or more signals to one or more recordingunits.

FIG. 9 illustrates an operational flow 900 representing examples ofoperations that are related to the performance of a method for analysisof one or more allergens 104. In FIG. 9 and in following figures thatinclude various examples of operations used during performance of themethod, discussion and explanation may be provided with respect to theabove-described example of FIG. 1, and/or with respect to other examplesand contexts. However, it should be understood that the operations maybe executed in a number of other environments and contexts, and/ormodified versions of FIG. 1. Also, although the various operations arepresented in the sequence(s) illustrated, it should be understood thatthe various operations may be performed in other orders than those whichare illustrated, or may be performed concurrently.

After a start operation, the operational flow 900 includes a processingoperation 910 involving processing one or more samples with one or moremicrofluidic chips that are configured for analysis of one or moreallergen indicators. In some embodiments, processing operation 910 mayinclude processing the one or more samples that include one or moreliquids. In some embodiments, processing operation 910 may includeprocessing the one or more samples that include one or more solids. Insome embodiments, processing operation 910 may include processing theone or more samples that include one or more gases. In some embodiments,processing operation 910 may include processing the one or more samplesthat include one or more air samples. In some embodiments, processingoperation 910 may include processing the one or more samples that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments,processing operation 910 may include processing the one or more samplesthat are associated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites,animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals,autoallergens, or human autoallergens. In some embodiments, processingoperation 910 may include processing the one or more samples through useof polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction, peptide interaction,antibody interaction, chemical interaction, diffusion, filtration,chromatography, aptamer interaction, electrical conductivity,isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay, or competitionassay.

After a start operation, the operational flow 900 includes an extractingoperation 920 involving extracting the one or more allergen indicatorsfrom the one or more samples with the one or more microfluidic chips. Insome embodiments, extracting operation 920 may include extracting theone or more allergen indicators from the one or more samples through useof one or more techniques that include polynucleotide interaction,protein interaction, peptide interaction, antibody interaction, chemicalinteraction, diffusion, precipitation, filtration, chromatography,aptamer interaction, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay,solvent extraction, polynucleotide extraction, polypeptide extraction,or centrifugation.

After a start operation, the operational flow 900 may optionally includea detecting operation 930 involving detecting the one or more allergenindicators with one or more detection units. In some embodiments,detecting operation 930 may include detecting the one or more allergenindicators that are associated with one or more airborne allergens. Insome embodiments, detecting operation 930 may include detecting the oneor more allergen indicators that are associated with one or more foodproducts. In some embodiments, detecting operation 930 may includedetecting the one or more allergen indicators that are associated withone or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi,insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or humanautoallergens. In some embodiments, detecting operation 930 may includedetecting the one or more allergen indicators with at least onetechnique that includes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescenceresonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera,or immunoassay. In some embodiments, detecting operation 930 may includedetecting the one or more allergen indicators that include one or moreallergen associated polynucleotides. In some embodiments, detectingoperation 930 may include detecting the one or more allergen indicatorsthat include one or more allergen associated polypeptides. In someembodiments, detecting operation 930 may include.

After a start operation, the operational flow 900 may optionally includea displaying operation 940 involving displaying results of the detectingwith one or more display units. In some embodiments, displayingoperation 940 may include displaying results of the detecting with oneor more display units that are passive display units. In someembodiments, displaying operation 940 may include displaying results ofthe detecting with one or more display units that are active displayunits. In some embodiments, displaying operation 940 may includeindicating a presence or an absence of the one or more allergenindicators within the one or more samples. In some embodiments,displaying operation 940 may include indicating an identity of one ormore allergens that correspond to the one or more allergen indicatorspresent within the one or more samples. In some embodiments, displayingoperation 940 may include indicating one or more concentrations of oneor more allergens that correspond to the one or more allergen indicatorspresent within the one or more samples. In some embodiments, displayingoperation 940 may include transmitting one or more signals to one ormore recording units.

FIG. 10 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example operationalflow 900 of FIG. 9. FIG. 10 illustrates example embodiments where theprocessing operation 910 may include at least one additional operation.Additional operations may include an operation 1002, an operation 1004,an operation 1006, an operation 1008, and/or an operation 1010.

At operation 1002, the processing operation 910 may include processingthe one or more samples that include one or more liquids. In someembodiments, one or more samples 102 that include a liquid may beprocessed with one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configuredfor analysis of one or more allergen indicators 106. Numerous types ofliquids may be processed by one or more microfluidic chips 108. Examplesof such liquids include, but are not limited to, beverages (e.g., water,soda, milk, milk substitutes, juice, wine, beer, and the like),environmental samples 102 (e.g., water samples 102, plant sap, plantnectar, suspended soil samples 102, suspended air filtrate samples 102,and the like), animal samples 102 (e.g., suspended dander samples 102,saliva, urine, excrement, suspended fur samples 102, and the like), foodsamples 102 (e.g., suspended food samples 102, extracted food samples102, and the like), or substantially any combination thereof. In someembodiments, one or more liquids may include a solvent. In someembodiments, a liquid may include one or more solvents that may be usedto extract one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in someembodiments, one or more solvents may be used to extract one or moreallergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102.

At operation 1004, the processing operation 910 may include processingthe one or more samples that include one or more solids. In someembodiments, one or more samples 102 that include a solid may beprocessed with one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configuredfor analysis of one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, processing one or more samples 102 that include a solid mayinclude suspending the samples 102 in a liquid. In some embodiments,processing one or more samples 102 that include a solid may includeextracting the samples 102 with a solvent. In some embodiments,processing one or more samples 102 that include a solid may includeaccepting the one or more samples 102 into one or more microfluidicchips 108 where the samples 102 are resuspended in a liquid and/orextracted in a solvent.

At operation 1006, the processing operation 910 may include processingthe one or more samples that include one or more gases. In someembodiments, one or more samples 102 that include a gas may be processedwith one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configured for analysisof one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in someembodiments, one or more gases that are being analyzed may be passedthrough one or more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, gas maybe pumped through a microfluidic chip 108. In some embodiments, gas maybe drawn through a microfluidic chip 108 through use of a vacuum. Insome embodiments, gas may be passed through a filter on which suspectedallergen indicators 106 are collected for analysis. Accordingly, largevolumes of gas may be analyzed. In some embodiments, one or more gasesmay be analyzed for one or more allergen indicators 106 that include oneor more metals. For example, gases may be analyzed for metals that areassociated with tanks in which the gases are stored, such as iron,steel, aluminum, and the like.

At operation 1008, the processing operation 910 may include processingthe one or more samples that include one or more air samples. In someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be processed with one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 that are configured for processing the one ormore air samples 102 for one or more allergen indicators 106. Examplesof allergen indicators 106 that may be included within one or more airsamples 102 include, but are not limited to, pollen, dander, seeds,diesel exhaust, and the like. In some embodiments, the allergenindicators 106 may be collected within one or more microfluidic chips108 through filtering air that is passed through the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Such filtering may occur through numerousmechanisms that may include, but are not limited to, use of physicalfilters, passing air through a fluid bubble chamber, passing the airthrough an electrostatic filter, and the like.

At operation 1010, the processing operation 910 may include processingthe one or more samples that are associated with one or more foodproducts. In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may be processedwith one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configured forprocessing the one or more samples 102 for the one or more allergenindicators 106 that are associated with one or more food products (e.g.,the foods themselves or processed products that include one or morefoods). Such allergen indicators 106 are described herein and are known.For example, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured to process one or more food products at a restaurant tofacilitate detection of a presence or an absence of an allergenindicator 106 within the food product, such as a presence of one or moreallergen indicators 106 associated with nuts, dairy products,crustaceans, eggs, gluten, soy, and the like. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or morepolynucleotides, one or more polypeptides, one or more portions of oneor more polynucleotides, and/or one or more portions of one or morepolypeptides that have a nucleic acid sequence and/or an amino acidsequence that corresponds to, but is not limited to, one or more of thefollowing accession numbers: X97824, M18780, X14712, M73993, X60688,U08008, AF479772, Y14855, AJ315959, AJ414730, P80208, CAA46782, P81729,AJ404845, X12928, P19656, AJ890020, U31771, Z48967, AF129423, P81943,AF456482, AF327622, AF329829, DR027057, AJ243427, AF05730, AF129424,AF071477, Z78202, U93165, U66076, U32440, AF221501, AF129425, AY081850,AY081852, P81402, AY898658, P80274, AF377948, AF377949, D14059,AY049013, A57106, AY792956, X60043, L34402, L77197, AF093541, AF086821,AF059616, AF092846, AF091737, AY328088, P00785, AJ297410, AJ417552,AJ417553, U81996, P15476, P16348, P20347, P30941, P04403, M17146,AY221641, AY102930, AY102931, U66866, AF066055, AF453947, AY081853,P01089, AF240005, AF091841, AF240006, AAG23840, AAD42942, AF091842,D32206, AY271295, P83834, or AY839230. Accordingly, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process numerous types offood products to facilitate detection of numerous types of allergenindicators 106.

FIG. 11 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example operationalflow 900 of FIG. 9. FIG. 11 illustrates example embodiments where theprocessing operation 910 may include at least one additional operation.Additional operations may include an operation 1102 and/or an operation1104.

At operation 1102, the processing operation 910 may include processingthe one or more samples that are associated with one or more weeds,grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals,chemicals, autoallergens, or human autoallergens. In some embodiments,one or more samples 102 may be processed with one or more microfluidicchips 108 that are configured for processing the one or more samples 102for the one or more allergen indicators 106 that are associated with oneor more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects,rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, human autoallergens, orsubstantially any combination thereof. Such allergen indicators 106 aredescribed herein and are known. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or morematerial samples 102 to determine if the material contains latex.

At operation 1104, the processing operation 910 may include processingthe one or more samples through use of polynucleotide interaction,protein interaction, peptide interaction, antibody interaction, chemicalinteraction, diffusion, filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis,immunoassay, or competition assay. In some embodiments, one or moresamples 102 may be processed with one or more microfluidic chips 108that are configured for processing the one or more allergen indicators106 through use of polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction,peptide interaction, antibody interaction, chemical interaction,diffusion, filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay,competition assay, or substantially any combination thereof. In someembodiments, allergen indicators 106 may be separated from othermaterials included within one or more samples 102 through processing. Insome embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may be immobilized throughprocessing to facilitate detection and/or identification of the one ormore allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofpolynucleotide interaction. Numerous methods based on polynucleotideinteraction may be used. Examples of such methods include, but are notlimited to, those based on polynucleotide hybridization, polynucleotideligation, polynucleotide amplification, polynucleotide degradation, andthe like. Methods that utilize intercalation dyes, FRET analysis,capacitive DNA detection, and nucleic acid amplification have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and 6,960,437; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, fluorescence resonanceenergy transfer, fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electrontransfer, electrical conductivity, and the like may be used to analyzepolynucleotide interaction. Such methods are known and have beendescribed (e.g., Jarvius, DNA Tools and Microfluidic Systems forMolecular Analysis, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of UppsalaDissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 161, ACTA UNIVERSITATISUPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2006, ISBN: 91-554-6616-8; Singh-Zocchi et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem.,75:3941-3945 (2003); Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137(2003); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,958,216; 5,093,268; 6,090,545; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or morepolynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube are combinedwith one or more samples 102, and/or one or more partially purifiedpolynucleotides obtained from one or more samples 102. The one or morepolynucleotides that include one or more carbon nanotubes are allowed tohybridize with one or more polynucleotides that may be present withinthe one or more samples 102. The one or more carbon nanotubes may beexcited (e.g., with an electron beam and/or a ultraviolet laser) and theemission spectra of the excited nanotubes may be correlated withhybridization of the one or more polynucleotides that include at leastone carbon nanotube with one or more polynucleotides that are includedwithin the one or more samples 102. Methods to utilize carbon nanotubesas probes for nucleic acid interaction have been described (e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 6,821,730; herein incorporated by reference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of proteininteraction. Numerous methods based on protein interaction may be used.In some embodiments, protein interaction may be used to immobilize oneor more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, proteininteraction may be used to separate one or more allergen indicators 106from one or more samples 102. Examples of such methods include, but arenot limited to, those based on ligand binding, protein-protein binding,protein cross-linking, use of green fluorescent protein, phage display,the two-hybrid system, protein arrays, fiber optic evanescent wavesensors, chromatographic techniques, fluorescence resonance energytransfer, regulation of pH to control protein assembly and/oroligomerization, and the like. For example, tropomyosin is a majormuscle protein in crustaceans that is thought to be a major shrimpallergen 104. Tropomyosin is associated with the well knownactin-troponin-myosin complex. Calcium ion binding to troponin enablestroponin to bind tropomyosin and shift it from the binding sites ofmyosin on the actin proteins. Without the presence of Calcium ion,troponin is no longer able to bind to tropomyosin, and tropomyosin againblocks the binding sites of myosin on the actin proteins. Tropomyosinalso binds to the calcium-binding protein calcyclin (Nelson et al.,Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 1:253-259 (2002) and Liou and Chen,European Journal of Biochemistry, 270:3092-3100 (2003)). Accordingly,protein interactions may be used to separate tropomyosin (allergenindicator 106) from one or more samples 102. Similar methods may be usedwith numerous proteins. Methods that may be used to construct proteinarrays have been described (e.g., Warren et al., Anal. Chem.,76:4082-4092 (2004) and Walter et al., Trends Mol. Med., 8:250-253(2002), U.S. Pat. No. 6,780,582; herein incorporated by reference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of peptideinteraction. Peptides are generally described as being polypeptides thatinclude less than one hundred amino acids. For example, peptides includedipeptides, tripeptides, and the like. In some embodiments, peptides mayinclude from two to one hundred amino acids. In some embodiments,peptides may include from two to fifty amino acids. In some embodiments,peptides may include from two to one twenty amino acids. In someembodiments, peptides may include from ten to one hundred amino acids.In some embodiments, peptides may include from ten to fifty amino acids.Accordingly, peptides can include numerous numbers of amino acids.Numerous methods based on peptide interaction may be used. In someembodiments, peptide interaction may be used to immobilize one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, peptide interaction may beused to separate one or more allergen indicators 106 from one or moresamples 102. Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to,those based on ligand binding, peptide-protein binding, peptide-peptidebinding, peptide-polynucleotide binding, peptide cross-linking, use ofgreen fluorescent protein, phage display, the two-hybrid system, proteinarrays, peptide arrays, fiber optic evanescent wave sensors,chromatographic techniques, fluorescence resonance energy transfer,regulation of pH to control peptide and/or protein assembly and/oroligomerization, and the like. Accordingly, virtually any technique thatmay be used to analyze proteins may be utilized for the analysis ofpeptides. In some embodiments, high-speed capillary electrophoresis maybe used to detect binding through use of fluorescently labeledphosphopeptides as affinity probes (Yang et al., Anal. Chem.,10.1021/ac061936e (2006)). Methods to immobilize proteins and peptideshave been reported (Taylor, Protein Immobilization: Fundamentals andApplications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1991)).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of antibodyinteraction. Antibodies may be raised that will bind to numerousallergen indicators 106 through use of known methods (e.g., Harlow andLane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1988)). Antibodies may be configured innumerous ways within one or more microfluidic chips 108 to process oneor more allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments,antibodies may be coupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108.One or more samples 102 may be passed over the antibodies to facilitatebinding of one or more allergen indicators 106 to the one or moreantibodies to form one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106complexes. A labeled detector antibody that binds to the allergenindicator 106 (or the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex) may thenbe passed over the one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexessuch that the labeled detector antibody will label the allergenindicator 106 (or the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex). Numerouslabels may be used that include, but are not limited to, enzymes,fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spin labels, redox labels,and the like. In other embodiments, antibodies may be coupled to asubstrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or more samples 102 may bepassed over the antibodies to facilitate binding of one or more allergenindicators 106 to the one or more antibodies to form one or moreantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Such binding provides fordetection of the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex through use ofmethods that include, but are not limited to, surface plasmon resonance,conductivity, and the like (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, antibodies may becoupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108 to provide for acompetition assay. One or more samples 102 may be mixed with one or morereagent mixtures that include one or more labeled allergen indicators106. The mixture may then be passed over the antibodies to facilitatebinding of allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 and labeledallergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture to the antibodies. Theunlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 will compete withthe labeled allergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture for bindingto the antibodies. Accordingly, the amount of label bound to theantibodies will vary in accordance with the concentration of unlabeledallergen indicators 106 in the sample 102. In some embodiments, antibodyinteraction may be used in association with microcantilevers to processone or more allergen indicators 106. Methods to constructmicrocantilevers are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,141,385; 6,935,165;6,926,864; 6,763,705; 6,523,392; 6,325,904; herein incorporated byreference). In some embodiments, one or more antibodies may be used inconjunction with one or more aptamers to process one or more samples102. Accordingly, in some embodiments, aptamers and antibodies may beused interchangeably to process one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of chemicalinteraction. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured to utilize chemical extraction to process one or moresamples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102may be mixed with a reagent mixture that includes one or more solventsin which the one or more allergen indicators 106 are soluble.Accordingly, the solvent phase containing the one or more allergenindicators 106 may be separated from the sample phase to provide fordetection of the one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixed with a reagent mixturethat includes one or more chemicals that cause precipitation of one ormore allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, the sample phase may bewashed away from the one or more precipitated allergen indicators 106 toprovide for detection of the one or more allergen indicators 106.Accordingly, reagent mixtures that include numerous types of chemicalsthat interact with one or more allergen indicators 106 may be used.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of diffusion.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more fluid samples 102 through use of anH-filter. For example, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured toinclude a channel through which a fluid sample 102 and a second fluidflow such that the fluid sample 102 and the second fluid undergoparallel flow through the channel without significant mixing of thesample fluid and the second fluid. As the fluid sample 102 and thesecond fluid flow through the channel, one or more allergen indicators106 in the fluid sample 102 may diffuse through the fluid sample 102into the second fluid. Accordingly, such diffusion provides for theseparation of the one or more allergen indicators 106 from the sample102. Methods to construct H-filters have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,742,661; 6,409,832; 6,007,775; 5,974,867; 5,971,158; 5,948,684;5,932,100; 5,716,852; herein incorporated by reference). In someembodiments, diffusion based methods may be combined with immunoassaybased methods to process and detect one or more allergen indicators 106.Methods to conduct microscale diffusion immunoassays have been described(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,213; herein incorporated by reference).Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous waysto process one or more allergen indicators 106 through use of diffusion.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of filtration.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to include one or more filters that have a molecular weightcut-off. For example, a filter may allow molecules of low molecularweight to pass through the filter while disallowing molecules of highmolecular weight to pass through the filter. Accordingly, one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are contained within a sample 102 may beallowed to pass through a filter while larger molecules contained withinthe sample 102 are disallowed from passing through the filter.Accordingly, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may includetwo or more filters that selectively retain, or allow passage, of one ormore allergen indicators 106 through the filters. Such configurationsprovide for selective separation of one or more allergen indicators 106from one or more samples 102. Membranes and filters having numerousmolecular weight cut-offs are commercially available (e.g., Millipore,Billerica, Mass.). In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to provide for dialysis of one or more samples102. For example, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may beconfigured to contain one or more samples 102 in one or more samplechambers that are separated from one or more dialysis chambers by asemi-permeable membrane. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are able to pass through the semi-permeablemembrane may be collected in the dialysis chamber. In other embodiments,one or more allergen indicators 106 may be retained in the one or moresample chambers while other sample 102 components may be separated fromthe one or more allergen indicators 106 by their passage through thesemi-permeable membrane into the dialysis chamber. Accordingly, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include two or moredialysis chambers for selective separation of one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. Semi-permeable membranesand dialysis tubing is available from numerous commercial sources (e.g.,Millipore, Billerica, Mass.; Pierce, Rockford, Ill.; Sigma-Aldrich, St.Louis, Mo.). Methods that may be used for microfiltration have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,210; herein incorporated byreference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofchromatography. Numerous chromatographic methods may be used to processone or more samples 102. Examples of such chromatographic methodsinclude, but are not limited to, ion-exchange chromatography, affinitychromatography, gel filtration chromatography, hydroxyapatitechromatography, gas chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, thinlayer chromatography, capillary chromatography, size exclusionchromatography, hydrophobic interaction media, and the like. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of one or more chromatographic methods. Insome embodiments, chromatographic methods may be used to process one ormore samples 102 for one or more allergen indicators 106 that includeone or more polynucleotides. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore samples 102 may be applied to a chromatographic media to which theone or more polynucleotides bind. The remaining components of the sample102 may be washed from the chromatographic media. The one or morepolynucleotides may then be eluted from chromatographic media in a morepurified state. Similar methods may be used to process one or moresamples 102 for one or more allergen indicators 106 that include one ormore proteins or polypeptides (e.g., Mondal and Gupta, Biomol. Eng.,23:59-76 (2006)). Chromatography media able to separate numerous typesof molecules is commercially available (e.g., Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.;Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.; Pfizer, New York, N.Y.; Millipore, Billerica,Mass.; GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of aptamerinteraction. In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may includepolynucleotides (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid; ribonucleic acid; andderivatives of polynucleotides that may include polynucleotides thatinclude modified bases, polynucleotides in which the phosphodiester bondis replaced by a different type of bond, or many other types of modifiedpolynucleotides). In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may includepeptide aptamers. Methods to prepare and use aptamers have beendescribed (e.g., Collett et al., Methods, 37:4-15 (2005); Collet et al.,Anal. Biochem., 338:113-123 (2005); Cox et al., Nucleic Acids Res.,30:20 e108 (2002); Kirby et al., Anal. Chem., 76:4066-4075 (2004);Ulrich, Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., 173:305-326 (2006); Baines and Colas,Drug Discovery Today, 11:334-341 (2006); Guthrie et al., Methods,38:324-330 (2006); Geyer et al., Chapter 13: Selection of Genetic Agentsfrom Random Peptide Aptamer Expression Libraries, Methods in Enzymology,Academic Press, pg. 171-208 (2000); U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,630; hereinincorporated by reference). Aptamers may be configured in numerous wayswithin one or more microfluidic chips 108 to process one or moreallergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, aptamers maybe coupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or moresamples 102 may be passed over the aptamers to facilitate binding of oneor more allergen indicators 106 to the one or more aptamers to form oneor more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Labeled detectorantibodies and/or aptamers that bind to the allergen indicator 106 (orthe aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex) may then be passed over theone or more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that thelabeled detector antibodies and/or aptamers will label the allergenindicator 106 (or the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex). Numerouslabels may be used that include, but are not limited to, enzymes,fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spin labels, redox labels,and the like. In other embodiments, aptamers may be coupled to asubstrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or more samples 102 may bepassed over the aptamers to facilitate binding of one or more allergenindicators 106 to the one or more aptamers to form one or moreaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Such binding provides fordetection of the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex through use ofmethods that include, but are not limited to, surface plasmon resonance,conductivity, and the like (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, aptamers may be coupledto a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108 to provide for acompetition assay. One or more samples 102 may be mixed with one or morereagent mixtures that include one or more labeled allergen indicators106. The mixture may then be passed over the aptamers to facilitatebinding of allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 and labeledallergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture to the aptamers. Theunlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 will compete withthe labeled allergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture for bindingto the aptamers. Accordingly, the amount of label bound to the aptamerswill vary in accordance with the concentration of unlabeled allergenindicators 106 in the sample 102. In some embodiments, aptamerinteraction may be used in association with microcantilevers to processone or more allergen indicators 106. Methods to constructmicrocantilevers are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,141,385; 6,935,165;6,926,864; 6,763,705; 6,523,392; 6,325,904; herein incorporated byreference). In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may be used inconjunction with one or more antibodies to process one or more samples102. In some embodiments, aptamers and antibodies may be usedinterchangeably to process one or more samples 102. Accordingly, in someembodiments, methods and/or systems for processing and/or detectingallergen indicators 106 may utilize antibodies and aptamersinterchangeably and/or in combination.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of electricalconductivity. In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may beprocessed though use of magnetism. For example, in some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be combined with one or more taggedpolynucleotides that are tagged with a ferrous material, such as aferrous bead. The tagged polynucleotides and the polynucleotides in theone or more samples 102 may be incubated to provide hybridized complexesof the tagged polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides.Hybridization will serve to couple one or more ferrous beads to thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 that hybridize with the taggedpolynucleotides. Accordingly, the mixture may be passed over anelectromagnet to immobilize the hybridized complexes. Other componentsin the sample 102 may then be washed away from the hybridized complexes.In some embodiments, a chamber containing the magnetically immobilizedhybridized complexes may be heated to release the sample polynucleotidesfrom the magnetically immobilized tagged polynucleotides. The samplepolynucleotides may then be collected in a more purified state. In otherembodiments, similar methods may be used in conjunction with antibodies,aptamers, peptides, ligands, and the like. Accordingly, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways to utilizemagnetism to process one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be processed though use of eddy currents. Eddycurrent separation uses the principles of electromagnetic induction inconducting materials to separate non-ferrous metals by their differentelectric conductivities. An electrical charge is induced into aconductor by changes in magnetic flux cutting through it. Movingpermanent magnets passing a conductor generates the change in magneticflux. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to include a magnetic rotor such that whenconducting particles move through the changing flux of the magneticrotor, a spiraling current and resulting magnetic field are induced. Themagnetic field of the conducting particles may interact with themagnetic field of the magnetic rotor to impart kinetic energy to theconducting particles. The kinetic energy imparted to the conductingparticles may then be used to direct movement of the conductingparticles. Accordingly, non-ferrous particles, such as metallic beads,may be utilized to process one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be combined with one or moretagged polynucleotides that are tagged with a non-ferrous material, suchas an aluminum bead. The tagged polynucleotides and the polynucleotidesin the one or more samples 102 may be incubated to provide hybridizedcomplexes of the tagged polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides.Hybridization will serve to couple one or more ferrous beads to thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 that hybridize with the taggedpolynucleotides. Accordingly, the mixture may be passed through amagnetic field to impart kinetic energy to the non-ferrous bead. Thiskinetic energy may then be used to separate the hybridized complex. Inother embodiments, similar methods may be used in conjunction withantibodies, aptamers, peptides, ligands, and the like. Accordingly, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways toutilize eddy currents to process one or more samples 102. One or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways to utilizeelectrical conductivity to process one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of isoelectricfocusing. Methods have been described that may be used to constructcapillary isoelectric focusing systems (e.g., Herr et al., Investigationof a miniaturized capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) system using afull-field detection approach, Mechanical Engineering Department,Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Wu and Pawliszyn, Journal ofMicrocolumn Separations, 4:419-422 (1992); Kilar and Hjerten,Electrophoresis, 10:23-29 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,150,813; 7,070,682;6,730,516; herein incorporated by reference). Such systems may bemodified to provide for the processing of one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofelectrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofone-dimensional electrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of two-dimensional electrophoresis. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of gradient gel electrophoresis. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess one or more samples 102 through use electrophoresis underdenaturing conditions. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples 102 throughuse electrophoresis under native conditions. One or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to utilize numerous electrophoretic methods.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoassay. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured to process one or more samples 102 through use of enzymelinked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of radioimmuno assay (RIA). In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 through use of enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In someembodiments, such methods may utilize antibodies (e.g., monoclonalantibodies, polyclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, single-chainantibodies, and the like), aptamers, or substantially any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, a labeled antibody and/or aptamer may beused within an immunoassay. In some embodiments, a labeled ligand towhich the antibody and/or aptamer binds may be used within animmunoassay. Numerous types of labels may be utilized. Examples of suchlabels include, but are not limited to, radioactive labels, fluorescentlabels, enzyme labels, spin labels, magnetic labels, gold labels,colorimetric labels, redox labels, and the like. Numerous immunoassaysare known and may be configured for processing one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of one or morecompetition assays. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofone or more polynucleotide based competition assays. One or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to include one or morepolynucleotides coupled to a substrate, such as a polynucleotide array.The one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be further configured so thata sample 102 and/or substantially purified polynucleotides obtained fromone or more samples 102, may be mixed with one or more reagent mixturesthat include one or more labeled polynucleotides to form an analysismixture. This analysis mixture is then passed over the substrate suchthat the labeled polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides areallowed to hybridize to the polynucleotides that are immobilized on thesubstrate. The sample polynucleotides and the labeled polynucleotideswill compete for binding to the polynucleotides that are coupled on thesubstrate. Accordingly, the presence and/or concentration of thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 can be determined through detection ofthe label (e.g., the concentration of the polynucleotides in the sample102 will be inversely related to the amount of label that is bound tothe substrate). Numerous labels may be used that include, but are notlimited to, enzymes, fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spinlabels, redox labels, and the like. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to include one or moreantibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are coupled to asubstrate. The one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be furtherconfigured so that a sample 102 and/or substantially purified samplepolypeptides and/or sample peptides obtained from one or more samples102, may be mixed with one or more reagent mixtures that include one ormore labeled polypeptides and/or labeled peptides to form an analysismixture. This analysis mixture can then be passed over the substratesuch that the labeled polypeptides and/or labeled peptides and thesample polypeptides and/or sample peptides are allowed to bind to theantibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are immobilized onthe substrate. The sample polypeptides and/or sample peptides and thelabeled polypeptides and/or sample peptides will compete for binding tothe antibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are coupled onthe substrate. Accordingly, the presence and/or concentration of thesample polypeptides and/or sample peptides in the sample 102 can bedetermined through detection of the label (e.g., the concentration ofthe sample polypeptides and/or sample peptides in the sample 102 will beinversely related to the amount of label that is bound to thesubstrate). Numerous labels may be used that include, but are notlimited to, enzymes, fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spinlabels, redox labels, and the like. Microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize numerous types of competition assays.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize numerous processing methods. For example, in someembodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be precipitatedwith salt, dialyzed, and then applied to a chromatographic column.

FIG. 12 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example operationalflow 900 of FIG. 9. FIG. 12 illustrates example embodiments where theextracting operation 920 may include at least one additional operation.Additional operations may include an operation 1202.

At operation 1202, the extracting operation 920 may include extractingthe one or more allergen indicators from the one or more samples throughuse of one or more techniques that include polynucleotide interaction,protein interaction, peptide interaction, antibody interaction, chemicalinteraction, diffusion, precipitation, filtration, chromatography,aptamer interaction, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay,solvent extraction, polynucleotide extraction, polypeptide extraction,or centrifugation. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to extract the one or more allergen indicators 106from the one or more samples 102 through use of one or more techniquesthat include polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction, peptideinteraction, antibody interaction, chemical interaction, diffusion,precipitation, filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction,isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay, solvent extraction,polynucleotide extraction, polypeptide extraction, centrifugation, orsubstantially any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize polynucleotide extraction to extract one or moreallergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, extraction polynucleotides may be coupled to a support andthen used to prepare an extraction column. One or more samples 102 maythen be applied to the extraction column under conditions that allowhybridization and/or binding of one or more allergen indicators 106 tothe extraction polynucleotides that are coupled to the support. Thecolumn may then be washed to separate the one or more hybridizedallergen indicators 106 from other components in the sample 102. Theallergen indicators 106 may then be eluted from the extraction column.In some embodiments, one or more extraction polynucleotides may becoupled to a ferromagnetic bead. An extraction mixture may then beprepared by adding the extraction polynucleotides to one or more samples102 under conditions that allow hybridization and/or binding of one ormore allergen indicators 106 to the extraction polynucleotides that arecoupled to the ferromagnetic bead. The extraction mixture may then besubjected to a magnetic field to facilitate separation of allergenindicators 106 from other components in the one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, one or more polynucleotide arrays may be used toextract one or more allergen indicators 106 from one or more samples102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize polypeptide interaction (e.g., proteins, peptides,antibodies, aptamers, and the like) to extract one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. In some embodiments,extraction polypeptides may be coupled to a support and then used toprepare an extraction column. One or more samples 102 may then beapplied to the extraction column under conditions that allow interactionof one or more allergen indicators 106 to the extraction polypeptidesthat are coupled to the support. The column may then be washed toseparate the one or more allergen indicators 106 from other componentsin the sample 102. The allergen indicators 106 may then be eluted fromthe extraction column. In some embodiments, one or more extractionpolypeptides may be coupled to a ferromagnetic bead. An extractionmixture may then be prepared by adding the extraction polypeptides toone or more samples 102 under conditions that allow binding of one ormore allergen indicators 106 to the extraction polypeptides that arecoupled to the ferromagnetic bead. The extraction mixture may then besubjected to a magnetic field to facilitate separation of allergenindicators 106 from other components in the one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, one or more polypeptide arrays may be used to extractone or more allergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize chemical extraction to extract one or moreallergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be extracted fromone or more samples 102 through precipitation with one or more chemicalagents. In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may beextracted from one or more samples 102 through use of one or moresolvents.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize diffusion to extract one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one ormore H-filters may be used to extract one or more allergen indicators106 from one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, dialysis may beused to extract one or more allergen indicators 106 from one or moresamples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize filtration to extract one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one ormore filters may be used to extract one or more allergen indicators 106from one or more samples 102. For example, in some embodiments one ormore samples 102 may be passed through one or more filters thatselectively retain or allow allergen indicators 106 to pass through theone or more filters. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or moresamples 102 may be passed through one or more filters to extract one ormore allergen indicators 106 from the one or more samples 102. Examplesof types of filters that may be used include, but are not limited to,paper, ceramic, polyvinylidene fluoride sheets, and the like.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize chromatography to extract one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. Numerous chromatographicmethods may be used to extract one or more allergen indicators 106 fromone or more samples 102. Examples of such chromatographic methodsinclude, but are not limited to, thin layer chromatography, liquidchromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, fast protein liquidchromatography, paper chromatography, capillary chromatography, gaschromatography, affinity chromatography, and the like.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize aptamer (e.g., peptide aptamer and/orpolynucleotide aptamer) interaction to extract one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to utilize one or moreaptamers to extract one or more allergen indicators 106 from one or moresamples 102. In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may be coupled toa support and then used to prepare an extraction column. One or moresamples 102 may then be applied to the extraction column underconditions that allow binding of one or more allergen indicators 106 tothe one or more aptamers that are coupled to the support. The column maythen be washed to separate the one or more hybridized allergenindicators 106 from other components in the sample 102. The allergenindicators 106 may then be eluted from the extraction column. In someembodiments, one or more aptamers may be coupled to a ferromagneticbead. An extraction mixture may then be prepared by adding the one ormore aptamers to one or more samples 102 under conditions that allowbinding of one or more allergen indicators 106 to the aptamers that arecoupled to the ferromagnetic bead. The extraction mixture may then besubjected to a magnetic field to facilitate separation of allergenindicators 106 from other components in the one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, one or more aptamer arrays may be used to extract oneor more allergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize isoelectric focusing to extract one or moreallergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102. For example, insome embodiments, one or more samples 102 may be applied to anisoelectric focusing column (e.g., microcapillary column) where one ormore allergen indicators 106 may be separated according to theirisoelectric points. In some embodiments, the one or more allergenindicators 106 may then be extracted from the isoelectric focusingcolumn.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize electrophoresis to extract one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. Numerous electrophoreticmethods may be used to extract one or more allergen indicators 106 fromone or more samples 102. Examples of such electrophoretic methodsinclude, but are not limited to, gel electrophoresis (e.g.,polyacrylamide, agarose, and the like), native electrophoresis,denaturing electrophoresis, two-dimensional electrophoresis, paperelectrophoresis, and the like.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize centrifugation to extract one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be centrifuged to extract oneor more allergen indicators 106 through use of a density gradient. Insome embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be extractedfrom one or more samples 102 through use of a velocity gradient.

FIG. 13 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example operationalflow 900 of FIG. 9. FIG. 13 illustrates example embodiments where thedetecting operation 930 may include at least one additional operation.Additional operations may include an operation 1302, an operation 1304,an operation 1306, an operation 1308, an operation 1310, an operation1312, and/or an operation 1314.

At operation 1302, the detecting operation 930 may include detecting theone or more allergen indicators that are associated with one or moreairborne allergens. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122may be used to detect one or more allergens 104 that are airborne. Insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto provide for detection of one or more allergens 104 that are airborne.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to operably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips108 and to detect one or more airborne allergens 104. For example, insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto allow one or more air samples 102 to contact the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 such that one or more allergen indicators 106included within the one or more air samples 102 are retained by the oneor more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, the one or more airsamples 102 may be passed through a filter on which one or more airborneallergen indicators 106 are collected. The collected airborne allergenindicators 106 may then be washed from the filter and caused to passover an antibody array to which the one or more airborne allergenindicators 106 become immobilized. The immobilized airborne allergenindicators 106 may then be detected through numerous methods thatinclude, but are not limited to, electrical conductivity, immunoassaybased methods, and the like. Accordingly, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect the one or more airborne allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe configured to operably associate with one or more microfluidic chips108 such that the one or more detection units 122 facilitate air flowthrough the one or more microfluidic chips 108 to provide for airsampling. For example, in some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may include one or more fans to push and/or pull air through one ormore operably associated microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments,one or more detection units 122 may include one or more bellows to pushand/or pull air through one or more operably associated microfluidicchips 108. Detection units 122 may be configured in numerous ways toprovide for detection of one or more airborne allergen indicators 106.

At operation 1304, the detecting operation 930 may include detecting theone or more allergen indicators that are associated with one or morefood products. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe used to detect the one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for detectionof one or more allergens 104 that are associated with one or more foodproducts. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may be configured to operably associate with the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 and to detect one or more allergen indicators 106that are associated with one or more food products. Such allergenindicators 106 have been described herein and within additional sources(e.g., Allergen Nomenclature: International Union of ImmunologicalSocieties Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee, List of allergens andAllergen Nomenclature: International Union of Immunological SocietiesAllergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee, List of isoallergens and variants).Numerous methods may be used to detect one or more allergen indicators106 that are associated with one or more food products. Such methodshave been described herein. In addition, other detection methods thathave been described may be modified to provide for detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or more foodproducts. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more polynucleotides, one or morepolypeptides, one or more portions of one or more polynucleotides,and/or one or more portions of one or more polypeptides that have anucleic acid sequence and/or an amino acid sequence that corresponds to,but is not limited to, one or more of the following accession numbers:X97824, M18780, X14712, M73993, X60688, U08008, AF479772, Y14855,AJ315959, AJ414730, P80208, CAA46782, P81729, AJ404845, X12928, P19656,AJ890020, U31771, Z48967, AF129423, P81943, AF456482, AF327622,AF329829, DR027057, AJ243427, AF05730, AF129424, AF071477, Z78202,U93165, U66076, U32440, AF221501, AF129425, AY081850, AY081852, P81402,AY898658, P80274, AF377948, AF377949, D14059, AY049013, A57106,AY792956, X60043, L34402, L77197, AF093541, AF086821, AF059616,AF092846, AF091737, AY328088, P00785, AJ297410, AJ417552, AJ417553,U81996, P15476, P16348, P20347, P30941, P04403, M17146, AY221641,AY102930, AY102931, U66866, AF066055, AF453947, AY081853, P01089,AF240005, AF091841, AF240006, AAG23840, AAD42942, AF091842, D32206,AY271295, P83834, or AY839230.

At operation 1306, the detecting operation 930 may include detecting theone or more allergen indicators that are associated with one or moreweeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers,metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or human autoallergens. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be used to detect oneor more allergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or moreweeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers,metals, chemicals, autoallergens, human autoallergens, or substantiallyany combination thereof. Numerous allergen indicators 106 are known tobe associated with weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi,insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, human autoallergens,or substantially any combination thereof. Such allergen indicators 106have been described herein and within additional sources (e.g., AllergenNomenclature: International Union of Immunological Societies AllergenNomenclature Sub-Committee, List of allergens and Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of isoallergens and variants). Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess one or more samples 102 and provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, an allergen indicator 106may be an allergenic particle. For example, in some embodiments, anallergen indicator 106 may include a complete pollen particle, such as apollen particle, a spore, a flake of dander, and the like. In someembodiments, an allergen indicator 106 may be a portion of an allergenicparticle. For example, in some embodiments, an allergen indicator 106may include a portion of a pollen particle (e.g., polynucleotides,sporoderm, and the like). In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106may include polynucleotides that are associated with one or moreallergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may includefragments of polynucleotides that are associated with one or moreallergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may includepolypeptides, peptides, and/or proteins that are associated with one ormore allergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 mayinclude polysaccharides that are associated with one or more allergens104. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to provide for detection of one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe configured to operably associate with one or more such microfluidicchips 108 and configured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.Numerous detection methods may be used to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Such methods have been described herein. In addition,detection methods that have been described may be modified to providefor detection of one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured to detectand determine a concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106that are included within a sample 102. For example, in some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide fordetection of one or more polynucleotides that are allergen indicators106 through detection of electrical current produced upon hybridizationof the one or more polynucleotides. Accordingly, in such embodiments,the one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to produce anelectrical current that is relative to polynucleotide concentration toprovide for determination of polynucleotide concentration within one ormore samples 102. Numerous configurations may be used in associationwith one or more allergen indicators 106 to provide for determination ofallergen 104 concentration. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for identificationof one or more allergens 104. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include immobilized polynucleotides thatselectively hybridize to one or more polynucleotides that are associatedwith a known allergen indicator 106. Accordingly, hybridization of oneor more polynucleotides with the one or more immobilized polynucleotidesindicates that a sample 102 includes one or more allergen indicators 106that correspond to one or more known allergens 104. Accordingly, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to operably associate withsuch microfluidic chips 108 to provide for specific detection of one ormore allergens 104. In some embodiments, microfluidic chips 108 and/ordetection units 122 may be configured to determine the identity andconcentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 that are includedwithin one or more samples 102.

At operation 1308, the detecting operation 930 may include detecting theone or more allergen indicators with at least one technique thatincludes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection, polynucleotidedetection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescence resonance energytransfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electrical conductivity,isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera,or immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe used to detect one or more allergens 104 with at least one techniquethat includes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection, polynucleotidedetection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescence resonance energytransfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electrical conductivity,isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, filtration, electrophoresis, use of aCCD camera, immunoassay, or substantially any combination thereof. Insome embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured todetect one or more allergen indicators 106 that have been processed byone or more microfluidic chips 108. For example, in some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include a window (e.g., a quartzwindow, a cuvette analog, and/or the like) through which one or moredetection units 122 may determine if one or more allergen indicators 106are present or determine the concentration of one or more allergenindicators 106. In such embodiments, numerous techniques may be used todetect the one or more allergen indicators 106, such as visible lightspectroscopy, ultraviolet light spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy,fluorescence spectroscopy, and the like. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include circuitryand/or electro-mechanical mechanisms to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 present within one or more microfluidic chips 108 througha window in the one or more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of surface plasmon resonance. In someembodiments, the one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one ormore antibodies, aptamers, proteins, peptides, polynucleotides, and thelike, that are bound to a substrate (e.g., a metal film) within the oneor more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, such microfluidicchips 108 may include a prism through which one or more detection units122 may shine light to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 thatinteract with the one or more antibodies, aptamers, proteins, peptides,polynucleotides, and the like, that are bound to a substrate. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include an exposedsubstrate surface that is configured to operably associate with one ormore prisms that are included within one or more detection units 122. Insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include anuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe. In such embodiments, themicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to associate with one or moredetection units 122 that accept the NMR probe and are configured todetect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use of NMRspectroscopy. Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 and detection units122 may be configured in numerous ways to associate with each other toprovide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of spectroscopy. Numerous types of spectroscopic methods maybe used. Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to,ultraviolet spectroscopy, visible light spectroscopy, infraredspectroscopy, x-ray spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, massspectroscopy, plasmon resonance (e.g., Cherif et al., ClinicalChemistry, 52:255-262 (2006) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching, fluorescence resonanceenergy transfer, intrinsic fluorescence, ligand fluorescence, and thelike.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrochemical detection. In some embodiments, one ormore polynucleotides may be detected through electrochemical detection.For example, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide that includes a redoxlabel, such as ferrocene is coupled to a gold electrode. The labeledpolynucleotide forms a stem-loop structure that can self-assemble onto agold electrode by means of facile gold-thiol chemistry. Hybridization ofa sample 102 polynucleotide induces a large conformational change in thesurface-confined polynucleotide structure, which in turn alters theelectron-transfer tunneling distance between the electrode and theredoxable label. The resulting change in electron transfer efficiencymay be measured by cyclic voltammetry (Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci., 100:9134-9137 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem., 75:3941-3945(2003); Singh-Zocchi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610(2003)). Such methods may be used to detect messenger ribonucleic acid,genomic deoxyribonucleic acid, and fragments thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of polynucleotide detection. In some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106 through use of polynucleotide detection.Numerous methods may be used to detect one or more polynucleotides.Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to, those based onpolynucleotide hybridization, polynucleotide ligation, polynucleotideamplification, polynucleotide degradation, and the like. Methods thatutilize intercalation dyes, fluorescence resonance energy transfer,capacitive deoxyribonucleic acid detection, and nucleic acidamplification have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and6,960,437; herein incorporated by reference). Such methods may beadapted to provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.In some embodiments, fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electrontransfer, electrical conductivity, and the like may be used to analyzepolynucleotide interaction. Such methods are known and have beendescribed (e.g., Jarvius, DNA Tools and Microfluidic Systems forMolecular Analysis, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of UppsalaDissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 161, ACTA UNIVERSITATISUPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2006, ISBN: 91-554-6616-8; Singh-Zocchi et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem.,75:3941-3945 (2003); Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137(2003); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,958,216; 5,093,268; 6,090,545; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or morepolynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube may becombined with one or more samples 102, and/or one or more partiallypurified polynucleotides obtained from one or more samples 102. The oneor more polynucleotides that include one or more carbon nanotubes areallowed to hybridize with one or more polynucleotides that may bepresent within the one or more samples 102. The one or more carbonnanotubes may be excited (e.g., with an electron beam and/or aultraviolet laser) and the emission spectra of the excited nanotubes maybe correlated with hybridization of the one or more polynucleotides thatinclude at least one carbon nanotube with one or more polynucleotidesthat are included within the one or more samples 102. Accordingly,polynucleotides that hybridize to one or more allergen indicators 106may include one or more carbon nanotubes. Methods to utilize carbonnanotubes as probes for nucleic acid interaction have been described(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,730; herein incorporated by reference).Numerous other methods based on polynucleotide detection may be used todetect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of fluorescence anisotropy. Fluorescence anisotropy is basedon measuring the steady state polarization of sample 102 fluorescenceimaged in a confocal arrangement. A linearly polarized laser excitationsource preferentially excites fluorescent target molecules withtransition moments aligned parallel to the incident polarization vector.The resultant fluorescence is collected and directed into two channelsthat measure the intensity of the fluorescence polarized both paralleland perpendicular to that of the excitation beam. With these twomeasurements, the fluorescence anisotropy, r, can be determined from theequation: r=(Intensity parallel−Intensity perpendicular)/(Intensityparallel+2(Intensity perpendicular)) where the I terms indicateintensity measurements parallel and perpendicular to the incidentpolarization. Fluorescence anisotropy detection of fluorescent moleculeshas been described. Accordingly, fluorescence anisotropy may be coupledto numerous fluorescent labels as have been described herein and as havebeen described.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET).Fluorescence resonance energy transfer refers to an energy transfermechanism between two fluorescent molecules. A fluorescent donor isexcited at its fluorescence excitation wavelength. This excited state isthen nonradiatively transferred to a second molecule, the fluorescentacceptor. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer may be used withinnumerous configurations to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.For example, in some embodiments, an antibody may be labeled with afluorescent donor and one or more allergen indicators 106 may be labeledwith a fluorescent acceptor. Accordingly, such labeled antibodies andallergen indicators 106 may be used within competition assays to detectthe presence and/or concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106in one or more samples 102. Numerous combinations of fluorescent donorsand fluorescent acceptors may be used to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to emit one or more wavelength of light to excite afluorescent donor and may be configured to detect one or more wavelengthof light emitted by the fluorescent acceptor. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured to acceptone or more microfluidic chips 108 that include a quartz window throughwhich fluorescent light may pass to provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106 through use of fluorescence resonance energytransfer. Accordingly, fluorescence resonance energy transfer may beused in conjunction with competition assays and/or numerous other typesof assays to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electron transfer. Electron transfer is the process bywhich an electron moves from an electron donor to an electron acceptorcausing the oxidation states of the electron donor and the electronacceptor to change. In some embodiments, electron transfer may occurwhen an electron is transferred from one or more electron donors to anelectrode. In some embodiments, electron transfer may be utilized withincompetition assays to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 mayinclude one or more polynucleotides that may be immobilized on one ormore electrodes. The immobilized polynucleotides may be incubated with areagent mixture that includes sample polynucleotides and polynucleotidesthat are tagged with an electron donor. Hybridization of the taggedpolynucleotides to the immobilized polynucleotides allows the electrondonor to transfer an electron to the electrode to produce a detectablesignal. Accordingly, a decrease in signal due to the presence of one ormore polynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106 in the reagentmixture indicates the presence of an allergen indicator 106 in thesample 102. Such methods may be used in conjunction withpolynucleotides, polypeptides, peptides, antibodies, aptamers, and thelike. One or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to utilizenumerous electron transfer based assays to provide for detection of oneor more allergen indicators 106 by a detection unit 122.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of one or more enzyme assays. Numerous enzyme assays may beused to provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.Examples of such enzyme assays include, but are not limited to,beta-galactosidase assays, peroxidase assays, catalase assays, alkalinephosphatase assays, and the like. In some embodiments, enzyme assays maybe configured such that an enzyme will catalyze a reaction involving anenzyme substrate that produces a fluorescent product. Accordingly, oneor more detection units 122 may be configured to detect fluorescenceresulting from the fluorescent product. Enzymes and fluorescent enzymesubstrates are known and are commercially available (e.g.,Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.). In some embodiments, enzyme assays maybe configured as binding assays that provide for detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include a substrate towhich is coupled to one or more antibodies, aptamers, peptides,proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, and the like, that will interactwith one or more allergen indicators 106. One or more samples 102 may bepassed across the substrate such that one or more allergen indicators106 present within the one or more samples 102 will interact with theone or more antibodies, aptamers, peptides, proteins, polynucleotides,ligands, and the like, and be immobilized on the substrate. One or moreantibodies, aptamers, peptides, proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, andthe like, that are labeled with an enzyme may then be passed across thesubstrate such that the one or more labeled antibodies, aptamers,peptides, proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, and the like, will bind tothe one or more immobilized allergen indicators 106. An enzyme substratemay then be introduced to the one or more immobilized enzymes such thatthe enzymes are able to catalyze a reaction involving the enzymesubstrate to produce a fluorescent product. Such assays are oftenreferred to as sandwich assays. Accordingly, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect one or more products of enzyme catalysisto provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrical conductivity. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106through use of electrical conductivity. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more detection units 122 such that the one or more detection units122 can detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrical conductivity. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to include two or more electrodes that areeach coupled to one or more detector polynucleotides. Interaction of anallergen 104 associated polynucleotide, such as hybridization, with twodetector polynucleotides that are coupled to two different electrodeswill complete an electrical circuit. This completed circuit will providefor the flow of a detectable electrical current between the twoelectrodes and thereby provide for detection of one or more allergen 104associated polynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, the electrodes may be carbon nanotubes (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.6,958,216; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments,electrodes may include, but are not limited to, one or more conductivemetals, such as gold, copper, iron, silver, platinum, and the like; oneor more conductive alloys; one or more conductive ceramics; and thelike. In some embodiments, electrodes may be selected and configuredaccording to protocols typically used in the computer industry thatinclude, but are not limited to, photolithography, masking, printing,stamping, and the like. In some embodiments, other molecules andcomplexes that interact with one or more allergen indicators 106 may beused to detect the one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrical conductivity. Examples of such molecules and complexesinclude, but are not limited to, proteins, peptides, antibodies,aptamers, and the like. For example, in some embodiments, two or moreantibodies may be immobilized on one or more electrodes such thatcontact of the two or more antibodies with an allergen indicator 106,such as a spore, a pollen particle, a dander particle, and the like,will complete an electrical circuit and facilitate the production of adetectable electrical current. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include electricalconnectors that are able to operably associate with one or moredetection units 122 such that the detection units 122 may detect anelectrical current that is due to interaction of one or more allergenindicators 106 with two or more electrodes. In some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may include electrical connectors that providefor operable association of one or more microfluidic chips 108 with theone or more detection units 122. In some embodiments, the one or moredetectors are configured for detachable connection to one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122may be configured in numerous ways to process one or more samples 102and detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106through use of isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, nativeisoelectric focusing may be utilized to process and/or detect one ormore allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, denaturingisoelectric focusing may be utilized to process and/or detect one ormore allergen indicators 106. Methods to construct microfluidic channelsthat may be used for isoelectric focusing have been reported (e.g.,Macounova et al., Anal Chem., 73:1627-1633 (2001); Macounova et al.,Anal Chem., 72:3745-3751 (2000); Herr et al., Investigation of aminiaturized capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) system using afull-field detection approach, Mechanical Engineering Department,Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Wu and Pawliszyn, Journal ofMicrocolumn Separations, 4:419-422 (1992); Kilar and Hjerten,Electrophoresis, 10:23-29 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,150,813; 7,070,682;6,730,516; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 through use of methods that include isoelectric focusing. Insome embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more such microfluidic chips 108 suchthat the one or more detection units 122 can be used to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that have been focused within one or moremicrofluidic channels of the one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured toinclude one or more CCD cameras that can be used to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be configured to include one or more spectrometers thatcan be used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Numeroustypes of spectrometers may be utilized to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 following isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, oneor more detection units 122 may be configured to utilize refractiveindex to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured tocombine one or more samples 102 with one or more reagent mixtures thatinclude one or more binding molecules and/or binding complexes that bindto one or more allergen indicators 106 that may be present within theone or more samples 102 to form an allergen indicator-bindingmolecule/binding complex. Examples of such binding molecules and/orbinding complexes that bind to one or more allergen indicators 106include, but are not limited to, antibodies, aptamers, peptides,proteins, polynucleotides, and the like. In some embodiments, anallergen indicator-binding molecule/binding complex may be processedthrough use of isoelectric focusing and then detected with one or moredetection units 122. In some embodiments, one or more binding moleculesand/or one or more binding complexes may include a label. Numerouslabels may be used and include, but are not limited to, radioactivelabels, fluorescent labels, colorimetric labels, spin labels,fluorescent labels, and the like. Accordingly, in some embodiments, anallergen indicator-binding molecule (labeled)/binding complex (labeled)may be processed through use of isoelectric focusing and then detectedwith one or more detection units 122 that are configured to detect theone or more labels. Microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122 maybe configured in numerous ways to process one or more samples 102 anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 though use of isoelectricfocusing.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of chromatographic methodology alone or in combination withadditional processing and/or detection methods. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators106 through use of chromatographic methods. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips 108 anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 that were processed throughuse of chromatographic methods. In some embodiments, the one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to operably associate with one ormore microfluidic chips 108 and supply solvents and other reagents tothe one or more microfluidic chips 108. For example, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include pumps andsolvent/buffer reservoirs that are configured to supply solvent/bufferflow through chromatographic media (e.g., a chromatographic column) thatis operably associated with one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more microfluidic chips 108 and beconfigured to utilize one or more methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Numerous types of chromatographic methods and media maybe used to process one or more samples 102 and provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106. Chromatographic methods include,but are not limited to, low pressure liquid chromatography, highpressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), microcapillary low pressureliquid chromatography, microcapillary high pressure liquidchromatography, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography,gel filtration chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, thin layerchromatography, paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and the like.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to include one or more high pressure microcapillary columns.Methods that may be used to prepare microcapillary HPLC columns (e.g.,columns with a 100 micrometer-500 micrometer inside diameter) have beendescribed (e.g., Davis et al., Methods, A Companion to Methods inEnzymology, 6: Micromethods for Protein Structure Analysis, ed. by JohnE. Shively, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, 304-314 (1994); Swiderek etal., Trace Structural Analysis of Proteins. Methods of Enzymology, ed.by Barry L. Karger & William S. Hancock, Spectrum, Publisher Services,271, Chap. 3, 68-86 (1996); Moritz and Simpson, J. Chromatogr.,599:119-130 (1992)). In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to include one or more affinity columns. Methodsto prepare affinity columns have been described. Briefly, a biotinylatedsite may be engineered into a polypeptide, peptide, aptamer, antibody,or the like. The biotinylated protein may then be incubated with avidincoated polystyrene beads and slurried in Tris buffer. The slurry maythen be packed into a capillary affinity column through use of highpressure packing. Affinity columns may be prepared that may include oneor more molecules and/or complexes that interact with one or moreallergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, one or moreaptamers that bind to one or more allergen indicators 106 may be used toconstruct an affinity column. Accordingly, numerous chromatographicmethods may be used alone, or in combination with additional methods, toprocess and detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Numerousdetection methods may be used in combination with numerous types ofchromatographic methods. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122may be configured to utilize numerous detection methods to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that are processed through use of one ormore chromatographic methods. Examples of such detection methodsinclude, but are not limited to, conductivity detection, use ofion-specific electrodes, refractive index detection, colorimetricdetection, radiological detection, detection by retention time,detection through use of elution conditions, spectroscopy, and the like.For example, in some embodiments, one or more chromatographic markersmay be added to one or more samples 102 prior to the samples 102 beingapplied to a chromatographic column. One or more detection units 122that are operably associated with the chromatographic column may beconfigured to detect the one or more chromatographic markers and use theelution time and/or position of the chromatographic markers as acalibration tool for use in detecting one or more allergen indicators106 if those allergen indicators 106 are eluted from the chromatographiccolumn. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to utilize one or more ion-specific electrodes to detect oneor more allergen indicators 106. For example, such electrodes may beused to detect allergen indicators 106 that include, but are not limitedto, metals (e.g., tin, silver, nickel, cobalt, chromate), nitrates,nitrites, sulfites, and the like. Such allergen indicators 106 are oftenassociated with food, beverages, clothing, jewelry, and the like.Accordingly, chromatographic methods may be used in combination withadditional methods and in combination with numerous types of detectionmethods.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoprecipitation. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of immunoprecipitation. In some embodiments,immunoprecipitation may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoprecipitation. For example, in some embodiments, one or moresamples 102 may be combined with one or more antibodies that bind to oneor more allergen indicators 106 to form one or more antibody-allergenindicator 106 complexes. An insoluble form of an antibody bindingconstituent, such as protein A (e.g., protein A-sepharose bead, proteinA-magnetic bead, protein A-ferrous bead, protein A-non-ferrous bead, andthe like), Protein G, a second antibody, an aptamer, and the like, maythen be mixed with the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex such thatthe insoluble antibody binding constituent binds to theantibody-allergen indicator 106 complex and provides for precipitationof the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex. Such complexes may beseparated from other sample 102 components to provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments,sample 102 components may be washed away from the precipitatedantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 that are configured for immunoprecipitationmay be operably associated with one or more centrifugation units 118 toassist in precipitating one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106complexes. In some embodiments, aptamers (polypeptide and/orpolynucleotide) may be used in combination with antibodies or in placeof antibodies. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofnumerous detection methods in combination with immunoprecipitation basedmethods.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoseparation. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of immunoseparation. In some embodiments,immunoseparation may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoseparation. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples102 may be combined with one or more antibodies that bind to one or moreallergen indicators 106 to form one or more antibody-allergen indicator106 complexes. An antibody binding constituent may be added that bindsto the antibody-allergen complex.

Examples of such antibody binding constituents that may be used alone orin combination include, but are not limited to, protein A (e.g., proteinA-sepharose bead, protein A-magnetic bead, protein A-ferrous bead,protein A-non-ferrous bead, and the like), Protein G, a second antibody,an aptamer, and the like. Such antibody binding constituents may bemixed with an antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex such that theantibody binding constituent binds to the antibody-allergen indicator106 complex and provides for separation of the antibody-allergenindicator 106 complex. In some embodiments, the antibody bindingconstituent may include a tag that allows the antibody bindingconstituent and complexes that include the antibody binding constituentto be separated from other components in one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, the antibody binding constituent may include a ferrousmaterial. Accordingly, antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes may beseparated from other sample 102 components through use of a magnet, suchas an electromagnet. In some embodiments, an antibody bindingconstituent may include a non-ferrous metal. Accordingly,antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes may be separated from othersample 102 components through use of an eddy current to direct movementof one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In someembodiments, two or more forms of an antibody binding constituents maybe used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, insome embodiments, a first antibody binding constituent may be coupled toa ferrous material and a second antibody binding constituent may becoupled to a non-ferrous material. Accordingly, the first antibodybinding constituent and the second antibody binding constituent may bemixed with antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that the firstantibody binding constituent and the second antibody binding constituentbind to antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes that include differentallergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in such embodiments, differentallergen indicators 106 from a single sample 102 and/or a combination ofsamples 102 may be separated through use of direct magnetic separationin combination with eddy current based separation. In some embodiments,one or more samples 102 may be combined with one or more antibodies thatbind to one or more allergen indicators 106 to form one or moreantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, the oneor more antibodies may include one or more tags that provide forseparation of the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Forexample, in some embodiments, an antibody may include a tag thatincludes one or more magnetic beads, a ferrous material, a non-ferrousmetal, an affinity tag, a size exclusion tag (e.g., a large bead that isexcluded from entry into chromatographic media such thatantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes pass through a chromatographiccolumn in the void volume), and the like. Accordingly, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of numerous detection methods in combinationwith immunoseparation based methods. In some embodiments, aptamers(polypeptide and/or polynucleotide) may be used in combination withantibodies or in place of antibodies.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of aptamer binding. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of aptamer binding. In some embodiments,aptamer binding may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofaptamer binding. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples102 may be combined with one or more aptamers that bind to one or moreallergen indicators 106 to form one or more aptamer-allergen indicator106 complexes. In some embodiments, aptamer binding constituents may beadded that bind to the aptamer-allergen complex. Numerous aptamerbinding constituents may be utilized. For example, in some embodiments,one or more aptamers may include one or more tags to which one or moreaptamer binding constituents may bind. Examples of such tags include,but are not limited to, biotin, avidin, streptavidin, histidine tags,nickel tags, ferrous tags, non-ferrous tags, and the like. In someembodiments, one or more tags may be conjugated with a label to providefor detection of one or more complexes. Examples of such tag-labelconjugates include, but are not limited to, Texas red conjugated avidin,alkaline phosphatase conjugated avidin, CY2 conjugated avidin, CY3conjugated avidin, CY3.5 conjugated avidin, CY5 conjugated avidin, CY5.5conjugated avidin, fluorescein conjugated avidin, glucose oxidaseconjugated avidin, peroxidase conjugated avidin, rhodamine conjugatedavidin, agarose conjugated anti-protein A, alkaline phosphataseconjugated protein A, anti-protein A, fluorescein conjugated protein A,IRDye® 800 conjugated protein A, peroxidase conjugated protein A,sepharose protein A, alkaline phosphatase conjugated streptavidin, AMCAconjugated streptavidin, anti-streptavidin (Streptomyces avidinii)(rabbit) IgG Fraction, beta-galactosidase conjugated streptavidin, CY2conjugated streptavidin, CY3 conjugated streptavidin, CY3.5 conjugatedstreptavidin, CY5 conjugated streptavidin, CY5.5 conjugatedstreptavidin, fluorescein conjugated streptavidin, IRDye® 700DXconjugated streptavidin, IRDye® 800 conjugated streptavidin, IRDye®800CW conjugated streptavidin, peroxidase conjugated streptavidin,phycoerythrin conjugated streptavidin, rhodamine conjugatedstreptavidin, Texas red conjugated streptavidin, alkaline phosphataseconjugated biotin, anti-biotin (rabbit) IgG fraction, beta-galactosidaseconjugated biotin, glucose oxidase conjugated biotin, peroxidaseconjugated biotin, alkaline phosphatase conjugated protein G,anti-protein G (rabbit) Agarose conjugated, anti-protein G (Rabbit) IgGfraction, fluorescein conjugated protein G, IRDye® 800 conjugatedprotein G, peroxidase conjugated protein G, and the like. Many suchlabeled tags are commercially available (e.g., Rockland Immunochemicals,Inc., Gilbertsville, Pa.). Such labels may also be used in associationwith other methods to process and detect one or more allergen indicators106. Aptamer binding constituents may be mixed with an aptamer-allergenindicator 106 complex such that the aptamer binding constituent binds tothe aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex and provides for separationof the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex. In some embodiments, theaptamer binding constituent may include a tag that allows the aptamerbinding constituent and complexes that include the aptamer bindingconstituent to be separated from other components in one or more samples102. In some embodiments, the aptamer binding constituent may include aferrous material. Accordingly, aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexesmay be separated from other sample 102 components through use of amagnet, such as an electromagnet. In some embodiments, an aptamerbinding constituent may include a non-ferrous metal. Accordingly,aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes may be separated from othersample 102 components through use of an eddy current to direct movementof one or more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In someembodiments, two or more forms of aptamer binding constituents may beused to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in someembodiments, a first aptamer binding constituent may be coupled to aferrous material and a second aptamer binding constituent may be coupledto a non-ferrous material. Accordingly, the first aptamer bindingconstituent and the second aptamer binding constituent may be mixed withaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that the first aptamerbinding constituent and the second aptamer binding constituent bind toaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes that include different allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, in such embodiments, different allergenindicators 106 from a single sample 102 and/or a combination of samples102 may be separated through use of direct magnetic separation incombination with eddy current based separation. In some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be combined with one or more aptamers that bindto one or more allergen indicators 106 to form one or moreaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, the oneor more aptamer may include one or more tags that provide for separationof the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. For example, in someembodiments, an aptamer may include a tag that includes one or moremagnetic beads, a ferrous material, a non-ferrous metal, an affinitytag, a size exclusion tag (e.g., a large bead that is excluded fromentry into chromatographic media such that antibody-allergen indicator106 complexes pass through a chromatographic column in the void volume),and the like. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofnumerous detection methods in combination with aptamer binding basedmethods. In some embodiments, antibodies may be used in combination withaptamers or in place of aptamers.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of electrophoresis. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more detection units 122. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to operably associate withone or more microfluidic chips 108 and detect one or more allergenindicators 106 that were processed through use of electrophoresis.Numerous electrophoretic methods may be utilized to provide fordetection of one or more allergen indicators 106. Examples of suchelectrophoretic methods include, but are not limited to, capillaryelectrophoresis, one-dimensional electrophoresis, two-dimensionalelectrophoresis, native electrophoresis, denaturing electrophoresis,polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, agarose gel electrophoresis, and thelike. Numerous detection methods may be used in combination with one ormore electrophoretic methods to detect one or more allergen indicators106. In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may bedetected according to the position to which the one or more allergenindicators 106 migrate within an electrophoretic field (e.g., acapillary and/or a gel). In some embodiments, the position of one ormore allergen indicators 106 may be compared to one or more standards.For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixedwith one or more molecular weight markers prior to gel electrophoresis.The one or more samples 102, that include the one or more molecularweight markers, may be subjected to electrophoresis and then the gel maybe stained. In such embodiments, the molecular weight markers may beused as a reference to detect one or more allergen indicators 106present within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one ormore components that are known to be present within one or more samples102 may be used as a reference to detect one or more allergen indicators106 present within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, gelshift assays may be used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.For example, in some embodiments, a sample 102 (e.g., a single sample102 or combination of multiple samples 102) may be split into a firstsample 102 and a second sample 102. The first sample 102 may be mixedwith an antibody, aptamer, ligand, or other molecule and/or complex thatbinds to the one or more allergen indicators 106. The first and secondsamples 102 may then be subjected to electrophoresis. The gelscorresponding to the first sample 102 and the second sample 102 may thenbe analyzed to determine if one or more allergen indicators 106 arepresent within the one or more samples 102. Microfluidic chips 108 anddetection units 122 may be configured in numerous ways to process anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrophoresis.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of one or more charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 that include one or moreCCD cameras may be configured to operably associate with one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Such detection units 122 may be utilized incombination with numerous processing methods. Examples of such methodsinclude, but are not limited to, electrophoresis; competition assays;methods based on polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction,peptide interaction, antibody interaction, aptamer interaction,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, and the like. For example, insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto process one or more samples 102 through use of immunoprecipitation.In some embodiments, one or more antibodies may be conjugated to afluorescent label such that binding of one or more labeled antibodies toone or more allergen indicators 106 included within one or more samples102 will form a fluorescently labeled antibody-allergen indicator 106complex. One or more insoluble allergen indicator 106 bindingconstituents, such as a sepharose bead that includes an antibody oraptamer that binds to the one or more allergen indicators 106, may bebound to the fluorescently labeled antibody-allergen indicator 106complex and used to precipitate the complex. One or more detection units122 that include a CCD camera that is configured to detect fluorescentemission from the one or more fluorescent labels may be used to detectthe one or more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one ormore CCD cameras may be configured to utilize dark frame subtraction tocancel background and increase sensitivity of the camera. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include one or morefilters to select and/or filter wavelengths of energy that can bedetected by one or more CCD cameras (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,065;herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may include polarized lenses. One or more detectionunits 122 may be configured in numerous ways to utilize one or more CCDcameras to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to operably associate with one ormore such microfluidic chips 108 and to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 associated with the use of immunoassay. Numerous types ofdetection methods may be used in combination with immunoassay basedmethods. In some embodiments, a label may be used within one or moreimmunoassays that may be detected by one or more detection units 122.Examples of such labels include, but are not limited to, fluorescentlabels, spin labels, fluorescence resonance energy transfer labels,radiolabels, electrochemiluminescent labels (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.5,093,268; 6,090,545; herein incorporated by reference), and the like.In some embodiments, electrical conductivity may be used in combinationwith immunoassay based methods.

At operation 1310, the detecting operation 930 may include detecting theone or more allergen indicators that include one or more allergenassociated polynucleotides. In some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 thatinclude one or more allergen associated polynucleotides. Examples ofsuch allergen indicator 106 associated polynucleotides include, but arenot limited to, polynucleotides and/or portions of one or morepolynucleotides that have a nucleic acid sequence and/or that encode anamino acid sequence that corresponds to, but is not limited to, one ormore of the following accession numbers: AY894659, AY904434, AY904433,Y15210, AF529201, Y13271, AY049012, AY082337, AY082338, X85185, P82242,AY335187, S83343, X91256, Y08390, AF517686, AF517685, S45354, U25343,Z27084, X73363, S80654, X78813, X75925, Z27082, AF521563, X77583,AJ238848, S50892, M65179, X79267, X87153, S54819, P81531, AJ295617,AF441864, AF526295, P80741, P80740, U86342, P81430, AF078679, AF249675,AY082335, D29772, A1243570, P81294, AJ404653, P81295, P81825, P82817,P82967, AJ006774, AF277840, U59102, AF525465, U27479, U58106, SW:Q26456,D17686, AF178772, Y14906, AY189697, DQ354124, AF149827, AJ250278,AJ271058, AJ250096, AJ250279, Y12690, AY710432, L39834, M18780, X14712,M73993, S72946, A59491, U70823, X74045, X84842, AF238996, AY497902,SW:P83507, SW:P83508, U82633, U87807, U87808, X84217, X78222, U87806,U82437, X78225, AY191815, X78227, P2041, X84216, AY514673, X78223,X78226, X78224, AY191816, AY787775, X78228, X85180, M83781, S39330,U56938, U20722, AJ001732, Z30424, U53561, AJ223315, AJ224333, AJ223327,X85092, AJ002026, g3643813, AJ224865, AF284645, AF464911, AF108944,P34754, Z84377, X17561, D00434, M33218, AY786077, U64207, AF254643,AY363911, AY077706, AY077707, AY136739, J04984, J04985, AJ132235,AJ242791, AJ242792, AJ242793, AJ242794, AY547285, AB011804, AB011805,AF084828, X96486, AJ011955, AJ011956, AJ011957, AJ011958, AJ011959,AJ428052, AJ548421, AJ871960, SW:P83340, L12389, M33157, AY127579,AF260897, AY792950, Y14854, AJ012184, P02229, P02230, P02221, P02222,P02231, P02224, P02226, P02223, P02225, P02227, P02228, AF231352,PIR:A59396, AJ309202, P81656, P83377, P81657, X70256, S81785, AF179004,X97824, M18780, X14712, M73993, X60688, U08008, AF479772, Y14855,AJ315959, AJ414730, P80208, CAA46782, P81729, SW:P80198, PIR:A59156,AJ404845, X12928, P19656, AJ890020, U31771, Z48967, AF129423, P81943,AF456482, AF327622, AF329829, Q5ULZ4, DR027057, AJ243427, AF05730,AF129424, AF071477, Z78202, U93165, U66076, U32440, AF221501, AF129425,AY081850, AY081852, P81402, AY898658, P80274, AF377948, AF377949,D14059, AY049013, A57106, X60043, AY792956, L34402, L77197, AF093541,AF086821, AF059616, AF092846, AF091737, AY328088, P00785, SW:P81370,AJ297410, AJ417552, AJ417553, U81996, P15476, P16348, P20347, P30941,P04403, M17146, AY221641, AY102930, AY102931, U66866, AF066055,AF453947, AY081853, P01089, AF240005, AF091841, AF240006, AAG23840,AAD42942, AF091842, D32206, AY271295, P83834, AY839230, A59069,AF173004, Y19221, P83885, AJ697694, M15203, U42640, M36986, p02877,p02877, p02877, U80598, AJ223038, AJ132580, AY057860, P83269, Y14314,X80909, X89985, Y17711, P02538, AY894660, AY894661, AY894657, AY894658,AJ313166, AJ313167, AJ313168, X77414, X95867, X85012, X95865, X95866,Y15208, Y15209, S83343, AF177030, AF177378, AF177380, AF159703, Z27084,Z68893, M57474, M57476, X57678, L13083, M59163, Z27090, X78813,AJ512487, AJ512488, X74735, X70942, Z82986, AF061066, AF061067,AF061068, AF061069, Z27083, Z82985, PIR:S70327, PIR:S70328, X15877,Z80098, Z80099, X77200, X77265, X77266, X77270, X77267, X77268, X77274,X77269, X77271, X77272, X77273, X77599, X77600, X77601, X81972, X82028,Z72429, Z72432, Z72437, Z72430, Z72431, Z72433, Z72434, Z72435, Z72438,Z72436, Z80100, Z80101, Z80102, Z80103, Z80104, Z80105, Z80106,AF135127, AF282850, X66932, X66918, Z80159, Z80160, Z80161, Z80162,Z80163, Z80164, Z80165, Z80166, Z80167, Z80168, X66933, Z80169, Z80170,X70999, X71000, X70997, X70998, Z72439, Z72440, AF136945, AF323973,AF323974, AF323975, X77787, X77788, S75766, X76395, X76396, X76397,Y12428, Y12427, Y12426, X76541, X76539, X76540, D29772, D37765,AF257491, AF257492, AF257493, AF257494, AF257495, X65196, DQ185509,DQ185509, DQ185509, DQ185509, BAA01239, BAA01240, BAA01241, A61501,AAL47677, CAF33200, CAF33201, CAF33202, DQ185511, U11695, DQ185508,AF276239, DQ185510, AF047613, AF047614, AJ249864, AJ272216, X81399,X83876, X89014, AJ487972, X83875, AJ487973, L42867, A59225, B59225,P81216, P81217, U82633, U86752, AF072219, L47595, AF072221, AF072220,AF072222, U78970, U69957, U69261, U69260, L40818, L40820, L40819,L40821, Y14854, AF106961, AF395894, AF395893, Z48967, Z75662, U47087,D88388, Z81361, Z81362, Z84376, AF456481, AJ783335, swQ9S8F3, swQ9S8F2,AJ223982, AJ223981, AJ551424, AJ551425, AJ626897, AJ626898, AF465612,AF465613, AJ315844, DQ066728, DQ066727, DQ066731, DQ066729, DQ066730,DQ066732, CAA58646, JC4276, AAD26546, AAD26552, AAD26553, AAD26554,AAD26555, AAD29671, AAK13029, AAB01362, AAD26545, AAD26547, AAD26548,AAD26558, AAD13683, AAK13030, CAD32318, CAA96534, AAK13027, AAK13028,AAO25113, CAA96535, CAA96536, CAA96537, AF129428, AJ507459, AF129427,AJ507458, AF129426, AJ507457, U66076, AY540507, AY540508, AY540509,AJ491881, AJ491882, M36986, Y15042, AJ132397, AF 119365, AF119366,AF119367, AJ243325, L11707, AJ249148, AJ289158, AJ238579, AJ431363, orsubstantially any combination thereof.

At operation 1312, the detecting operation 930 may include detecting theone or more allergen indicators that include one or more allergenassociated polypeptides. In some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 thatinclude one or more allergen associated polypeptides. Examples of suchallergen indicator 106 associated polypeptides include, but are notlimited to, polypeptides and/or portions of one or more polypeptidesthat have an amino acid sequence that corresponds to, but is not limitedto, and/or a polypeptide that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequencecorresponding to one or more of the following accession numbers:AY894659, AY904434, AY904433, Y15210, AF529201, Y13271, AY049012,AY082337, AY082338, X85185, P82242, AY335187, S83343, X91256, Y08390,AF517686, AF517685, S45354, U25343, Z27084, X73363, S80654, X78813,X75925, Z27082, AF521563, X77583, AJ238848, S50892, M65179, X79267,X87153, S54819, P81531, AJ295617, AF441864, AF526295, P80741, P80740,U86342, P81430, AF078679, AF249675, AY082335, D29772, A1243570, P81294,AJ404653, P81295, P81825, P82817, P82967, AJ006774, AF277840, U59102,AF525465, U27479, U58106, SW:Q26456, D17686, AF178772, Y14906, AY189697,DQ354124, AF149827, AJ250278, AJ271058, AJ250096, AJ250279, Y12690,AY710432, L39834, M18780, X14712, M73993, S72946, A59491, U70823,X74045, X84842, AF238996, AY497902, SW:P83507, SW:P83508, U82633,U87807, U87808, X84217, X78222, U87806, U82437, X78225, AY191815,X78227, P2041, X84216, AY514673, X78223, X78226, X78224, AY191816,AY787775, X78228, X85180, M83781, S39330, U56938, U20722, AJ001732,Z30424, U53561, AJ223315, AJ224333, AJ223327, X85092, AJ002026,g3643813, AJ224865, AF284645, AF464911, AF108944, P34754, Z84377,X17561, D00434, M33218, AY786077, U64207, AF254643, AY363911, AY077706,AY077707, AY136739, J04984, J04985, AJ132235, AJ242791, AJ242792,AJ242793, AJ242794, AY547285, AB011804, AB011805, AF084828, X96486,AJ011955, AJ011956, AJ011957, AJ011958, AJ011959, AJ428052, AJ548421,AJ871960, SW:P83340, L12389, M33157, AY127579, AF260897, AY792950,Y14854, AJ012184, P02229, P02230, P02221, P02222, P02231, P02224,P02226, P02223, P02225, P02227, P02228, AF231352, PIR:A59396, AJ309202,P81656, P83377, P81657, X70256, S81785, AF179004, X97824, M18780,X14712, M73993, X60688, U08008, AF479772, Y14855, AJ315959, AJ414730,P80208, CAA46782, P81729, SW:P80198, PIR:A59156, AJ404845, X12928,P19656, AJ890020, U31771, Z48967, AF129423, P81943, AF456482, AF327622,AF329829, Q5ULZ4, DR027057, AJ243427, AF05730, AF129424, AF071477,Z78202, U93165, U66076, U32440, AF221501, AF129425, AY081850, AY081852,P81402, AY898658, P80274, AF377948, AF377949, D14059, AY049013, A57106,X60043, AY792956, L34402, L77197, AF093541, AF086821, AF059616,AF092846, AF091737, AY328088, P00785, SW:P81370, AJ297410, AJ417552,AJ417553, U81996, P15476, P16348, P20347, P30941, P04403, M17146,AY221641, AY102930, AY102931, U66866, AF066055, AF453947, AY081853,P01089, AF240005, AF091841, AF240006, AAG23840, AAD42942, AF091842,D32206, AY271295, P83834, AY839230, A59069, AF173004, Y19221, P83885,AJ697694, M15203, U42640, M36986, p02877, p02877, p02877, U80598,AJ223038, AJ132580, AY057860, P83269, Y14314, X80909, X89985, Y17711,P02538, AY894660, AY894661, AY894657, AY894658, AJ313166, AJ313167,AJ313168, X77414, X95867, X85012, X95865, X95866, Y15208, Y15209,S83343, AF177030, AF177378, AF177380, AF159703, Z27084, Z68893, M57474,M57476, X57678, L13083, M59163, Z27090, X78813, AJ512487, AJ512488,X74735, X70942, Z82986, AF061066, AF061067, AF061068, AF061069, Z27083,Z82985, PIR:S70327, PIR:S70328, X15877, Z80098, Z80099, X77200, X77265,X77266, X77270, X77267, X77268, X77274, X77269, X77271, X77272, X77273,X77599, X77600, X77601, X81972, X82028, Z72429, Z72432, Z72437, Z72430,Z72431, Z72433, Z72434, Z72435, Z72438, Z72436, Z80100, Z80101, Z80102,Z80103, Z80104, Z80105, Z80106, AF135127, AF282850, X66932, X66918,Z80159, Z80160, Z80161, Z80162, Z80163, Z80164, Z80165, Z80166, Z80167,Z80168, X66933, Z80169, Z80170, X70999, X71000, X70997, X70998, Z72439,Z72440, AF136945, AF323973, AF323974, AF323975, X77787, X77788, S75766,X76395, X76396, X76397, Y12428, Y12427, Y12426, X76541, X76539, X76540,D29772, D37765, AF257491, AF257492, AF257493, AF257494, AF257495,X65196, DQ185509, DQ185509, DQ185509, DQ185509, BAA01239, BAA01240,BAA01241, A61501, AAL47677, CAF33200, CAF33201, CAF33202, DQ185511,U11695, DQ185508, AF276239, DQ185510, AF047613, AF047614, AJ249864,AJ272216, X81399, X83876, X89014, AJ487972, X83875, AJ487973, L42867,A59225, B59225, P81216, P81217, U82633, U86752, AF072219, L47595,AF072221, AF072220, AF072222, U78970, U69957, U69261, U69260, L40818,L40820, L40819, L40821, Y14854, AF106961, AF395894, AF395893, Z48967,Z75662, U47087, D88388, Z81361, Z81362, Z84376, AF456481, AJ783335,swQ9S8F3, swQ9S8F2, AJ223982, AJ223981, AJ551424, AJ551425, AJ626897,AJ626898, AF465612, AF465613, AJ315844, DQ066728, DQ066727, DQ066731,DQ066729, DQ066730, DQ066732, CAA58646, JC4276, AAD26546, AAD26552,AAD26553, AAD26554, AAD26555, AAD29671, AAK13029, AAB01362, AAD26545,AAD26547, AAD26548, AAD26558, AAD13683, AAK13030, CAD32318, CAA96534,AAK13027, AAK13028, AA025113, CAA96535, CAA96536, CAA96537, AF129428,AJ507459, AF129427, AJ507458, AF129426, AJ507457, U66076, AY540507,AY540508, AY540509, AJ491881, AJ491882, M36986, Y15042, AJ132397,AF119365, AF119366, AF119367, AJ243325, L11707, AJ249148, AJ289158,AJ238579, AJ431363, or substantially any combination thereof.

At operation 1314, the detecting operation 930 may include. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 that are calibrated for usewith an individual may be used to detect the one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe calibrated to detect one or more specific allergens 104 and/orallergen indicators 106 that produce an allergic response by anindividual. For example, in some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be calibrated to detect peanuts and/or peanut associatedproducts for an individual who is allergic to peanuts. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be calibrated to detectdifferent concentrations of allergen indicators 106. For example, insome embodiments, an individual may produce an allergic response ifexposed to an allergen 104 at a concentration that is above a certainlevel. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a detection unit 122 may becalibrated to detect one or more concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 that produce an allergic response within an individual.

FIG. 14 illustrates alternative embodiments of the example operationalflow 900 of FIG. 9. FIG. 14 illustrates example embodiments where thedisplaying operation 940 may include at least one additional operation.Additional operations may include an operation 1402, an operation 1404,an operation 1406, an operation 1408, an operation 1410, an operation1412, and/or an operation 1414.

At operation 1402, the displaying operation 940 may include displayingresults of the detecting with one or more display units that are passivedisplay units. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 maydisplay results of the detecting with one or more display units 124 thatare passive display units 124. In some embodiments, one or more displayunits 124 may include one or more liquid crystal displays (LCD). Methodsto construct passive displays have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.4,807,967; 4,729,636: 4,436,378; 4,257,041; herein incorporated byreference).

At operation 1404, the displaying operation 940 may include displayingresults of the detecting with one or more display units that are activedisplay units. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 maydisplay results of the detecting with one or more display units 124 thatare active display units 124. Numerous active display units 124 areknown and include, but are not limited to, quarter-video graphics array(QVGA), video graphics array (VGA), super video graphics array (SVGA),extended graphics array (XGA), wide extended graphics array (WXGA),super extended graphics array (SXGA), ultra extended graphics array(UXGA), wide super extended graphics array (WSXGA), wide ultra extendedgraphics array (WUXGA).

At operation 1406, the displaying operation 940 may include indicating apresence or an absence of the one or more allergen indicators within theone or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124may indicate a presence or an absence of the one or more allergenindicators 106 within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may use a colorimetric message to indicatea presence or an absence of one or more allergen indicators 106 withinone or more samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may display a green light if one or more allergenindicators 106 are not found within one or more samples 102 and a redlight if one or more allergen indicators 106 are found within one ormore samples 102. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 mayuse a pictographic message to indicate a presence or an absence of oneor more allergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may displaya smiley face if one or more allergen indicators 106 are not foundwithin one or more samples 102 and a frowny face if one or more allergenindicators 106 are found within one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may use a typographicalmessage to indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergenindicators 106 within one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may display an “Allergen NotPresent” message if one or more allergen indicators 106 are not foundwithin one or more samples 102 and an “Allergen Present” message if oneor more allergen indicators 106 are found within one or more samples102. Such messages may be displayed in numerous languages. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may display one or moremessages in multiple formats. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore messages may be displayed in colored text.

At operation 1408, the displaying operation 940 may include indicatingan identity of one or more allergens that correspond to the one or moreallergen indicators present within the one or more samples. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may indicate an identity ofone or more allergens 104 that correspond to the one or more allergenindicators 106 present within the one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may be operably associatedwith one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configured to identifyone or more allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may be configured to display the identityof one or more allergens 104 that are present and/or absent from one ormore samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, a display unit 124may be configured to indicate a presence or an absence ofbeta-lactoglobulin in a food product.

At operation 1410, the displaying operation 940 may include indicatingone or more concentrations of one or more allergens that correspond tothe one or more allergen indicators present within the one or moresamples. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may indicateone or more concentrations of one or more allergens 104 that correspondto the one or more allergen indicators 106 present within the one ormore samples 102. Concentration may be displayed in numerous formats.For example, in some embodiments, concentration may be expressednumerically (e.g., mass allergen indicator 106 per volume sample 102(e.g., milligrams per milliliter), mass allergen indicator 106 per masssample 102 (e.g., milligrams per milligram of sample), parts permillion, and the like). In some embodiments, concentration may beexpressed graphically. For example, in some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may include a display having a gray scale on which theconcentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 that are presentwithin one or more samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., higherconcentrations of one or more allergens 104 may be displayed as darkgray while lower concentrations of one or more allergens 104 may bedisplayed as light gray). In some embodiments, one or more display units124 may include a display having a color scale on which theconcentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 that are presentwithin one or more samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., lowconcentrations of one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicatedby a green light, intermediate concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 may be indicated by a yellow light, high concentrationsof one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicated by a red light).In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may be calibrated toan individual. For example, in such embodiments, an individual may usethe display to obtain an immediate reading that will indicate if a foodproduct contains a dangerous level of one or more allergens 104.

At operation 1412, the displaying operation 940 may include. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 that are calibrated for anindividual may display the results of the detecting. In someembodiments, one or or more display units 124 may be calibrated todisplay whether one or more allergens 104, and/or allergen indicators106, that are specific to an individual are present or absent within oneor more samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may be configured to display whether one or moresamples 102 contain shellfish associated allergens 104 for an individualknown to be allergic to shellfish. In some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may be calibrated to indicate safe and/or unsafeconcentrations of one or more allergens 104 within one or more samples102 for an individual.

At operation 1414, the displaying operation 940 may include transmittingone or more signals to one or more recording units. In some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may transmit one or more signals 132 toone or more recording units 126. In some embodiments, one or moresignals 132 may be transmitted from one or more microfluidic chips 108,one or more reagent delivery units 116, one or more centrifugation units118, one or more analysis units 120, one or more detection units 122,one or more display units 124, one or more user interfaces 128, and/orsubstantially any combination thereof. Numerous types of signals 132 maybe transmitted. Examples of such signals 132 include, but are notlimited to, hardwired signals 132, wireless signals 132, infraredsignals 132, optical signals 132, radiofrequency (RF) signals 132,audible signals 132, digital signals 132, analog signals 132, and/orsubstantially any combination thereof. One or more signals 132 mayinclude numerous types of information. For example, one or more signals132 may include information with regard to the presence or an absence ofone or more allergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102, atype of reagent used to process one or more samples 102, conditions usedto process one or more samples 102, an identity of a user 130, and thelike. Such information may be recorded by one or more recording units126.

II. Systems for Analysis of One of More Allergens

FIG. 15 illustrates a system 1500 representing examples of modules thatmay be used to perform a method for analysis of one or more allergens104. In FIG. 15, discussion and explanation may be provided with respectto the above-described example of FIG. 1, and/or with respect to otherexamples and contexts. However, it should be understood that theoperations may be executed in a number of other environments andcontexts, and/or modified versions of FIG. 1. Also, although the variousmodules are presented in the sequence(s) illustrated, it should beunderstood that the various modules may be configured in numerousorientations.

The system 1500 includes module 1510 that includes one or moremicrofluidic chips configured for analysis of one or more samples forone or more allergen indicators. In some embodiments, module 1510 mayinclude one or more microfluidic chips configured for analysis of theone or more allergen indicators associated with one or more liquids. Insome embodiments, module 1510 may include one or more microfluidic chipsconfigured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicatorsassociated with one or more solids. In some embodiments, module 1510 mayinclude one or more microfluidic chips configured for analysis of theone or more allergen indicators associated with one or more gases. Insome embodiments, module 1510 may include one or more microfluidic chipsconfigured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicatorsassociated with one or more airborne allergens. In some embodiments,module 1510 may include one or more microfluidic chips configured foranalysis of the one or more allergen indicators associated with one ormore food products. In some embodiments, module 1510 may include one ormore microfluidic chips configured for analysis of the one or moreallergen indicators associated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees,mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals,autoallergens, or human autoallergens. In some embodiments, module 1510may include one or more microfluidic chips configured for analysis ofthe one or more allergen indicators through use of polynucleotideinteraction, protein interaction, peptide interaction, antibodyinteraction, chemical interaction, diffusion, filtration,chromatography, aptamer interaction, electrical conductivity,isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay, or competitionassay. In some embodiments, module 1510 may include one or moremicrofluidic chips configured for detachable connection to the one ormore detection units.

The system 1500 also includes module 1520 that includes one or moredetection units configured for detachable connection to the one or moremicrofluidic chips and configured to detect the one or more allergenindicators. In some embodiments, module 1520 may include one or moredetection units configured to detect the one or more allergen indicatorsthat are associated with one or more allergens that are airborne. Insome embodiments, module 1520 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, module1520 may include one or more detection units configured to detect theone or more allergen indicators that are associated with one or moreweeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers,metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or human autoallergens. In someembodiments, module 1520 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators with at leastone technique that includes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescenceresonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera,or immunoassay. In some embodiments, module 1520 may include.

The system 1500 may optionally include module 1530 that includes one ormore display units operably associated with the one or more detectionunits. In some embodiments, module 1530 may include one or more displayunits that are passive display units. In some embodiments, module 1530may include one or more display units that are active display units. Insome embodiments, module 1530 may include one or more display units thatindicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergens within theone or more samples. In some embodiments, module 1530 may include one ormore display units that indicate an identity of one or more allergenspresent within the one or more samples. In some embodiments, module 1530may include one or more display units that indicate one or moreconcentrations of one or more allergens within the one or more samples.In some embodiments, module 1530 may include.

FIG. 16 illustrates alternative embodiments of system 1500 of FIG. 15.FIG. 16 illustrates example embodiments of module 1510. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 1602, an embodiment 1604, anembodiment 1606, an embodiment 1608, and/or an embodiment 1610.

At embodiment 1602, module 1510 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicatorsassociated with one or more liquids. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured for analysis of the one or moreallergen indicators 106 associated with one or more liquids. Numeroustypes of liquids may be processed by one or more microfluidic chips 108.Examples of such liquids include, but are not limited to, beverages(e.g., water, soda, milk, milk substitutes, juice, wine, beer, and thelike), environmental samples 102 (e.g., water samples 102, plant sap,plant nectar, suspended soil samples 102, suspended air filtrate samples102, and the like), animal samples 102 (e.g., suspended dander samples102, saliva, urine, excrement, suspended fur samples 102, and the like),food samples 102 (e.g., suspended food samples 102, extracted foodsamples 102, and the like), or substantially any combination thereof. Insome embodiments, one or more liquids may include a solvent. In someembodiments, a liquid may include one or more solvents that may be usedto extract one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in someembodiments, one or more solvents may be used to extract one or moreallergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102.

At embodiment 1604, module 1510 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicatorsassociated with one or more solids. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured for analysis of the one or moreallergen indicators 106 associated with one or more solids. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprovide for suspension of solids in a liquid. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide forextraction of one or more samples 102 that include a solid with asolvent. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to accept the one or more samples 102 into one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 where the samples 102 are resuspended in a liquidand/or extracted in a solvent. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may include one or more sonicators, one or moremixers, one or more grinders, or substantially any combination thereof,to facilitate analysis of one or more allergen indicators 106 associatedwith one or more solids.

At embodiment 1606, module 1510 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicatorsassociated with one or more gases. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured for analysis of the one or moreallergen indicators 106 associated with one or more gases. For example,in some embodiments, one or more gases that are being analyzed may bepassed through one or more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments,gas may be pumped through a microfluidic chip 108. In some embodiments,gas may be drawn through a microfluidic chip 108 through use of avacuum. In some embodiments, gas may be passed through a filter on whichsuspected allergen indicators 106 are collected for analysis.Accordingly, large volumes of gas may be analyzed. In some embodiments,one or more gases may be analyzed for one or more allergen indicators106 that include one or more metals. For example, gases may be analyzedfor metals that are associated with tanks in which the gases are stored,such as iron, steel, aluminum, and the like.

At embodiment 1608, module 1510 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicatorsassociated with one or more airborne allergens. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured for analysis of the oneor more allergen indicators 106 associated with one or more airborneallergens 104. Examples of such airborne allergens 104 include, but arenot limited to, pollen, dander, seeds, and the like. In someembodiments, the allergen indicators 106 may be collected within one ormore microfluidic chips 108 through filtering air that is passed throughthe one or more microfluidic chips 108. Such filtering may occur throughnumerous mechanisms that may include, but are not limited to, use ofphysical filters, passing air through a fluid bubble chamber, passingthe air through an electrostatic filter, and the like.

At embodiment 1610, module 1510 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicatorsassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured for analysis of the one ormore allergen indicators 106 associated with one or more food products.Such allergen indicators 106 are described herein and are known. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more food products at a restaurant tofacilitate detection of a presence or an absence of an allergenindicator 106 within the food product, such as a presence of one or moreallergen indicators 106 associated with nuts, dairy products,crustaceans, eggs, gluten, soy, and the like. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to analyze one or morepolynucleotides, one or more polypeptides, one or more portions of oneor more polynucleotides, and/or one or more portions of one or morepolypeptides that have a nucleic acid sequence and/or an amino acidsequence that corresponds to, but is not limited to, one or more of thefollowing accession numbers: X97824, M18780, X14712, M73993, X60688,U08008, AF479772, Y14855, AJ315959, AJ414730, P80208, CAA46782, P81729,AJ404845, X12928, P19656, AJ890020, U31771, Z48967, AF129423, P81943,AF456482, AF327622, AF329829, DR027057, AJ243427, AF05730, AF129424,AF071477, Z78202, U93165, U66076, U32440, AF221501, AF129425, AY081850,AY081852, P81402, AY898658, P80274, AF377948, AF377949, D14059,AY049013, A57106, AY792956, X60043, L34402, L77197, AF093541, AF086821,AF059616, AF092846, AF091737, AY328088, P00785, AJ297410, AJ417552,AJ417553, U81996, P15476, P16348, P20347, P30941, P04403, M17146,AY221641, AY102930, AY102931, U66866, AF066055, AF453947, AY081853,P01089, AF240005, AF091841, AF240006, AAG23840, AAD42942, AF091842,D32206, AY271295, P83834, or AY839230. Accordingly, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process numerous types offood products to facilitate detection of numerous types of allergenindicators 106.

FIG. 17 illustrates alternative embodiments of system 1500 of FIG. 15.FIG. 17 illustrates example embodiments of module 1510. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 1702, an embodiment 1704, and/oran embodiment 1706.

At embodiment 1702, module 1510 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicatorsassociated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals,molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, orhuman autoallergens. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured for analysis of the one or more allergenindicators 106 associated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites,animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals,autoallergens, human autoallergens, or substantially any combinationthereof. Such allergen indicators 106 are described herein and areknown. For example, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to process one or more material samples 102 todetermine if the material contains latex.

At embodiment 1704, module 1510 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicatorsthrough use of polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction, peptideinteraction, antibody interaction, chemical interaction, diffusion,filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay, orcompetition assay.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicators 106through use of polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction, peptideinteraction, antibody interaction, chemical interaction, diffusion,filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay,competition assay, or substantially any combination thereof. In someembodiments, allergen indicators 106 may be separated from othermaterials included within one or more samples 102 through processing.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofpolynucleotide interaction. Numerous methods based on polynucleotideinteraction may be used. Examples of such methods include, but are notlimited to, those based on polynucleotide hybridization, polynucleotideligation, polynucleotide amplification, polynucleotide degradation, andthe like. Methods that utilize intercalation dyes, FRET analysis,capacitive DNA detection, and nucleic acid amplification have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and 6,960,437; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, fluorescence resonanceenergy transfer, fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electrontransfer, electrical conductivity, and the like may be used to analyzepolynucleotide interaction. Such methods are known and have beendescribed (e.g., Jarvius, DNA Tools and Microfluidic Systems forMolecular Analysis, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of UppsalaDissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 161, ACTA UNIVERSITATISUPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2006, ISBN: 91-554-6616-8; Singh-Zocchi et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem.,75:3941-3945 (2003); Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137(2003); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,958,216; 5,093,268; 6,090,545; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or morepolynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube are combinedwith one or more samples 102, and/or one or more partially purifiedpolynucleotides obtained from one or more samples 102. The one or morepolynucleotides that include one or more carbon nanotubes are allowed tohybridize with one or more polynucleotides that may be present withinthe one or more samples 102. The one or more carbon nanotubes may beexcited (e.g., with an electron beam and/or a ultraviolet laser) and theemission spectra of the excited nanotubes may be correlated withhybridization of the one or more polynucleotides that include at leastone carbon nanotube with one or more polynucleotides that are includedwithin the one or more samples 102. Methods to utilize carbon nanotubesas probes for nucleic acid interaction have been described (e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 6,821,730; herein incorporated by reference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofprotein interaction. Numerous methods based on protein interaction maybe used. In some embodiments, protein interaction may be used toimmobilize one or more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments,protein interaction may be used to separate one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. Examples of such methodsinclude, but are not limited to, those based on ligand binding,protein-protein binding, protein cross-linking, use of green fluorescentprotein, phage display, the two-hybrid system, protein arrays, fiberoptic evanescent wave sensors, chromatographic techniques, fluorescenceresonance energy transfer, regulation of pH to control protein assemblyand/or oligomerization, and the like. For example, tropomyosin is amajor muscle protein in crustaceans that is thought to be a major shrimpallergen 104. Tropomyosin is associated with the well knownactin-troponin-myosin complex. Calcium ion binding to troponin enablestroponin to bind tropomyosin and shift it from the binding sites ofmyosin on the actin proteins. Without the presence of Calcium ion,troponin is no longer able to bind to tropomyosin, and tropomyosin againblocks the binding sites of myosin on the actin proteins. Tropomyosinalso binds to the calcium-binding protein calcyclin (Nelson et al.,Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 1:253-259 (2002) and Liou and Chen,European Journal of Biochemistry, 270:3692-3100 (2003)). Accordingly,protein interactions may be used to separate tropomyosin (allergenindicator 106) from one or more samples 102. Similar methods may be usedwith numerous proteins. Methods that may be used to construct proteinarrays have been described (e.g., Warren et al., Anal. Chem.,76:4082-4092 (2004) and Walter et al., Trends Mol. Med., 8:250-253(2002), U.S. Pat. No. 6,780,582; herein incorporated by reference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of peptideinteraction. Peptides are generally described as being polypeptides thatinclude less than one hundred amino acids. For example, peptides includedipeptides, tripeptides, and the like. In some embodiments, peptides mayinclude from two to one hundred amino acids. In some embodiments,peptides may include from two to fifty amino acids. In some embodiments,peptides may include from two to one twenty amino acids. In someembodiments, peptides may include from ten to one hundred amino acids.In some embodiments, peptides may include from ten to fifty amino acids.Accordingly, peptides can include numerous numbers of amino acids.Numerous methods based on peptide interaction may be used. In someembodiments, peptide interaction may be used to immobilize one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, peptide interaction may beused to separate one or more allergen indicators 106 from one or moresamples 102. Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to,those based on ligand binding, peptide-protein binding, peptide-peptidebinding, peptide-polynucleotide binding, peptide cross-linking, use ofgreen fluorescent protein, phage display, the two-hybrid system, proteinarrays, peptide arrays, fiber optic evanescent wave sensors,chromatographic techniques, fluorescence resonance energy transfer,regulation of pH to control peptide and/or protein assembly and/oroligomerization, and the like. Accordingly, virtually any technique thatmay be used to analyze proteins may be utilized for the analysis ofpeptides. In some embodiments, high-speed capillary electrophoresis maybe used to detect binding through use of fluorescently labeledphosphopeptides as affinity probes (Yang et al., Anal. Chem.,10.1021/ac061936e (2006)). Methods to immobilize proteins and peptideshave been reported (Taylor, Protein Immobilization: Fundamentals andApplications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1991)).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of antibodyinteraction. Antibodies may be raised that will bind to numerousallergen indicators 106 through use of known methods (e.g., Harlow andLane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1988)). Antibodies may be configured innumerous ways within one or more microfluidic chips 108 to process oneor more allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments,antibodies may be coupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108.One or more samples 102 may be passed over the antibodies to facilitatebinding of one or more allergen indicators 106 to the one or moreantibodies to form one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106complexes. A labeled detector antibody that binds to the allergenindicator 106 (or the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex) may thenbe passed over the one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexessuch that the labeled detector antibody will label the allergenindicator 106 (or the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex). Numerouslabels may be used that include, but are not limited to, enzymes,fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spin labels, redox labels,and the like. In other embodiments, antibodies may be coupled to asubstrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or more samples 102 may bepassed over the antibodies to facilitate binding of one or more allergenindicators 106 to the one or more antibodies to form one or moreantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Such binding provides fordetection of the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex through use ofmethods that include, but are not limited to, surface plasmon resonance,conductivity, and the like (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, antibodies may becoupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108 to provide for acompetition assay. One or more samples 102 may be mixed with one or morereagent mixtures that include one or more labeled allergen indicators106. The mixture may then be passed over the antibodies to facilitatebinding of allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 and labeledallergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture to the antibodies. Theunlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 will compete withthe labeled allergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture for bindingto the antibodies. Accordingly, the amount of label bound to theantibodies will vary in accordance with the concentration of unlabeledallergen indicators 106 in the sample 102. In some embodiments, antibodyinteraction may be used in association with microcantilevers to processone or more allergen indicators 106. Methods to constructmicrocantilevers are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,141,385; 6,935,165;6,926,864; 6,763,705; 6,523,392; 6,325,904; herein incorporated byreference). In some embodiments, one or more antibodies may be used inconjunction with one or more aptamers to process one or more samples102. Accordingly, in some embodiments, aptamers and antibodies may beused interchangeably to process one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of chemicalinteraction. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured to utilize chemical extraction to process one or moresamples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102may be mixed with a reagent mixture that includes one or more solventsin which the one or more allergen indicators 106 are soluble.Accordingly, the solvent phase containing the one or more allergenindicators 106 may be separated from the sample phase to provide fordetection of the one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixed with a reagent mixturethat includes one or more chemicals that cause precipitation of one ormore allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, the sample phase may bewashed away from the one or more precipitated allergen indicators 106 toprovide for detection of the one or more allergen indicators 106.Accordingly, reagent mixtures that include numerous types of chemicalsthat interact with one or more allergen indicators 106 may be used.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of diffusion.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more fluid samples 102 through use of anH-filter. For example, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured toinclude a channel through which a fluid sample 102 and a second fluidflow such that the fluid sample 102 and the second fluid undergoparallel flow through the channel without significant mixing of thesample fluid and the second fluid. As the fluid sample 102 and thesecond fluid flow through the channel, one or more allergen indicators106 in the fluid sample 102 may diffuse through the fluid sample 102into the second fluid. Accordingly, such diffusion provides for theseparation of the one or more allergen indicators 106 from the sample102. Methods to construct H-filters have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,742,661; 6,409,832; 6,007,775; 5,974,867; 5,971,158; 5,948,684;5,932,100; 5,716,852; herein incorporated by reference). In someembodiments, diffusion based methods may be combined with immunoassaybased methods to process and detect one or more allergen indicators 106.Methods to conduct microscale diffusion immunoassays have been described(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,213; herein incorporated by reference).Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous waysto process one or more allergen indicators 106 through use of diffusion.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of filtration.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to include one or more filters that have a molecular weightcut-off. For example, a filter may allow molecules of low molecularweight to pass through the filter while disallowing molecules of highmolecular weight to pass through the filter. Accordingly, one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are contained within a sample 102 may beallowed to pass through a filter while larger molecules contained withinthe sample 102 are disallowed from passing through the filter.Accordingly, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may includetwo or more filters that selectively retain, or allow passage, of one ormore allergen indicators 106 through the filters. Such configurationsprovide for selective separation of one or more allergen indicators 106from one or more samples 102. Membranes and filters having numerousmolecular weight cut-offs are commercially available (e.g., Millipore,Billerica, Mass.). In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to provide for dialysis of one or more samples102. For example, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may beconfigured to contain one or more samples 102 in one or more samplechambers that are separated from one or more dialysis chambers by asemi-permeable membrane. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are able to pass through the semi-permeablemembrane may be collected in the dialysis chamber. In other embodiments,one or more allergen indicators 106 may be retained in the one or moresample chambers while other sample 102 components may be separated fromthe one or more allergen indicators 106 by their passage through thesemi-permeable membrane into the dialysis chamber. Accordingly, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include two or moredialysis chambers for selective separation of one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. Semi-permeable membranesand dialysis tubing is available from numerous commercial sources (e.g.,Millipore, Billerica, Mass.; Pierce, Rockford, Ill.; Sigma-Aldrich, St.Louis, Mo.). Methods that may be used for microfiltration have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,210; herein incorporated byreference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use ofchromatography. Numerous chromatographic methods may be used to processone or more samples 102. Examples of such chromatographic methodsinclude, but are not limited to, ion-exchange chromatography, affinitychromatography, gel filtration chromatography, hydroxyapatitechromatography, gas chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, thinlayer chromatography, capillary chromatography, size exclusionchromatography, hydrophobic interaction media, and the like. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of one or more chromatographic methods. Insome embodiments, chromatographic methods may be used to process one ormore samples 102 for one or more allergen indicators 106 that includeone or more polynucleotides. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore samples 102 may be applied to a chromatographic media to which theone or more polynucleotides bind. The remaining components of the sample102 may be washed from the chromatographic media. The one or morepolynucleotides may then be eluted from chromatographic media in a morepurified state. Similar methods may be used to process one or moresamples 102 for one or more allergen indicators 106 that include one ormore proteins or polypeptides (e.g., Mondal and Gupta, Biomol. Eng.,23:59-76 (2006)). Chromatography media able to separate numerous typesof molecules is commercially available (e.g., Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.;Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.; Pfizer, New York, N.Y.; Millipore, Billerica,Mass.; GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of aptamerinteraction. In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may includepolynucleotides (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid; ribonucleic acid; andderivatives of polynucleotides that may include polynucleotides thatinclude modified bases, polynucleotides in which the phosphodiester bondis replaced by a different type of bond, or many other types of modifiedpolynucleotides). In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may includepeptide aptamers. Methods to prepare and use aptamers have beendescribed (e.g., Collett et al., Methods, 37:4-15 (2005); Collet et al.,Anal. Biochem., 338:113-123 (2005); Cox et al., Nucleic Acids Res.,30:20 e108 (2002); Kirby et al., Anal. Chem., 76:4066-4075 (2004);Ulrich, Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., 173:305-326 (2006); Baines and Colas,Drug Discovery Today, 11:334-341 (2006); Guthrie et al., Methods,38:324-330 (2006); Geyer et al., Chapter 13: Selection of Genetic Agentsfrom Random Peptide Aptamer Expression Libraries, Methods in Enzymology,Academic Press, pg. 171-208 (2000); U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,630; hereinincorporated by reference). Aptamers may be configured in numerous wayswithin one or more microfluidic chips 108 to process one or moreallergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, aptamers maybe coupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or moresamples 102 may be passed over the aptamers to facilitate binding of oneor more allergen indicators 106 to the one or more aptamers to form oneor more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Labeled detectorantibodies and/or aptamers that bind to the allergen indicator 106 (orthe aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex) may then be passed over theone or more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that thelabeled detector antibodies and/or aptamers will label the allergenindicator 106 (or the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex). Numerouslabels may be used that include, but are not limited to, enzymes,fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spin labels, redox labels,and the like. In other embodiments, aptamers may be coupled to asubstrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or more samples 102 may bepassed over the aptamers to facilitate binding of one or more allergenindicators 106 to the one or more aptamers to form one or moreaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Such binding provides fordetection of the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex through use ofmethods that include, but are not limited to, surface plasmon resonance,conductivity, and the like (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, aptamers may be coupledto a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108 to provide for acompetition assay. One or more samples 102 may be mixed with one or morereagent mixtures that include one or more labeled allergen indicators106. The mixture may then be passed over the aptamers to facilitatebinding of allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 and labeledallergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture to the aptamers. Theunlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 will compete withthe labeled allergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture for bindingto the aptamers. Accordingly, the amount of label bound to the aptamerswill vary in accordance with the concentration of unlabeled allergenindicators 106 in the sample 102. In some embodiments, aptamerinteraction may be used in association with microcantilevers to processone or more allergen indicators 106. Methods to constructmicrocantilevers are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,141,385; 6,935,165;6,926,864; 6,763,705; 6,523,392; 6,325,904; herein incorporated byreference). In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may be used inconjunction with one or more antibodies to process one or more samples102. In some embodiments, aptamers and antibodies may be usedinterchangeably to process one or more samples 102. Accordingly, in someembodiments, methods and/or systems for processing and/or detectingallergen indicators 106 may utilize antibodies and aptamersinterchangeably and/or in combination.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of electricalconductivity. In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may beprocessed though use of magnetism. For example, in some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be combined with one or more taggedpolynucleotides that are tagged with a ferrous material, such as aferrous bead. The tagged polynucleotides and the polynucleotides in theone or more samples 102 may be incubated to provide hybridized complexesof the tagged polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides.Hybridization will serve to couple one or more ferrous beads to thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 that hybridize with the taggedpolynucleotides. Accordingly, the mixture may be passed over anelectromagnet to immobilize the hybridized complexes. Other componentsin the sample 102 may then be washed away from the hybridized complexes.In some embodiments, a chamber containing the magnetically immobilizedhybridized complexes may be heated to release the sample polynucleotidesfrom the magnetically immobilized tagged polynucleotides. The samplepolynucleotides may then be collected in a more purified state. In otherembodiments, similar methods may be used in conjunction with antibodies,aptamers, peptides, ligands, and the like. Accordingly, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways to utilizemagnetism to process one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be processed though use of eddy currents. Eddycurrent separation uses the principles of electromagnetic induction inconducting materials to separate non-ferrous metals by their differentelectric conductivities. An electrical charge is induced into aconductor by changes in magnetic flux cutting through it. Movingpermanent magnets passing a conductor generates the change in magneticflux. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to include a magnetic rotor such that whenconducting particles move through the changing flux of the magneticrotor, a spiraling current and resulting magnetic field are induced. Themagnetic field of the conducting particles may interact with themagnetic field of the magnetic rotor to impart kinetic energy to theconducting particles. The kinetic energy imparted to the conductingparticles may then be used to direct movement of the conductingparticles. Accordingly, non-ferrous particles, such as metallic beads,may be utilized to process one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be combined with one or moretagged polynucleotides that are tagged with a non-ferrous material, suchas an aluminum bead. The tagged polynucleotides and the polynucleotidesin the one or more samples 102 may be incubated to provide hybridizedcomplexes of the tagged polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides.Hybridization will serve to couple one or more ferrous beads to thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 that hybridize with the taggedpolynucleotides. Accordingly, the mixture may be passed through amagnetic field to impart kinetic energy to the non-ferrous bead. Thiskinetic energy may then be used to separate the hybridized complex. Inother embodiments, similar methods may be used in conjunction withantibodies, aptamers, peptides, ligands, and the like. Accordingly, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways toutilize eddy currents to process one or more samples 102. One or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways to utilizeelectrical conductivity to process one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of isoelectricfocusing. Methods have been described that may be used to constructcapillary isoelectric focusing systems (e.g., Herr et al., Investigationof a miniaturized capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) system using afull-field detection approach, Mechanical Engineering Department,Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Wu and Pawliszyn, Journal ofMicrocolumn Separations, 4:419-422 (1992); Kilar and Hjerten,Electrophoresis, 10:23-29 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,150,813; 7,070,682;6,730,516; herein incorporated by reference). Such systems may bemodified to provide for the processing of one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use ofelectrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofone-dimensional electrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of two-dimensional electrophoresis. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of gradient gel electrophoresis. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess one or more samples 102 through use electrophoresis underdenaturing conditions. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples 102 throughuse electrophoresis under native conditions. One or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to utilize numerous electrophoretic methods.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoassay. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured to process one or more samples 102 through use of enzymelinked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of radioimmuno assay (RIA). In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 through use of enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In someembodiments, such methods may utilize antibodies (e.g., monoclonalantibodies, polyclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, single-chainantibodies, and the like), aptamers, or substantially any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, a labeled antibody and/or aptamer may beused within an immunoassay. In some embodiments, a labeled ligand towhich the antibody and/or aptamer binds may be used within animmunoassay. Numerous types of labels may be utilized. Examples of suchlabels include, but are not limited to, radioactive labels, fluorescentlabels, enzyme labels, spin labels, magnetic labels, gold labels,colorimetric labels, redox labels, and the like. Numerous immunoassaysare known and may be configured for processing one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of one or morecompetition assays. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofone or more polynucleotide based competition assays. One or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to include one or morepolynucleotides coupled to a substrate, such as a polynucleotide array.The one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be further configured so thata sample 102 and/or substantially purified polynucleotides obtained fromone or more samples 102, may be mixed with one or more reagent mixturesthat include one or more labeled polynucleotides to form an analysismixture. This analysis mixture is then passed over the substrate suchthat the labeled polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides areallowed to hybridize to the polynucleotides that are immobilized on thesubstrate. The sample polynucleotides and the labeled polynucleotideswill compete for binding to the polynucleotides that are coupled on thesubstrate. Accordingly, the presence and/or concentration of thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 can be determined through detection ofthe label (e.g., the concentration of the polynucleotides in the sample102 will be inversely related to the amount of label that is bound tothe substrate). Numerous labels may be used that include, but are notlimited to, enzymes, fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spinlabels, redox labels, and the like. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to include one or moreantibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are coupled to asubstrate. The one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be furtherconfigured so that a sample 102 and/or substantially purified samplepolypeptides and/or sample peptides obtained from one or more samples102, may be mixed with one or more reagent mixtures that include one ormore labeled polypeptides and/or labeled peptides to form an analysismixture. This analysis mixture can then be passed over the substratesuch that the labeled polypeptides and/or labeled peptides and thesample polypeptides and/or sample peptides are allowed to bind to theantibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are immobilized onthe substrate. The sample polypeptides and/or sample peptides and thelabeled polypeptides and/or sample peptides will compete for binding tothe antibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are coupled onthe substrate. Accordingly, the presence and/or concentration of thesample polypeptides and/or sample peptides in the sample 102 can bedetermined through detection of the label (e.g., the concentration ofthe sample polypeptides and/or sample peptides in the sample 102 will beinversely related to the amount of label that is bound to thesubstrate). Numerous labels may be used that include, but are notlimited to, enzymes, fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spinlabels, redox labels, and the like. Microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize numerous types of competition assays.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize numerous analysis methods.

At embodiment 1706, module 1510 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for detachable connection to the one or more detectionunits. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to detachably connect to the one or more detection units 122.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detachably connect to microfluidic chips 108 havingdifferent configurations. For example, in some embodiments, a detectionunit 122 may detachably connect to a first microfluidic chip 108 that isconfigured to process and/or analyze one or more food associatedallergen indicators 106 and to a second microfluidic chip 108 that isconfigured to process and/or analyze one or more airborne allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the same detectionunit 122 may be utilized with microfluidic chips 108 that are configuredto process and/or analyze numerous types of samples 102 and allergenindicators 106.

FIG. 18 illustrates alternative embodiments of system 1500 of FIG. 15.FIG. 18 illustrates example embodiments of module 1520. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 1802, an embodiment 1804, anembodiment 1806, an embodiment 1808, and/or an embodiment 1810.

At embodiment 1802, module 1520 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more allergens that are airborne. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured to detectthe one or more allergen indicators 106 that are associated with one ormore allergens 104 that are airborne. Accordingly, in some embodiments,one or more detection units 122 may be configured to operably associatewith the one or more microfluidic chips 108 and to detect one or moreairborne allergens 104. For example, in some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to allow one or more airsamples 102 to contact the one or more microfluidic chips 108 such thatone or more allergen indicators 106 included within the one or more airsamples 102 are retained by the one or more microfluidic chips 108. Insome embodiments, the one or more air samples 102 may be passed througha filter on which one or more airborne allergen indicators 106 arecollected. The collected airborne allergen indicators 106 may then bewashed from the filter and caused to pass over an antibody array towhich the one or more airborne allergen indicators 106 becomeimmobilized. The immobilized airborne allergen indicators 106 may thenbe detected through numerous methods that include, but are not limitedto, electrical conductivity, immunoassay based methods, and the like.Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may be configured to detectthe one or more airborne allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments,one or more detection units 122 may be configured to operably associatewith one or more microfluidic chips 108 such that the one or moredetection units 122 facilitate air flow through the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 to provide for air sampling. For example, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include one or morefans to push and/or pull air through one or more operably associatedmicrofluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may include one or more bellows to push and/or pull air through oneor more operably associated microfluidic chips 108. Detection units 122may be configured in numerous ways to provide for detection of one ormore airborne allergen indicators 106.

At embodiment 1804, module 1520 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to detect the one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or more foodproducts. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for detection of one or more allergens 104 thatare associated with one or more food products. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips 108 and todetect one or more allergen indicators 106 that are associated with oneor more food products. Such allergen indicators 106 have been describedherein and within additional sources (e.g., Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of allergens and Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of isoallergens and variants). Numerous methods maybe used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more food products. Such methods have beendescribed herein. In addition, other detection methods that have beendescribed may be modified to provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or more foodproducts. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more polynucleotides, one or morepolypeptides, one or more portions of one or more polynucleotides,and/or one or more portions of one or more polypeptides that have anucleic acid sequence and/or an amino acid sequence that corresponds to,but is not limited to, one or more of the following accession numbers:X97824, M18780, X14712, M73993, X60688, U08008, AF479772, Y14855,AJ315959, AJ414730, P80208, CAA46782, P81729, AJ404845, X12928, P19656,AJ890020, U31771, Z48967, AF129423, P81943, AF456482, AF327622,AF329829, DR027057, AJ243427, AF05730, AF129424, AF071477, Z78202,U93165, U66076, U32440, AF221501, AF129425, AY081850, AY081852, P81402,AY898658, P80274, AF377948, AF377949, D14059, AY049013, A57106,AY792956, X60043, L34402, L77197, AF093541, AF086821, AF059616,AF092846, AF091737, AY328088, P00785, AJ297410, AJ417552, AJ417553,U81996, P15476, P16348, P20347, P30941, P04403, M17146, AY221641,AY102930, AY102931, U66866, AF066055, AF453947, AY081853, P01089,AF240005, AF091841, AF240006, AAG23840, AAD42942, AF091842, D32206,AY271295, P83834, or AY839230.

At embodiment 1806, module 1520 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals,molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, orhuman autoallergens. In some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect the one or more allergen indicators 106that are associated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites,animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals,autoallergens, human autoallergens, or substantially any combinationthereof Numerous allergen indicators 106 are known to be associated withweeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers,metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or human autoallergens. Such allergenindicators 106 have been described herein and within additional sources(e.g., Allergen Nomenclature: International Union of ImmunologicalSocieties Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee, List of allergens andAllergen Nomenclature: International Union of Immunological SocietiesAllergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee, List of isoallergens and variants).Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured to process one or more samples 102 and provide fordetection of one or more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments,an allergen indicator 106 may be an allergenic particle. For example, insome embodiments, an allergen indicator 106 may include a completepollen particle, such as a pollen particle, a spore, a flake of dander,and the like. In some embodiments, an allergen indicator 106 may be aportion of an allergenic particle. For example, in some embodiments, anallergen indicator 106 may include a portion of a pollen particle (e.g.,polynucleotides, sporoderm, and the like). In some embodiments, allergenindicators 106 may include polynucleotides that are associated with oneor more allergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 mayinclude fragments of polynucleotides that are associated with one ormore allergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 mayinclude polypeptides, peptides, and/or proteins that are associated withone or more allergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106may include polysaccharides that are associated with one or moreallergens 104. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for detection of oneor more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to operably associate with one ormore such microfluidic chips 108 and configured to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106. Numerous detection methods may be used todetect one or more allergen indicators 106. Such methods have beendescribed herein. In addition, detection methods that have beendescribed may be modified to provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be configured to detect and determine a concentration ofone or more allergen indicators 106 that are included within a sample102. For example, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to provide for detection of one or morepolynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106 through detection ofelectrical current produced upon hybridization of the one or morepolynucleotides. Accordingly, in such embodiments, the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to produce an electricalcurrent that is relative to polynucleotide concentration to provide fordetermination of polynucleotide concentration within one or more samples102. Numerous configurations may be used in association with one or moreallergen indicators 106 to provide for determination of allergen 104concentration. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to provide for identification of one or more allergens104. For example, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may include immobilized polynucleotides that selectively hybridizeto one or more polynucleotides that are associated with a known allergenindicator 106. Accordingly, hybridization of one or more polynucleotideswith the one or more immobilized polynucleotides indicates that a sample102 includes one or more allergen indicators 106 that correspond to oneor more known allergens 104. Accordingly, one or more detection units122 may be configured to operably associate with such microfluidic chips108 to provide for specific detection of one or more allergen indicators106. In some embodiments, microfluidic chips 108 and/or detection units122 may be configured to determine the identity and concentration of oneor more allergen indicators 106 that are included within one or moresamples 102.

At embodiment 1808, module 1520 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators with at leastone technique that includes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescenceresonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera,or immunoassay.

In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configuredto detect the one or more allergens 104 with at least one technique thatincludes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection, polynucleotidedetection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescence resonance energytransfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electrical conductivity,isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, filtration, electrophoresis, use of aCCD camera, immunoassay, or substantially any combination thereof. Insome embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured todetect one or more allergen indicators 106 that have been processed byone or more microfluidic chips 108. For example, in some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include a window (e.g., a quartzwindow, a cuvette analog, and/or the like) through which one or moredetection units 122 may determine if one or more allergen indicators 106are present or determine the concentration of one or more allergenindicators 106. In such embodiments, numerous techniques may be used todetect the one or more allergen indicators 106, such as visible lightspectroscopy, ultraviolet light spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy,fluorescence spectroscopy, and the like. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include circuitryand/or electro-mechanical mechanisms to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 present within one or more microfluidic chips 108 througha window in the one or more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of surface plasmon resonance. In someembodiments, the one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one ormore antibodies, aptamers, proteins, peptides, polynucleotides, and thelike, that are bound to a substrate (e.g., a metal film) within the oneor more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, such microfluidicchips 108 may include a prism through which one or more detection units122 may shine light to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 thatinteract with the one or more antibodies, aptamers, proteins, peptides,polynucleotides, and the like, that are bound to a substrate. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include an exposedsubstrate surface that is configured to operably associate with one ormore prisms that are included within one or more detection units 122. Insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include anuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe. In such embodiments, themicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to associate with one or moredetection units 122 that accept the NMR probe and are configured todetect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use of NMRspectroscopy. Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 and detection units122 may be configured in numerous ways to associate with each other toprovide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of spectroscopy. Numerous types of spectroscopic methods maybe used. Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to,ultraviolet spectroscopy, visible light spectroscopy, infraredspectroscopy, x-ray spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, massspectroscopy, plasmon resonance (e.g., Cherif et al., ClinicalChemistry, 52:255-262 (2006) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching, fluorescence resonanceenergy transfer, intrinsic fluorescence, ligand fluorescence, and thelike.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrochemical detection. In some embodiments, one ormore polynucleotides may be detected through electrochemical detection.For example, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide that includes a redoxlabel, such as ferrocene is coupled to a gold electrode. The labeledpolynucleotide forms a stem-loop structure that can self-assemble onto agold electrode by means of facile gold-thiol chemistry. Hybridization ofa sample 102 polynucleotide induces a large conformational change in thesurface-confined polynucleotide structure, which in turn alters theelectron-transfer tunneling distance between the electrode and theredoxable label. The resulting change in electron transfer efficiencymay be measured by cyclic voltammetry (Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci., 100:9134-9137 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem., 75:3941-3945(2003); Singh-Zocchi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610(2003)). Such methods may be used to detect messenger ribonucleic acid,genomic deoxyribonucleic acid, and fragments thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of polynucleotide detection. In some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106 through use of polynucleotide detection.Numerous methods may be used to detect one or more polynucleotides.Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to, those based onpolynucleotide hybridization, polynucleotide ligation, polynucleotideamplification, polynucleotide degradation, and the like. Methods thatutilize intercalation dyes, fluorescence resonance energy transfer,capacitive deoxyribonucleic acid detection, and nucleic acidamplification have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and6,960,437; herein incorporated by reference). Such methods may beadapted to provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.In some embodiments, fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electrontransfer, electrical conductivity, and the like may be used to analyzepolynucleotide interaction. Such methods are known and have beendescribed (e.g., Jarvius, DNA Tools and Microfluidic Systems forMolecular Analysis, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of UppsalaDissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 161, ACTA UNIVERSITATISUPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2006, ISBN: 91-554-6616-8; Singh-Zocchi et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem.,75:3941-3945 (2003); Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137(2003); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,958,216; 5,093,268; 6,090,545; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or morepolynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube may becombined with one or more samples 102, and/or one or more partiallypurified polynucleotides obtained from one or more samples 102. The oneor more polynucleotides that include one or more carbon nanotubes areallowed to hybridize with one or more polynucleotides that may bepresent within the one or more samples 102. The one or more carbonnanotubes may be excited (e.g., with an electron beam and/or aultraviolet laser) and the emission spectra of the excited nanotubes maybe correlated with hybridization of the one or more polynucleotides thatinclude at least one carbon nanotube with one or more polynucleotidesthat are included within the one or more samples 102. Accordingly,polynucleotides that hybridize to one or more allergen indicators 106may include one or more carbon nanotubes. Methods to utilize carbonnanotubes as probes for nucleic acid interaction have been described(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,730; herein incorporated by reference).Numerous other methods based on polynucleotide detection may be used todetect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of fluorescence anisotropy. Fluorescence anisotropy is basedon measuring the steady state polarization of sample 102 fluorescenceimaged in a confocal arrangement. A linearly polarized laser excitationsource preferentially excites fluorescent target molecules withtransition moments aligned parallel to the incident polarization vector.The resultant fluorescence is collected and directed into two channelsthat measure the intensity of the fluorescence polarized both paralleland perpendicular to that of the excitation beam. With these twomeasurements, the fluorescence anisotropy, r, can be determined from theequation: r=(Intensity parallel−Intensity perpendicular)/(Intensityparallel+2(Intensity perpendicular)) where the I terms indicateintensity measurements parallel and perpendicular to the incidentpolarization. Fluorescence anisotropy detection of fluorescent moleculeshas been described. Accordingly, fluorescence anisotropy may be coupledto numerous fluorescent labels as have been described herein and as havebeen described.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET).Fluorescence resonance energy transfer refers to an energy transfermechanism between two fluorescent molecules. A fluorescent donor isexcited at its fluorescence excitation wavelength. This excited state isthen nonradiatively transferred to a second molecule, the fluorescentacceptor. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer may be used withinnumerous configurations to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.For example, in some embodiments, an antibody may be labeled with afluorescent donor and one or more allergen indicators 106 may be labeledwith a fluorescent acceptor. Accordingly, such labeled antibodies andallergen indicators 106 may be used within competition assays to detectthe presence and/or concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106in one or more samples 102. Numerous combinations of fluorescent donorsand fluorescent acceptors may be used to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to emit one or more wavelength of light to excite afluorescent donor and may be configured to detect one or more wavelengthof light emitted by the fluorescent acceptor. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured to acceptone or more microfluidic chips 108 that include a quartz window throughwhich fluorescent light may pass to provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106 through use of fluorescence resonance energytransfer. Accordingly, fluorescence resonance energy transfer may beused in conjunction with competition assays and/or numerous other typesof assays to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electron transfer. Electron transfer is the process bywhich an electron moves from an electron donor to an electron acceptorcausing the oxidation states of the electron donor and the electronacceptor to change. In some embodiments, electron transfer may occurwhen an electron is transferred from one or more electron donors to anelectrode. In some embodiments, electron transfer may be utilized withincompetition assays to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 mayinclude one or more polynucleotides that may be immobilized on one ormore electrodes. The immobilized polynucleotides may be incubated with areagent mixture that includes sample polynucleotides and polynucleotidesthat are tagged with an electron donor. Hybridization of the taggedpolynucleotides to the immobilized polynucleotides allows the electrondonor to transfer an electron to the electrode to produce a detectablesignal. Accordingly, a decrease in signal due to the presence of one ormore polynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106 in the reagentmixture indicates the presence of an allergen indicator 106 in thesample 102. Such methods may be used in conjunction withpolynucleotides, polypeptides, peptides, antibodies, aptamers, and thelike. One or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to utilizenumerous electron transfer based assays to provide for detection of oneor more allergen indicators 106 by a detection unit 122.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of one or more enzyme assays. Numerous enzyme assays may beused to provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.Examples of such enzyme assays include, but are not limited to,beta-galactosidase assays, peroxidase assays, catalase assays, alkalinephosphatase assays, and the like. In some embodiments, enzyme assays maybe configured such that an enzyme will catalyze a reaction involving anenzyme substrate that produces a fluorescent product. Accordingly, oneor more detection units 122 may be configured to detect fluorescenceresulting from the fluorescent product. Enzymes and fluorescent enzymesubstrates are known and are commercially available (e.g.,Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.). In some embodiments, enzyme assays maybe configured as binding assays that provide for detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include a substrate towhich is coupled to one or more antibodies, aptamers, peptides,proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, and the like, that will interactwith one or more allergen indicators 106. One or more samples 102 may bepassed across the substrate such that one or more allergen indicators106 present within the one or more samples 102 will interact with theone or more antibodies, aptamers, peptides, proteins, polynucleotides,ligands, and the like, and be immobilized on the substrate. One or moreantibodies, aptamers, peptides, proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, andthe like, that are labeled with an enzyme may then be passed across thesubstrate such that the one or more labeled antibodies, aptamers,peptides, proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, and the like, will bind tothe one or more immobilized allergen indicators 106. An enzyme substratemay then be introduced to the one or more immobilized enzymes such thatthe enzymes are able to catalyze a reaction involving the enzymesubstrate to produce a fluorescent product. Such assays are oftenreferred to as sandwich assays. Accordingly, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect one or more products of enzyme catalysisto provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrical conductivity. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106through use of electrical conductivity. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more detection units 122 such that the one or more detection units122 can detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrical conductivity. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to include two or more electrodes that areeach coupled to one or more detector polynucleotides. Interaction of anallergen associated polynucleotide, such as hybridization, with twodetector polynucleotides that are coupled to two different electrodeswill complete an electrical circuit. This completed circuit will providefor the flow of a detectable electrical current between the twoelectrodes and thereby provide for detection of one or more allergenassociated polynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, the electrodes may be carbon nanotubes (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.6,958,216; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments,electrodes may include, but are not limited to, one or more conductivemetals, such as gold, copper, iron, silver, platinum, and the like; oneor more conductive alloys; one or more conductive ceramics; and thelike. In some embodiments, electrodes may be selected and configuredaccording to protocols typically used in the computer industry thatinclude, but are not limited to, photolithography, masking, printing,stamping, and the like. In some embodiments, other molecules andcomplexes that interact with one or more allergen indicators 106 may beused to detect the one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrical conductivity. Examples of such molecules and complexesinclude, but are not limited to, proteins, peptides, antibodies,aptamers, and the like. For example, in some embodiments, two or moreantibodies may be immobilized on one or more electrodes such thatcontact of the two or more antibodies with an allergen indicator 106,such as a spore, a pollen particle, a dander particle, and the like,will complete an electrical circuit and facilitate the production of adetectable electrical current. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include electricalconnectors that are able to operably associate with one or moredetection units 122 such that the detection units 122 may detect anelectrical current that is due to interaction of one or more allergenindicators 106 with two or more electrodes. In some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may include electrical connectors that providefor operable association of one or more microfluidic chips 108 with theone or more detection units 122. In some embodiments, the one or moredetectors are configured for detachable connection to one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122may be configured in numerous ways to process one or more samples 102and detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106through use of isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, nativeisoelectric focusing may be utilized to process and/or detect one ormore allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, denaturingisoelectric focusing may be utilized to process and/or detect one ormore allergen indicators 106. Methods to construct microfluidic channelsthat may be used for isoelectric focusing have been reported (e.g.,Macounova et al., Anal Chem., 73:1627-1633 (2001); Macounova et al.,Anal Chem., 72:3745-3751 (2000); Herr et al., Investigation of aminiaturized capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) system using afull-field detection approach, Mechanical Engineering Department,Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Wu and Pawliszyn, Journal ofMicrocolumn Separations, 4:419-422 (1992); Kilar and Hjerten,Electrophoresis, 10:23-29 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,150,813; 7,070,682;6,730,516; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 through use of methods that include isoelectric focusing. Insome embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more such microfluidic chips 108 suchthat the one or more detection units 122 can be used to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that have been focused within one or moremicrofluidic channels of the one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured toinclude one or more CCD cameras that can be used to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be configured to include one or more spectrometers thatcan be used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Numeroustypes of spectrometers may be utilized to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 following isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, oneor more detection units 122 may be configured to utilize refractiveindex to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured tocombine one or more samples 102 with one or more reagent mixtures thatinclude one or more binding molecules and/or binding complexes that bindto one or more allergen indicators 106 that may be present within theone or more samples 102 to form an allergen indicator-bindingmolecule/binding complex. Examples of such binding molecules and/orbinding complexes that bind to one or more allergen indicators 106include, but are not limited to, antibodies, aptamers, peptides,proteins, polynucleotides, and the like. In some embodiments, anallergen indicator-binding molecule/binding complex may be processedthrough use of isoelectric focusing and then detected with one or moredetection units 122. In some embodiments, one or more binding moleculesand/or one or more binding complexes may include a label. Numerouslabels may be used and include, but are not limited to, radioactivelabels, fluorescent labels, colorimetric labels, spin labels,fluorescent labels, and the like. Accordingly, in some embodiments, anallergen indicator-binding molecule (labeled)/binding complex (labeled)may be processed through use of isoelectric focusing and then detectedwith one or more detection units 122 that are configured to detect theone or more labels. Microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122 maybe configured in numerous ways to process one or more samples 102 anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 though use of isoelectricfocusing.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of chromatographic methodology alone or in combination withadditional processing and/or detection methods. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators106 through use of chromatographic methods. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips 108 anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 that were processed throughuse of chromatographic methods. In some embodiments, the one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to operably associate with one ormore microfluidic chips 108 and supply solvents and other reagents tothe one or more microfluidic chips 108. For example, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include pumps andsolvent/buffer reservoirs that are configured to supply solvent/bufferflow through chromatographic media (e.g., a chromatographic column) thatis operably associated with one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more microfluidic chips 108 and beconfigured to utilize one or more methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Numerous types of chromatographic methods and media maybe used to process one or more samples 102 and provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106. Chromatographic methods include,but are not limited to, low pressure liquid chromatography, highpressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), microcapillary low pressureliquid chromatography, microcapillary high pressure liquidchromatography, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography,gel filtration chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, thin layerchromatography, paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and the like.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to include one or more high pressure microcapillary columns.Methods that may be used to prepare microcapillary HPLC columns (e.g.,columns with a 100 micrometer-500 micrometer inside diameter) have beendescribed (e.g., Davis et al., Methods, A Companion to Methods inEnzymology, 6: Micromethods for Protein Structure Analysis, ed. by JohnE. Shively, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, 304-314 (1994); Swiderek etal., Trace Structural Analysis of Proteins. Methods of Enzymology, ed.by Barry L. Karger & William S. Hancock, Spectrum, Publisher Services,271, Chap. 3, 68-86 (1996); Moritz and Simpson, J. Chromatogr.,599:119-130 (1992)). In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to include one or more affinity columns. Methodsto prepare affinity columns have been described. Briefly, a biotinylatedsite may be engineered into a polypeptide, peptide, aptamer, antibody,or the like. The biotinylated protein may then be incubated with avidincoated polystyrene beads and slurried in Tris buffer. The slurry maythen be packed into a capillary affinity column through use of highpressure packing. Affinity columns may be prepared that may include oneor more molecules and/or complexes that interact with one or moreallergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, one or moreaptamers that bind to one or more allergen indicators 106 may be used toconstruct an affinity column. Accordingly, numerous chromatographicmethods may be used alone, or in combination with additional methods, toprocess and detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Numerousdetection methods may be used in combination with numerous types ofchromatographic methods. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122may be configured to utilize numerous detection methods to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that are processed through use of one ormore chromatographic methods. Examples of such detection methodsinclude, but are not limited to, conductivity detection, use ofion-specific electrodes, refractive index detection, colorimetricdetection, radiological detection, detection by retention time,detection through use of elution conditions, spectroscopy, and the like.For example, in some embodiments, one or more chromatographic markersmay be added to one or more samples 102 prior to the samples 102 beingapplied to a chromatographic column. One or more detection units 122that are operably associated with the chromatographic column may beconfigured to detect the one or more chromatographic markers and use theelution time and/or position of the chromatographic markers as acalibration tool for use in detecting one or more allergen indicators106 if those allergen indicators 106 are eluted from the chromatographiccolumn. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to utilize one or more ion-specific electrodes to detect oneor more allergen indicators 106. For example, such electrodes may beused to detect allergen indicators 106 that include, but are not limitedto, metals (e.g., tin, silver, nickel, cobalt, chromate), nitrates,nitrites, sulfites, and the like. Such allergen indicators 106 are oftenassociated with food, beverages, clothing, jewelry, and the like.Accordingly, chromatographic methods may be used in combination withadditional methods and in combination with numerous types of detectionmethods.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoprecipitation. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of immunoprecipitation. In some embodiments,immunoprecipitation may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoprecipitation. For example, in some embodiments, one or moresamples 102 may be combined with one or more antibodies that bind to oneor more allergen indicators 106 to form one or more antibody-allergenindicator 106 complexes. An insoluble form of an antibody bindingconstituent, such as protein A (e.g., protein A-sepharose bead, proteinA-magnetic bead, protein A-ferrous bead, protein A-non-ferrous bead, andthe like), Protein G, a second antibody, an aptamer, and the like, maythen be mixed with the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex such thatthe insoluble antibody binding constituent binds to theantibody-allergen indicator 106 complex and provides for precipitationof the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex. Such complexes may beseparated from other sample 102 components to provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments,sample 102 components may be washed away from the precipitatedantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 that are configured for immunoprecipitationmay be operably associated with one or more centrifugation units 118 toassist in precipitating one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106complexes. In some embodiments, aptamers (polypeptide and/orpolynucleotide) may be used in combination with antibodies or in placeof antibodies. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofnumerous detection methods in combination with immunoprecipitation basedmethods.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoseparation. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of immunoseparation. In some embodiments,immunoseparation may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoseparation. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples102 may be combined with one or more antibodies that bind to one or moreallergen indicators 106 to form one or more antibody-allergen indicator106 complexes. An antibody binding constituent may be added that bindsto the antibody-allergen complex.

Examples of such antibody binding constituents that may be used alone orin combination include, but are not limited to, protein A (e.g., proteinA-sepharose bead, protein A-magnetic bead, protein A-ferrous bead,protein A-non-ferrous bead, and the like), Protein G, a second antibody,an aptamer, and the like. Such antibody binding constituents may bemixed with an antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex such that theantibody binding constituent binds to the antibody-allergen indicator106 complex and provides for separation of the antibody-allergenindicator 106 complex. In some embodiments, the antibody bindingconstituent may include a tag that allows the antibody bindingconstituent and complexes that include the antibody binding constituentto be separated from other components in one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, the antibody binding constituent may include a ferrousmaterial. Accordingly, antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes may beseparated from other sample 102 components through use of a magnet, suchas an electromagnet. In some embodiments, an antibody bindingconstituent may include a non-ferrous metal. Accordingly,antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes may be separated from othersample 102 components through use of an eddy current to direct movementof one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In someembodiments, two or more forms of an antibody binding constituents maybe used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, insome embodiments, a first antibody binding constituent may be coupled toa ferrous material and a second antibody binding constituent may becoupled to a non-ferrous material. Accordingly, the first antibodybinding constituent and the second antibody binding constituent may bemixed with antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that the firstantibody binding constituent and the second antibody binding constituentbind to antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes that include differentallergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in such embodiments, differentallergen indicators 106 from a single sample 102 and/or a combination ofsamples 102 may be separated through use of direct magnetic separationin combination with eddy current based separation. In some embodiments,one or more samples 102 may be combined with one or more antibodies thatbind to one or more allergen indicators 106 to form one or moreantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, the oneor more antibodies may include one or more tags that provide forseparation of the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Forexample, in some embodiments, an antibody may include a tag thatincludes one or more magnetic beads, a ferrous material, a non-ferrousmetal, an affinity tag, a size exclusion tag (e.g., a large bead that isexcluded from entry into chromatographic media such thatantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes pass through a chromatographiccolumn in the void volume), and the like. Accordingly, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of numerous detection methods in combinationwith immunoseparation based methods. In some embodiments, aptamers(polypeptide and/or polynucleotide) may be used in combination withantibodies or in place of antibodies.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of aptamer binding. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of aptamer binding. In some embodiments,aptamer binding may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofaptamer binding. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples102 may be combined with one or more aptamers that bind to one or moreallergen indicators 106 to form one or more aptamer-allergen indicator106 complexes. In some embodiments, aptamer binding constituents may beadded that bind to the aptamer-allergen complex. Numerous aptamerbinding constituents may be utilized. For example, in some embodiments,one or more aptamers may include one or more tags to which one or moreaptamer binding constituents may bind. Examples of such tags include,but are not limited to, biotin, avidin, streptavidin, histidine tags,nickel tags, ferrous tags, non-ferrous tags, and the like. In someembodiments, one or more tags may be conjugated with a label to providefor detection of one or more complexes. Examples of such tag-labelconjugates include, but are not limited to, Texas red conjugated avidin,alkaline phosphatase conjugated avidin, CY2 conjugated avidin, CY3conjugated avidin, CY3.5 conjugated avidin, CY5 conjugated avidin, CY5.5conjugated avidin, fluorescein conjugated avidin, glucose oxidaseconjugated avidin, peroxidase conjugated avidin, rhodamine conjugatedavidin, agarose conjugated anti-protein A, alkaline phosphataseconjugated protein A, anti-protein A, fluorescein conjugated protein A,IRDye® 800 conjugated protein A, peroxidase conjugated protein A,sepharose protein A, alkaline phosphatase conjugated streptavidin, AMCAconjugated streptavidin, anti-streptavidin (Streptomyces avidinii)(rabbit) IgG Fraction, beta-galactosidase conjugated streptavidin, CY2conjugated streptavidin, CY3 conjugated streptavidin, CY3.5 conjugatedstreptavidin, CY5 conjugated streptavidin, CY5.5 conjugatedstreptavidin, fluorescein conjugated streptavidin, IRDye® 700DXconjugated streptavidin, IRDye® 800 conjugated streptavidin, IRDye®800CW conjugated streptavidin, peroxidase conjugated streptavidin,phycoerythrin conjugated streptavidin, rhodamine conjugatedstreptavidin, Texas red conjugated streptavidin, alkaline phosphataseconjugated biotin, anti-biotin (rabbit) IgG fraction, beta-galactosidaseconjugated biotin, glucose oxidase conjugated biotin, peroxidaseconjugated biotin, alkaline phosphatase conjugated protein G,anti-protein G (rabbit) Agarose conjugated, anti-protein G (Rabbit) IgGfraction, fluorescein conjugated protein G, IRDye® 800 conjugatedprotein G, peroxidase conjugated protein G, and the like. Many suchlabeled tags are commercially available (e.g., Rockland Immunochemicals,Inc., Gilbertsville, Pa.). Such labels may also be used in associationwith other methods to process and detect one or more allergen indicators106. Aptamer binding constituents may be mixed with an aptamer-allergenindicator 106 complex such that the aptamer binding constituent binds tothe aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex and provides for separationof the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex. In some embodiments, theaptamer binding constituent may include a tag that allows the aptamerbinding constituent and complexes that include the aptamer bindingconstituent to be separated from other components in one or more samples102. In some embodiments, the aptamer binding constituent may include aferrous material. Accordingly, aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexesmay be separated from other sample 102 components through use of amagnet, such as an electromagnet. In some embodiments, an aptamerbinding constituent may include a non-ferrous metal. Accordingly,aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes may be separated from othersample 102 components through use of an eddy current to direct movementof one or more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In someembodiments, two or more forms of aptamer binding constituents may beused to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in someembodiments, a first aptamer binding constituent may be coupled to aferrous material and a second aptamer binding constituent may be coupledto a non-ferrous material. Accordingly, the first aptamer bindingconstituent and the second aptamer binding constituent may be mixed withaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that the first aptamerbinding constituent and the second aptamer binding constituent bind toaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes that include different allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, in such embodiments, different allergenindicators 106 from a single sample 102 and/or a combination of samples102 may be separated through use of direct magnetic separation incombination with eddy current based separation. In some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be combined with one or more aptamers that bindto one or more allergen indicators 106 to form one or moreaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, the oneor more aptamer may include one or more tags that provide for separationof the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. For example, in someembodiments, an aptamer may include a tag that includes one or moremagnetic beads, a ferrous material, a non-ferrous metal, an affinitytag, a size exclusion tag (e.g., a large bead that is excluded fromentry into chromatographic media such that antibody-allergen indicator106 complexes pass through a chromatographic column in the void volume),and the like. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofnumerous detection methods in combination with aptamer binding basedmethods. In some embodiments, antibodies may be used in combination withaptamers or in place of aptamers.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of electrophoresis. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more detection units 122. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to operably associate withone or more microfluidic chips 108 and detect one or more allergenindicators 106 that were processed through use of electrophoresis.Numerous electrophoretic methods may be utilized to provide fordetection of one or more allergen indicators 106. Examples of suchelectrophoretic methods include, but are not limited to, capillaryelectrophoresis, one-dimensional electrophoresis, two-dimensionalelectrophoresis, native electrophoresis, denaturing electrophoresis,polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, agarose gel electrophoresis, and thelike. Numerous detection methods may be used in combination with one ormore electrophoretic methods to detect one or more allergen indicators106. In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may bedetected according to the position to which the one or more allergenindicators 106 migrate within an electrophoretic field (e.g., acapillary and/or a gel). In some embodiments, the position of one ormore allergen indicators 106 may be compared to one or more standards.For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixedwith one or more molecular weight markers prior to gel electrophoresis.The one or more samples 102, that include the one or more molecularweight markers, may be subjected to electrophoresis and then the gel maybe stained. In such embodiments, the molecular weight markers may beused as a reference to detect one or more allergen indicators 106present within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one ormore components that are known to be present within one or more samples102 may be used as a reference to detect one or more allergen indicators106 present within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, gelshift assays may be used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.For example, in some embodiments, a sample 102 (e.g., a single sample102 or combination of multiple samples 102) may be split into a firstsample 102 and a second sample 102. The first sample 102 may be mixedwith an antibody, aptamer, ligand, or other molecule and/or complex thatbinds to the one or more allergen indicators 106. The first and secondsamples 102 may then be subjected to electrophoresis. The gelscorresponding to the first sample 102 and the second sample 102 may thenbe analyzed to determine if one or more allergen indicators 106 arepresent within the one or more samples 102. Microfluidic chips 108 anddetection units 122 may be configured in numerous ways to process anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrophoresis.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of one or more charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 that include one or moreCCD cameras may be configured to operably associate with one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Such detection units 122 may be utilized incombination with numerous processing methods. Examples of such methodsinclude, but are not limited to, electrophoresis; competition assays;methods based on polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction,peptide interaction, antibody interaction, aptamer interaction,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, and the like. For example, insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto process one or more samples 102 through use of immunoprecipitation.In some embodiments, one or more antibodies may be conjugated to afluorescent label such that binding of one or more labeled antibodies toone or more allergen indicators 106 included within one or more samples102 will form a fluorescently labeled antibody-allergen indicator 106complex. One or more insoluble allergen indicator 106 bindingconstituents, such as a sepharose bead that includes an antibody oraptamer that binds to the one or more allergen indicators 106, may bebound to the fluorescently labeled antibody-allergen indicator 106complex and used to precipitate the complex. One or more detection units122 that include a CCD camera that is configured to detect fluorescentemission from the one or more fluorescent labels may be used to detectthe one or more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one ormore CCD cameras may be configured to utilize dark frame subtraction tocancel background and increase sensitivity of the camera. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include one or morefilters to select and/or filter wavelengths of energy that can bedetected by one or more CCD cameras (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,065;herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may include polarized lenses. One or more detectionunits 122 may be configured in numerous ways to utilize one or more CCDcameras to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to operably associate with one ormore such microfluidic chips 108 and to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 associated with the use of immunoassay. Numerous types ofdetection methods may be used in combination with immunoassay basedmethods. In some embodiments, a label may be used within one or moreimmunoassays that may be detected by one or more detection units 122.Examples of such labels include, but are not limited to, fluorescentlabels, spin labels, fluorescence resonance energy transfer labels,radiolabels, electrochemiluminescent labels (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.5,093,268; 6,090,545; herein incorporated by reference), and the like.In some embodiments, electrical conductivity may be used in combinationwith immunoassay based methods.

At embodiment 1810, module 1520 may include. In some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be calibrated for an individual. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be calibrated to detectone or more specific allergens 104 and/or allergen indicators 106 thatproduce an allergic response by an individual. For example, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be calibrated to detectpeanuts and/or peanut associated products for an individual who isallergic to peanuts. In some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may be calibrated to detect different concentrations of allergenindicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, an individual mayproduce an allergic response if exposed to an allergen 104 at aconcentration that is above a certain level. Accordingly, in someembodiments, a detection unit 122 may be calibrated to detect one ormore concentrations of one or more allergen indicators 106 that producean allergic response within an individual.

FIG. 19 illustrates alternative embodiments of system 1500 of FIG. 15.FIG. 19 illustrates example embodiments of module 1530. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 1902, an embodiment 1904, anembodiment 1906, an embodiment 1908, an embodiment 1910, and/or anembodiment 1912.

At embodiment 1902, module 1530 may include one or more display unitsthat are passive display units. In some embodiments, one or more displayunits 124 may display results of the detecting with one or more displayunits 124 that are passive display units 124. In some embodiments, oneor more display units 124 may include one or more liquid crystaldisplays (LCD). Methods to construct passive displays have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,807,967; 4,729,636: 4,436,378;4,257,041; herein incorporated by reference).

At embodiment 1904, module 1530 may include one or more display unitsthat are active display units. In some embodiments, one or more displayunits 124 may display results of the detecting with one or more displayunits 124 that are active display units 124. Numerous active displayunits 124 are known and include, but are not limited to, quarter-videographics array (QVGA), video graphics array (VGA), super video graphicsarray (SVGA), extended graphics array (XGA), wide extended graphicsarray (WXGA), super extended graphics array (SXGA), ultra extendedgraphics array (UXGA), wide super extended graphics array (WSXGA), wideultra extended graphics array (WUXGA).

At embodiment 1906, module 1530 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergens withinthe one or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more display units124 may indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergenindicators 106 within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may use a colorimetric message to indicatea presence or an absence of one or more allergen indicators 106 withinone or more samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may display a green light if one or more allergenindicators 106 are not found within one or more samples 102 and a redlight if one or more allergen indicators 106 are found within one ormore samples 102. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 mayuse a pictographic message to indicate a presence or an absence of oneor more allergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may displaya smiley face if one or more allergen indicators 106 are not foundwithin one or more samples 102 and a frowny face if one or more allergenindicators 106 are found within one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may use a typographicalmessage to indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergenindicators 106 within one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may display an “Allergen NotPresent” message if one or more allergen indicators 106 are not foundwithin one or more samples 102 and an “Allergen Present” message if oneor more allergen indicators 106 are found within one or more samples102. Such messages may be displayed in numerous languages. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may display one or moremessages in multiple formats. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore messages may be displayed in colored text.

At embodiment 1908, module 1530 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate an identity of one or more allergens present within theone or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124may indicate an identity of one or more allergens 104 present within theone or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one or more display units124 may be operably associated with one or more microfluidic chips 108that are configured to identify one or more allergen indicators 106.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may beconfigured to display the identity of one or more allergens 104 that arepresent and/or absent from one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, a display unit 124 may be configured to indicate a presenceor an absence of beta-lactoglobulin in a food product.

At embodiment 1910, module 1530 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate one or more concentrations of one or more allergens withinthe one or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more display units124 may indicate one or more concentrations of one or more allergens 104within the one or more samples 102. Concentration may be displayed innumerous formats. For example, in some embodiments, concentration may beexpressed numerically (e.g., mass allergen indicator 106 per volumesample 102 (e.g., milligrams per milliliter), mass allergen indicator106 per mass sample 102 (e.g., milligrams per milligram of sample),parts per million, and the like). In some embodiments, concentration maybe expressed graphically. For example, in some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may include a display having a gray scale on which theconcentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 that are presentwithin one or more samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., higherconcentrations of one or more allergens 104 may be displayed as darkgray while lower concentrations of one or more allergens 104 may bedisplayed as light gray). In some embodiments, one or more display units124 may include a display having a color scale on which theconcentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 that are presentwithin one or more samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., lowconcentrations of one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicatedby a green light, intermediate concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 may be indicated by a yellow light, high concentrationsof one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicated by a red light).In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may be calibrated toan individual. For example, in such embodiments, an individual may usethe display to obtain an immediate reading that will indicate if a foodproduct contains a dangerous level of one or more allergens 104.

At embodiment 1912, module 1530 may include. In some embodiments, one ormore display units 124 may be calibrated for an individual. In someembodiments, one or or more display units 124 may be calibrated todisplay whether one or more allergens 104, and/or allergen indicators106, that are specific to an individual are present or absent within oneor more samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may be configured to display whether one or moresamples 102 contain shellfish associated allergens 104 for an individualknown to be allergic to shellfish. In some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may be calibrated to indicate safe and/or unsafeconcentrations of one or more allergens 104 within one or more samples102 for an individual.

FIG. 20 illustrates a system 2000 representing examples of modules thatmay be used to perform a method for analysis of one or more allergens104. In FIG. 20, discussion and explanation may be provided with respectto the above-described example of FIG. 1, and/or with respect to otherexamples and contexts. However, it should be understood that theoperations may be executed in a number of other environments andcontexts, and/or modified versions of FIG. 1. Also, although the variousmodules are presented in the sequence(s) illustrated, it should beunderstood that the various modules may be configured in numerousorientations.

The system 2000 includes module 2010 that includes one or moremicrofluidic chips configured for analysis of one or more samples forone or more allergen indicators. In some embodiments, module 2010 mayinclude one or more microfluidic chips configured for detachableconnection to the one or more detection units. In some embodiments,module 2010 may include one or more microfluidic chips configured fordetachable connection to the one or more reagent delivery units. In someembodiments, module 2010 may include one or more microfluidic chipsconfigured for detachable connection to the one or more detection unitsand configured for detachable connection to the one or more reagentdelivery units. In some embodiments, module 2010 may include one or moremicrofluidic chips configured for analysis of the one or more samplesthat include one or more liquids. In some embodiments, module 2010 mayinclude one or more microfluidic chips configured for analysis of theone or more samples that include one or more solids. In someembodiments, module 2010 may include one or more microfluidic chipsconfigured for analysis of the one or more samples that include one ormore gases. In some embodiments, module 2010 may include one or moremicrofluidic chips configured for analysis of the one or more samplesfor the one or more allergen indicators that are associated with one ormore airborne allergens. In some embodiments, module 2010 may includeone or more microfluidic chips configured for analysis of the one ormore samples for the one or more allergen indicators that are associatedwith one or more food products. In some embodiments, module 2010 mayinclude one or more microfluidic chips configured for analysis of theone or more samples for the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals,molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, orhuman autoallergens. In some embodiments, module 2010 may include one ormore microfluidic chips configured for analysis of the one or moreallergen indicators through use of polynucleotide interaction, proteininteraction, peptide interaction, antibody interaction, chemicalinteraction, diffusion, filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis,immunoassay, or competition assay.

The system 2000 includes module 2020 that includes one or more reagentdelivery units configured to deliver one or more reagents to the one ormore microfluidic chips. In some embodiments, module 2020 may includeone or more reagent delivery units configured for detachable connectionto the one or more microfluidic chips. In some embodiments, module 2020may include one or more reagent reservoirs. In some embodiments, module2020 may include one or more waste reservoirs. In some embodiments,module 2020 may include one or more reagent delivery units physicallycoupled to the one or more microfluidic chips. In some embodiments,module 2020 may include one or more reagent delivery units that includeone or more pumps.

The system 2000 includes module 2030 that includes one or more detectionunits configured to detect the one or more allergen indicators. In someembodiments, module 2030 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more allergens that are airborne. In someembodiments, module 2030 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, module2030 may include one or more detection units configured to detect theone or more allergen indicators that are associated with one or moreweeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers,metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or human autoallergens. In someembodiments, module 2030 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators with at leastone technique that includes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescenceresonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera,or immunoassay. In some embodiments, module 2030 may include.

The system 2000 may optionally include module 2040 that includes one ormore display units operably associated with the one or more detectionunits. In some embodiments, module 2040 may include one or more displayunits that are passive display units. In some embodiments, module 2040may include one or more display units that are active display units. Insome embodiments, module 2040 may include one or more display units thatindicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergens within theone or more samples. In some embodiments, module 2040 may include one ormore display units that indicate an identity of one or more allergenspresent within the one or more samples. In some embodiments, module 2040may include one or more display units that indicate one or moreconcentrations of one or more allergens within the one or more samples.In some embodiments, module 2040 may include.

FIG. 21 illustrates alternative embodiments of system 2000 of FIG. 20.FIG. 21 illustrates example embodiments of module 2010. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 2102, an embodiment 2104, anembodiment 2106, an embodiment 2108, and/or an embodiment 2110.

At embodiment 2102, module 2010 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for detachable connection to the one or more detectionunits. In some embodiments, a system may include one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 configured for detachable connection to the oneor more detection units 122. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to detachably connect tomicrofluidic chips 108 having different configurations. For example, insome embodiments, a detection unit 122 may detachably connect to a firstmicrofluidic chip 108 that is configured to process and/or analyze oneor more food associated allergen indicators 106 and to a secondmicrofluidic chip 108 that is configured to process and/or analyze oneor more airborne allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in someembodiments, the same detection unit 122 may be utilized withmicrofluidic chips 108 that are configured to process and/or analyzenumerous types of samples 102 and allergen indicators 106.

At embodiment 2104, module 2010 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for detachable connection to the one or more reagentdelivery units. In some embodiments, a system may include one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 configured for detachable connection to the oneor more reagent delivery units 116. Numerous types of connectors may beutilized to detachably connect one or more microfluidic chips 108 to oneor more reagent delivery units 116. Examples of such connectors include,but are not limited to, leur lock connectors, friction connectors,threaded connectors, septa, quick connect/disconnect type connectors,and the like. In some embodiments, two or more different microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to detachably connect to one or more reagentdelivery units 116 but may be configured to process, analyze, and/ordetect different types of allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, one ormore reagent delivery units 116 may be configured to detachably connectto microfluidic chips 108 that are configured to process, analyze,and/or detect different types of allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, such configurations provide for the use of reagent deliveryunits 116 that may include numerous types of reagents that may providefor processing, analysis, and/or detection of numerous types of allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, systems that include such configurationsmay be configured to be portable such that they may be used in fieldsituations. In some embodiments, such systems may be self-contained suchthat one or more reagent delivery units 116 may include one or morereagent reservoirs and one or more waste reservoirs. In someembodiments, such systems provide for repeated connection of single usemicrofluidic chips 108 for the analysis of one or more allergenindicators 106.

At embodiment 2106, module 2010 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for detachable connection to the one or more detectionunits and configured for detachable connection to the one or morereagent delivery units. In some embodiments, a system may include one ormore microfluidic chips 108 configured for detachable connection to theone or more detection units 122 and configured for detachable connectionto the one or more reagent delivery units 116.

In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configuredto detachably connect to microfluidic chips 108 having differentconfigurations. For example, in some embodiments, a detection unit 122may detachably connect to a first microfluidic chip 108 that isconfigured to process and/or analyze one or more food associatedallergen indicators 106 and to a second microfluidic chip 108 that isconfigured to process and/or analyze one or more airborne allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the same detectionunit 122 may be utilized with microfluidic chips 108 that are configuredto process and/or analyze numerous types of samples 102 and allergenindicators 106.

Numerous types of connectors may be utilized to detachably connect oneor more microfluidic chips 108 to one or more reagent delivery units116. Examples of such connectors include, but are not limited to, leurlock connectors, friction connectors, threaded connectors, septa, quickconnect/disconnect type connectors, and the like. In some embodiments,two or more different microfluidic chips 108 may be configured todetachably connect to one or more reagent delivery units 116 but may beconfigured to process, analyze, and/or detect different types ofallergen indicators 106. Accordingly, one or more reagent delivery units116 may be configured to detachably connect to microfluidic chips 108that are configured to process, analyze, and/or detect different typesof allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, such configurationsprovide for the use of reagent delivery units 116 that may includenumerous types of reagents that may provide for processing, analysis,and/or detection of numerous types of allergen indicators 106.Accordingly, systems that include such configurations may be configuredto be portable such that they may be used in field situations. In someembodiments, such systems may be self-contained such that one or morereagent delivery units 116 may include one or more reagent reservoirsand one or more waste reservoirs. In some embodiments, such systemsprovide for repeated connection of single use microfluidic chips 108 forthe analysis of one or more allergen indicators 106.

At embodiment 2108, module 2010 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more samples that includeone or more liquids. In some embodiments, a system may include one ormore microfluidic chips 108 configured for analysis of the one or moresamples 102 that include one or more liquids. Microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured for analysis of numerous types of liquids. Examples ofsuch liquids include, but are not limited to, beverages, water, foodproducts, solvents, and the like. In some embodiments, a microfluidicchip 108 may be configured to analyze one or more solvents that includeone or more dissolved metal samples 102. For example, metal may becontacted with a solvent to obtain a sample 102 of the metal. Thesolvent may then be delivered to a microfluidic chip 108 for analysis.Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous wayssuch that they may analyze one or more samples 102 that include aliquid.

At embodiment 2110, module 2010 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more samples that includeone or more solids. In some embodiments, a system may include one ormore microfluidic chips 108 configured for analysis of the one or moresamples 102 that include one or more solids. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to suspend a solid sample 102in a fluid. In some embodiments, such microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to crush a sample 102 into smaller particles. For example, insome embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may crush a solid sample 102.In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or moresonicators that break a sample 102 into smaller particles to facilitatedetection of one or more allergen indicators 106 that may be presentwithin the sample 102. For example, in some embodiments, solid sporesmay be broken into smaller particles to provide for detection of one ormore polynucleotides that are associated with the spores. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to analyze one ormore samples 102 that include metal. For example, in some embodiments, amicrofluidic chip 108 may be configured to accept a metal sample 102(e.g., from a piece of jewelry). In such embodiments, a microfluidicchip 108 may be configured to dissolve the metal sample 102 in asuitable solvent. For example, the metal sample 102 may be dissolved inhydrochloric acid media and then tin may be extracted from thehydrochloric acid with 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexylester in toluene. The extracted tin may then be detected through use ofan ion-specific electrode. Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured in numerous ways such that they may analyze one or moresamples 102 that include a solid.

FIG. 22 illustrates alternative embodiments of system 2000 of FIG. 20.FIG. 22 illustrates example embodiments of module 2010. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 2202, an embodiment 2204, anembodiment 2206, an embodiment 2208, and/or an embodiment 2210.

At embodiment 2202, module 2010 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more samples that includeone or more gases. In some embodiments, a system may include one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 that are configured for analysis of the one ormore samples 102 that include one or more gases. For example, in someembodiments, one or more gases that are being analyzed may be passedthrough one or more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, gas maybe pumped through a microfluidic chip 108. In some embodiments, gas maybe drawn through a microfluidic chip 108 through use of a vacuum. Insome embodiments, gas may be passed through a filter on which suspectedallergen indicators 106 are collected for analysis. Accordingly, largevolumes of gas may be analyzed. In some embodiments, one or more gasesmay be analyzed for one or more allergen indicators 106 that include oneor more metals. For example, gases may be analyzed for metals that areassociated with tanks in which the gases are stored, such as iron,steel, aluminum, and the like.

At embodiment 2204, module 2010 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more samples for the one ormore allergen indicators that are associated with one or more airborneallergens. In some embodiments, a system may include one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 that are configured for analysis of the one ormore samples 102 for the one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more airborne allergens 104. Examples of suchairborne allergens 104 include, but are not limited to, pollen, dander,seeds, exhaust particles (e.g., diesel exhaust) and the like. In someembodiments, the allergen indicators 106 may be collected within one ormore microfluidic chips 108 through filtering air that is passed throughthe one or more microfluidic chips 108. Such filtering may occur throughnumerous mechanisms that may include, but are not limited to, use ofphysical filters, passing air through a fluid bubble chamber, passingthe air through an electrostatic filter, and the like.

At embodiment 2206, module 2010 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more samples for the one ormore allergen indicators that are associated with one or more foodproducts. In some embodiments, a system may include one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 that are configured for analysis of the one ormore samples 102 for the one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more food products. Such allergen indicators 106are described herein and are known. For example, in some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to analyze one ormore food products at a restaurant to facilitate detection of a presenceor an absence of an allergen indicator 106 within the food product, suchas a presence of one or more allergen indicators 106 associated withnuts, dairy products, crustaceans, eggs, gluten, soy, and the like. Insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto analyze one or more polynucleotides, one or more polypeptides, one ormore portions of one or more polynucleotides, and/or one or moreportions of one or more polypeptides that have a nucleic acid sequenceand/or an amino acid sequence that corresponds to, but is not limitedto, one or more of the following accession numbers: X97824, M18780,X14712, M73993, X60688, U08008, AF479772, Y14855, AJ315959, AJ414730,P80208, CAA46782, P81729, AJ404845, X12928, P19656, AJ890020, U31771,Z48967, AF129423, P81943, AF456482, AF327622, AF329829, DR027057,AJ243427, AF05730, AF129424, AF071477, Z78202, U93165, U66076, U32440,AF221501, AF129425, AY081850, AY081852, P81402, AY898658, P80274,AF377948, AF377949, D14059, AY049013, A57106, AY792956, X60043, L34402,L77197, AF093541, AF086821, AF059616, AF092846, AF091737, AY328088,P00785, AJ297410, AJ417552, AJ417553, U81996, P15476, P16348, P20347,P30941, P04403, M17146, AY221641, AY102930, AY102931, U66866, AF066055,AF453947, AY081853, P01089, AF240005, AF091841, AF240006, AAG23840,AAD42942, AF091842, D32206, AY271295, P83834, AY839230, or substantiallyany combination thereof. Accordingly, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process numerous types of food products tofacilitate detection of numerous types of allergen indicators 106.

At embodiment 2208, module 2010 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more samples for the one ormore allergen indicators that are associated with one or more weeds,grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals,chemicals, autoallergens, or human autoallergens. In some embodiments, asystem may include one or more microfluidic chips 108 that areconfigured for analysis of the one or more samples 102 for the one ormore allergen indicators 106 associated with one or more weeds, grasses,trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals,chemicals, autoallergens, human autoallergens, or substantially anycombination thereof. Such allergen indicators 106 are described hereinand are known. For example, in some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more materialsamples 102 to determine if the material contains latex.

At embodiment 2210, module 2010 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicatorsthrough use of polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction, peptideinteraction, antibody interaction, chemical interaction, diffusion,filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay, orcompetition assay.

In some embodiments, a system may include one or more microfluidic chips108 that are configured for analysis of one or more allergen indicators106 through use of polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction,peptide interaction, antibody interaction, chemical interaction,diffusion, filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay,competition assay, or substantially any combination thereof. In someembodiments, allergen indicators 106 may be separated from othermaterials included within one or more samples 102 through processing.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofpolynucleotide interaction. Numerous methods based on polynucleotideinteraction may be used. Examples of such methods include, but are notlimited to, those based on polynucleotide hybridization, polynucleotideligation, polynucleotide amplification, polynucleotide degradation, andthe like. Methods that utilize intercalation dyes, FRET analysis,capacitive DNA detection, and nucleic acid amplification have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and 6,960,437; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, fluorescence resonanceenergy transfer, fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electrontransfer, electrical conductivity, and the like may be used to analyzepolynucleotide interaction. Such methods are known and have beendescribed (e.g., Jarvius, DNA Tools and Microfluidic Systems forMolecular Analysis, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of UppsalaDissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 161, ACTA UNIVERSITATISUPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2006, ISBN: 91-554-6616-8; Singh-Zocchi et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem.,75:3941-3945 (2003); Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137(2003); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,958,216; 5,093,268; 6,090,545; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or morepolynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube are combinedwith one or more samples 102, and/or one or more partially purifiedpolynucleotides obtained from one or more samples 102. The one or morepolynucleotides that include one or more carbon nanotubes are allowed tohybridize with one or more polynucleotides that may be present withinthe one or more samples 102. The one or more carbon nanotubes may beexcited (e.g., with an electron beam and/or a ultraviolet laser) and theemission spectra of the excited nanotubes may be correlated withhybridization of the one or more polynucleotides that include at leastone carbon nanotube with one or more polynucleotides that are includedwithin the one or more samples 102. Methods to utilize carbon nanotubesas probes for nucleic acid interaction have been described (e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 6,821,730; herein incorporated by reference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofprotein interaction. Numerous methods based on protein interaction maybe used. In some embodiments, protein interaction may be used toimmobilize one or more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments,protein interaction may be used to separate one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. Examples of such methodsinclude, but are not limited to, those based on ligand binding,protein-protein binding, protein cross-linking, use of green fluorescentprotein, phage display, the two-hybrid system, protein arrays, fiberoptic evanescent wave sensors, chromatographic techniques, fluorescenceresonance energy transfer, regulation of pH to control protein assemblyand/or oligomerization, and the like. For example, tropomyosin is amajor muscle protein in crustaceans that is thought to be a major shrimpallergen 104. Tropomyosin is associated with the well knownactin-troponin-myosin complex. Calcium ion binding to troponin enablestroponin to bind tropomyosin and shift it from the binding sites ofmyosin on the actin proteins. Without the presence of Calcium ion,troponin is no longer able to bind to tropomyosin, and tropomyosin againblocks the binding sites of myosin on the actin proteins. Tropomyosinalso binds to the calcium-binding protein calcyclin (Nelson et al.,Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 1:253-259 (2002) and Liou and Chen,European Journal of Biochemistry, 270:3092-3100 (2003)). Accordingly,protein interactions may be used to separate tropomyosin (allergenindicator 106) from one or more samples 102. Similar methods may be usedwith numerous proteins. Methods that may be used to construct proteinarrays have been described (e.g., Warren et al., Anal. Chem.,76:4082-4092 (2004) and Walter et al., Trends Mol. Med., 8:250-253(2002), U.S. Pat. No. 6,780,582; herein incorporated by reference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of peptideinteraction. Peptides are generally described as being polypeptides thatinclude less than one hundred amino acids. For example, peptides includedipeptides, tripeptides, and the like. In some embodiments, peptides mayinclude from two to one hundred amino acids. In some embodiments,peptides may include from two to fifty amino acids. In some embodiments,peptides may include from two to one twenty amino acids. In someembodiments, peptides may include from ten to one hundred amino acids.In some embodiments, peptides may include from ten to fifty amino acids.Accordingly, peptides can include numerous numbers of amino acids.Numerous methods based on peptide interaction may be used. In someembodiments, peptide interaction may be used to immobilize one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, peptide interaction may beused to separate one or more allergen indicators 106 from one or moresamples 102. Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to,those based on ligand binding, peptide-protein binding, peptide-peptidebinding, peptide-polynucleotide binding, peptide cross-linking, use ofgreen fluorescent protein, phage display, the two-hybrid system, proteinarrays, peptide arrays, fiber optic evanescent wave sensors,chromatographic techniques, fluorescence resonance energy transfer,regulation of pH to control peptide and/or protein assembly and/oroligomerization, and the like. Accordingly, virtually any technique thatmay be used to analyze proteins may be utilized for the analysis ofpeptides. In some embodiments, high-speed capillary electrophoresis maybe used to detect binding through use of fluorescently labeledphosphopeptides as affinity probes (Yang et al., Anal. Chem.,10.1021/ac061936e (2006)). Methods to immobilize proteins and peptideshave been reported (Taylor, Protein Immobilization: Fundamentals andApplications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1991)).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of antibodyinteraction. Antibodies may be raised that will bind to numerousallergen indicators 106 through use of known methods (e.g., Harlow andLane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1988)). Antibodies may be configured innumerous ways within one or more microfluidic chips 108 to process oneor more allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments,antibodies may be coupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108.One or more samples 102 may be passed over the antibodies to facilitatebinding of one or more allergen indicators 106 to the one or moreantibodies to form one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106complexes. A labeled detector antibody that binds to the allergenindicator 106 (or the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex) may thenbe passed over the one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexessuch that the labeled detector antibody will label the allergenindicator 106 (or the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex). Numerouslabels may be used that include, but are not limited to, enzymes,fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spin labels, redox labels,and the like. In other embodiments, antibodies may be coupled to asubstrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or more samples 102 may bepassed over the antibodies to facilitate binding of one or more allergenindicators 106 to the one or more antibodies to form one or moreantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Such binding provides fordetection of the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex through use ofmethods that include, but are not limited to, surface plasmon resonance,conductivity, and the like (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, antibodies may becoupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108 to provide for acompetition assay. One or more samples 102 may be mixed with one or morereagent mixtures that include one or more labeled allergen indicators106. The mixture may then be passed over the antibodies to facilitatebinding of allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 and labeledallergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture to the antibodies. Theunlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 will compete withthe labeled allergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture for bindingto the antibodies. Accordingly, the amount of label bound to theantibodies will vary in accordance with the concentration of unlabeledallergen indicators 106 in the sample 102. In some embodiments, antibodyinteraction may be used in association with microcantilevers to processone or more allergen indicators 106. Methods to constructmicrocantilevers are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,141,385; 6,935,165;6,926,864; 6,763,705; 6,523,392; 6,325,904; herein incorporated byreference). In some embodiments, one or more antibodies may be used inconjunction with one or more aptamers to process one or more samples102. Accordingly, in some embodiments, aptamers and antibodies may beused interchangeably to process one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of chemicalinteraction. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured to utilize chemical extraction to process one or moresamples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102may be mixed with a reagent mixture that includes one or more solventsin which the one or more allergen indicators 106 are soluble.Accordingly, the solvent phase containing the one or more allergenindicators 106 may be separated from the sample phase to provide fordetection of the one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixed with a reagent mixturethat includes one or more chemicals that cause precipitation of one ormore allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, the sample phase may bewashed away from the one or more precipitated allergen indicators 106 toprovide for detection of the one or more allergen indicators 106.Accordingly, reagent mixtures that include numerous types of chemicalsthat interact with one or more allergen indicators 106 may be used.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of diffusion.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more fluid samples 102 through use of anH-filter. For example, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured toinclude a channel through which a fluid sample 102 and a second fluidflow such that the fluid sample 102 and the second fluid undergoparallel flow through the channel without significant mixing of thesample fluid and the second fluid. As the fluid sample 102 and thesecond fluid flow through the channel, one or more allergen indicators106 in the fluid sample 102 may diffuse through the fluid sample 102into the second fluid. Accordingly, such diffusion provides for theseparation of the one or more allergen indicators 106 from the sample102. Methods to construct H-filters have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,742,661; 6,409,832; 6,007,775; 5,974,867; 5,971,158; 5,948,684;5,932,100; 5,716,852; herein incorporated by reference). In someembodiments, diffusion based methods may be combined with immunoassaybased methods to process and detect one or more allergen indicators 106.Methods to conduct microscale diffusion immunoassays have been described(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,213; herein incorporated by reference).Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous waysto process one or more allergen indicators 106 through use of diffusion.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of filtration.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to include one or more filters that have a molecular weightcut-off. For example, a filter may allow molecules of low molecularweight to pass through the filter while disallowing molecules of highmolecular weight to pass through the filter. Accordingly, one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are contained within a sample 102 may beallowed to pass through a filter while larger molecules contained withinthe sample 102 are disallowed from passing through the filter.Accordingly, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may includetwo or more filters that selectively retain, or allow passage, of one ormore allergen indicators 106 through the filters. Such configurationsprovide for selective separation of one or more allergen indicators 106from one or more samples 102. Membranes and filters having numerousmolecular weight cut-offs are commercially available (e.g., Millipore,Billerica, Mass.). In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to provide for dialysis of one or more samples102. For example, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may beconfigured to contain one or more samples 102 in one or more samplechambers that are separated from one or more dialysis chambers by asemi-permeable membrane. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are able to pass through the semi-permeablemembrane may be collected in the dialysis chamber. In other embodiments,one or more allergen indicators 106 may be retained in the one or moresample chambers while other sample 102 components may be separated fromthe one or more allergen indicators 106 by their passage through thesemi-permeable membrane into the dialysis chamber. Accordingly, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include two or moredialysis chambers for selective separation of one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. Semi-permeable membranesand dialysis tubing is available from numerous commercial sources (e.g.,Millipore, Billerica, Mass.; Pierce, Rockford, Ill.; Sigma-Aldrich, St.Louis, Mo.). Methods that may be used for microfiltration have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,210; herein incorporated byreference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use ofchromatography. Numerous chromatographic methods may be used to processone or more samples 102. Examples of such chromatographic methodsinclude, but are not limited to, ion-exchange chromatography, affinitychromatography, gel filtration chromatography, hydroxyapatitechromatography, gas chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, thinlayer chromatography, capillary chromatography, size exclusionchromatography, hydrophobic interaction media, and the like. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of one or more chromatographic methods. Insome embodiments, chromatographic methods may be used to process one ormore samples 102 for one or more allergen indicators 106 that includeone or more polynucleotides. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore samples 102 may be applied to a chromatographic media to which theone or more polynucleotides bind. The remaining components of the sample102 may be washed from the chromatographic media. The one or morepolynucleotides may then be eluted from chromatographic media in a morepurified state. Similar methods may be used to process one or moresamples 102 for one or more allergen indicators 106 that include one ormore proteins or polypeptides (e.g., Mondal and Gupta, Biomol. Eng.,23:59-76 (2006)). Chromatography media able to separate numerous typesof molecules is commercially available (e.g., Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.;Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.; Pfizer, New York, N.Y.; Millipore, Billerica,Mass.; GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of aptamerinteraction. In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may includepolynucleotides (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid; ribonucleic acid; andderivatives of polynucleotides that may include polynucleotides thatinclude modified bases, polynucleotides in which the phosphodiester bondis replaced by a different type of bond, or many other types of modifiedpolynucleotides). In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may includepeptide aptamers. Methods to prepare and use aptamers have beendescribed (e.g., Collett et al., Methods, 37:4-15 (2005); Collet et al.,Anal. Biochem., 338:113-123 (2005); Cox et al., Nucleic Acids Res.,30:20 e108 (2002); Kirby et al., Anal. Chem., 76:4066-4075 (2004);Ulrich, Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., 173:305-326 (2006); Baines and Colas,Drug Discovery Today, 11:334-341 (2006); Guthrie et al., Methods,38:324-330 (2006); Geyer et al., Chapter 13: Selection of Genetic Agentsfrom Random Peptide Aptamer Expression Libraries, Methods in Enzymology,Academic Press, pg. 171-208 (2000); U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,630; hereinincorporated by reference). Aptamers may be configured in numerous wayswithin one or more microfluidic chips 108 to process one or moreallergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, aptamers maybe coupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or moresamples 102 may be passed over the aptamers to facilitate binding of oneor more allergen indicators 106 to the one or more aptamers to form oneor more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Labeled detectorantibodies and/or aptamers that bind to the allergen indicator 106 (orthe aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex) may then be passed over theone or more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that thelabeled detector antibodies and/or aptamers will label the allergenindicator 106 (or the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex). Numerouslabels may be used that include, but are not limited to, enzymes,fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spin labels, redox labels,and the like. In other embodiments, aptamers may be coupled to asubstrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or more samples 102 may bepassed over the aptamers to facilitate binding of one or more allergenindicators 106 to the one or more aptamers to form one or moreaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Such binding provides fordetection of the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex through use ofmethods that include, but are not limited to, surface plasmon resonance,conductivity, and the like (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, aptamers may be coupledto a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108 to provide for acompetition assay. One or more samples 102 may be mixed with one or morereagent mixtures that include one or more labeled allergen indicators106. The mixture may then be passed over the aptamers to facilitatebinding of allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 and labeledallergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture to the aptamers. Theunlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 will compete withthe labeled allergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture for bindingto the aptamers. Accordingly, the amount of label bound to the aptamerswill vary in accordance with the concentration of unlabeled allergenindicators 106 in the sample 102. In some embodiments, aptamerinteraction may be used in association with microcantilevers to processone or more allergen indicators 106. Methods to constructmicrocantilevers are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,141,385; 6,935,165;6,926,864; 6,763,705; 6,523,392; 6,325,904; herein incorporated byreference). In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may be used inconjunction with one or more antibodies to process one or more samples102. In some embodiments, aptamers and antibodies may be usedinterchangeably to process one or more samples 102. Accordingly, in someembodiments, methods and/or systems for processing and/or detectingallergen indicators 106 may utilize antibodies and aptamersinterchangeably and/or in combination.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of electricalconductivity. In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may beprocessed though use of magnetism. For example, in some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be combined with one or more taggedpolynucleotides that are tagged with a ferrous material, such as aferrous bead. The tagged polynucleotides and the polynucleotides in theone or more samples 102 may be incubated to provide hybridized complexesof the tagged polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides.Hybridization will serve to couple one or more ferrous beads to thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 that hybridize with the taggedpolynucleotides. Accordingly, the mixture may be passed over anelectromagnet to immobilize the hybridized complexes. Other componentsin the sample 102 may then be washed away from the hybridized complexes.In some embodiments, a chamber containing the magnetically immobilizedhybridized complexes may be heated to release the sample polynucleotidesfrom the magnetically immobilized tagged polynucleotides. The samplepolynucleotides may then be collected in a more purified state. In otherembodiments, similar methods may be used in conjunction with antibodies,aptamers, peptides, ligands, and the like. Accordingly, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways to utilizemagnetism to process one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be processed though use of eddy currents. Eddycurrent separation uses the principles of electromagnetic induction inconducting materials to separate non-ferrous metals by their differentelectric conductivities. An electrical charge is induced into aconductor by changes in magnetic flux cutting through it. Movingpermanent magnets passing a conductor generates the change in magneticflux. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to include a magnetic rotor such that whenconducting particles move through the changing flux of the magneticrotor, a spiraling current and resulting magnetic field are induced. Themagnetic field of the conducting particles may interact with themagnetic field of the magnetic rotor to impart kinetic energy to theconducting particles. The kinetic energy imparted to the conductingparticles may then be used to direct movement of the conductingparticles. Accordingly, non-ferrous particles, such as metallic beads,may be utilized to process one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be combined with one or moretagged polynucleotides that are tagged with a non-ferrous material, suchas an aluminum bead. The tagged polynucleotides and the polynucleotidesin the one or more samples 102 may be incubated to provide hybridizedcomplexes of the tagged polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides.Hybridization will serve to couple one or more ferrous beads to thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 that hybridize with the taggedpolynucleotides. Accordingly, the mixture may be passed through amagnetic field to impart kinetic energy to the non-ferrous bead. Thiskinetic energy may then be used to separate the hybridized complex. Inother embodiments, similar methods may be used in conjunction withantibodies, aptamers, peptides, ligands, and the like. Accordingly, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways toutilize eddy currents to process one or more samples 102. One or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways to utilizeelectrical conductivity to process one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of isoelectricfocusing. Methods have been described that may be used to constructcapillary isoelectric focusing systems (e.g., Herr et al., Investigationof a miniaturized capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) system using afull-field detection approach, Mechanical Engineering Department,Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Wu and Pawliszyn, Journal ofMicrocolumn Separations, 4:419-422 (1992); Kilar and Hjerten,Electrophoresis, 10:23-29 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,150,813; 7,070,682;6,730,516; herein incorporated by reference). Such systems may bemodified to provide for the processing of one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use ofelectrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofone-dimensional electrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of two-dimensional electrophoresis. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of gradient gel electrophoresis. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess one or more samples 102 through use electrophoresis underdenaturing conditions. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples 102 throughuse electrophoresis under native conditions. One or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to utilize numerous electrophoretic methods.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoassay. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured to process one or more samples 102 through use of enzymelinked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of radioimmuno assay (RIA). In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 through use of enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In someembodiments, such methods may utilize antibodies (e.g., monoclonalantibodies, polyclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, single-chainantibodies, and the like), aptamers, or substantially any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, a labeled antibody and/or aptamer may beused within an immunoassay. In some embodiments, a labeled ligand towhich the antibody and/or aptamer binds may be used within animmunoassay. Numerous types of labels may be utilized. Examples of suchlabels include, but are not limited to, radioactive labels, fluorescentlabels, enzyme labels, spin labels, magnetic labels, gold labels,colorimetric labels, redox labels, and the like. Numerous immunoassaysare known and may be configured for processing one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of one or morecompetition assays. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofone or more polynucleotide based competition assays. One or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to include one or morepolynucleotides coupled to a substrate, such as a polynucleotide array.The one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be further configured so thata sample 102 and/or substantially purified polynucleotides obtained fromone or more samples 102, may be mixed with one or more reagent mixturesthat include one or more labeled polynucleotides to form an analysismixture. This analysis mixture is then passed over the substrate suchthat the labeled polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides areallowed to hybridize to the polynucleotides that are immobilized on thesubstrate. The sample polynucleotides and the labeled polynucleotideswill compete for binding to the polynucleotides that are coupled on thesubstrate. Accordingly, the presence and/or concentration of thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 can be determined through detection ofthe label (e.g., the concentration of the polynucleotides in the sample102 will be inversely related to the amount of label that is bound tothe substrate). Numerous labels may be used that include, but are notlimited to, enzymes, fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spinlabels, redox labels, and the like. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to include one or moreantibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are coupled to asubstrate. The one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be furtherconfigured so that a sample 102 and/or substantially purified samplepolypeptides and/or sample peptides obtained from one or more samples102, may be mixed with one or more reagent mixtures that include one ormore labeled polypeptides and/or labeled peptides to form an analysismixture. This analysis mixture can then be passed over the substratesuch that the labeled polypeptides and/or labeled peptides and thesample polypeptides and/or sample peptides are allowed to bind to theantibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are immobilized onthe substrate. The sample polypeptides and/or sample peptides and thelabeled polypeptides and/or sample peptides will compete for binding tothe antibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are coupled onthe substrate. Accordingly, the presence and/or concentration of thesample polypeptides and/or sample peptides in the sample 102 can bedetermined through detection of the label (e.g., the concentration ofthe sample polypeptides and/or sample peptides in the sample 102 will beinversely related to the amount of label that is bound to thesubstrate). Numerous labels may be used that include, but are notlimited to, enzymes, fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spinlabels, redox labels, and the like. Microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize numerous types of competition assays.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize numerous analysis methods.

FIG. 23 illustrates alternative embodiments of system 2000 of FIG. 20.FIG. 23 illustrates example embodiments of module 2020. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 2302, an embodiment 2304, anembodiment 2306, an embodiment 2308, and/or an embodiment 2310.

At embodiment 2302, module 2020 may include one or more reagent deliveryunits configured for detachable connection to the one or moremicrofluidic chips. In some embodiments, a system may include one ormore reagent delivery units 116 configured for detachable connection tothe one or more microfluidic chips 108. Reagent delivery units 116 maybe configured to deliver one or more types of reagents to one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, such reagents may beutilized to process one or more samples 102. In,some embodiments, suchreagents may be utilized to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.Examples of such reagents include, but are not limited to, solvents,water, tags, labels, antibodies, aptamers, polynucleotides, and thelike. In some embodiments, one or more reagent delivery units 116 mayinclude connectors that may be coupled to one or more microfluidic chips108 to provide for delivery of one or more reagents to the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Examples of such connectors include, but are notlimited to, leur lock fittings, needles, fluid connectors, and the like.In some embodiments, a reagent delivery unit 116 may include one or morepumps. In some embodiments, a reagent delivery unit 116 may includenumerous reservoirs that may include numerous types of reagents.Accordingly, in some embodiments, a reagent delivery unit 116 may beconfigured to detachably connect with numerous types of microfluidicchips 108 that are configured to process and/or provide for detection ofnumerous types of allergen indicators 106.

At embodiment 2304, module 2020 may include one or more reagentreservoirs. In some embodiments, a system may include one or morereagent reservoirs. In some embodiments, the one or more reagentreservoirs may be configured to contain reagents that may be used toprocess and/or detect a single type of allergen indicator 106. In someembodiments, the one or more reagent reservoirs may be configured tocontain reagents that may be used to process and/or detect numeroustypes of allergen indicators 106.

At embodiment 2306, module 2020 may include one or more wastereservoirs. In some embodiments, a system may include one or more wastereservoirs. Such waste reservoirs may be configured in numerous ways.For example such waste reservoirs may be configured for containingreagents, samples 102, and the like. In some embodiments, wastereservoirs may be configured to contain liquids, solids, gels, andsubstantially any combination thereof.

At embodiment 2308, module 2020 may include one or more reagent deliveryunits physically coupled to the one or more microfluidic chips. In someembodiments, a system may include one or more reagent delivery units 116physically coupled to the one or more microfluidic chips 108. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more reagent delivery units 116 maybe included within a microfluidic chip 108 (e.g., as opposed to beingseparate from a microfluidic chip). In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured for single use to processand/or analyze one or more allergen indicators 106 that may be presentwithin one or more samples 102. The reagent delivery units 1.16 maycontain numerous types of reagents that may provide for processingand/or analysis of one or more samples 102.

For example, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may beconfigured for extraction and/or analysis of polynucleotides that may beincluded within one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, such amicrofluidic chip 108 may include: a first reagent delivery unit 116that includes an alkaline lysis buffer (e.g., sodium hydroxide/sodiumdodecyl sulfate), a second reagent delivery unit 116 that includes anagent that precipitates the sodium dodecyl sulfate (e.g., potassiumacetate), a third reagent delivery unit 116 that includes an extractionagent (e.g., phenol/chloroform), and a fourth reagent delivery unit 116that includes a precipitation agent for precipitating anypolynucleotides that may be present within the one or more samples 102.Accordingly, in some embodiments, a system may include one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 that are configured to include all of thereagents necessary to process and/or analyze one or more samples 102 forone or more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured for single use. In someembodiments, such microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to detachablyconnect to one or more detection units 122 such that the same detectionunit 122 may be used repeatedly through association with a newmicrofluidic chip 108.

At embodiment 2310, module 2020 may include one or more reagent deliveryunits that include one or more pumps. In some embodiments, a system mayinclude one or more reagent delivery units 116 that include one or morepumps. Numerous types of pumps may be associated with one or morereagent delivery units 116.

FIG. 24 illustrates alternative embodiments of system 2000 of FIG. 20.FIG. 24 illustrates example embodiments of module 2030. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 2402, an embodiment 2404, anembodiment 2406, an embodiment 2408, and/or an embodiment 2410.

At embodiment 2402, module 2030 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more allergens that are airborne. In someembodiments, a system may include one or more detection units 122configured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more allergens 104 that are airborne.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to operably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips108 and to detect one or more airborne allergens 104. For example, insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto allow one or more air samples 102 to contact the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 such that one or more allergen indicators 106included within the one or more air samples 102 are retained by the oneor more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, the one or more airsamples 102 may be passed through a filter on which one or more airborneallergen indicators 106 are collected. The collected airborne allergenindicators 106 may then be washed from the filter and caused to passover an antibody array to which the one or more airborne allergenindicators 106 become immobilized. The immobilized airborne allergenindicators 106 may then be detected through numerous methods thatinclude, but are not limited to, electrical conductivity, immunoassaybased methods, and the like. Accordingly, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect the one or more airborne allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe configured to operably associate with one or more microfluidic chips108 such that the one or more detection units 122 facilitate air flowthrough the one or more microfluidic chips 108 to provide for airsampling. For example, in some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may include one or more fans to push and/or pull air through one ormore operably associated microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments,one or more detection units 122 may include one or more bellows to pushand/or pull air through one or more operably associated microfluidicchips 108. Detection units 122 may be configured in numerous ways toprovide for detection of one or more airborne allergen indicators 106.

At embodiment 2404, module 2030 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, a systemmay include one or more detection units 122 configured to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or more foodproducts. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for detection of one or more allergens 104 thatare associated with one or more food products. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips 108 and todetect one or more allergen indicators 106 that are associated with oneor more food products. Such allergen indicators 106 have been describedherein and within additional sources (e.g., Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of allergens and Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of isoallergens and variants). Numerous methods maybe used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more food products. Such methods have beendescribed herein. In addition, other detection methods that have beendescribed may be modified to provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or more foodproducts. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more polynucleotides, one or morepolypeptides, one or more portions of one or more polynucleotides,and/or one or more portions of one or more polypeptides that have anucleic acid sequence and/or an amino acid sequence that corresponds to,but is not limited to, one or more of the following accession numbers:X97824, M18780, X14712, M73993, X60688, U08008, AF479772, Y14855,AJ315959, AJ414730, P80208, CAA46782, P81729, AJ404845, X12928, P19656,AJ890020, U31771, Z48967, AF129423, P81943, AF456482, AF327622,AF329829, DR027057, AJ243427, AF05730, AF129424, AF071477, Z78202,U93165, U66076, U32440, AF221501, AF129425, AY081850, AY081852, P81402,AY898658, P80274, AF377948, AF377949, D14059, AY049013, A57106,AY792956, X60043, L34402, L77197, AF093541, AF086821, AF059616,AF092846, AF091737, AY328088, P00785, AJ297410, AJ417552, AJ417553,U81996, P15476, P16348, P20347, P30941, P04403, M17146, AY221641,AY102930, AY102931, U66866, AF066055, AF453947, AY081853, P01089,AF240005, AF091841, AF240006, AAG23840, AAD42942, AF091842, D32206,AY271295, P83834, AY839230, or substantially any combination thereof.

At embodiment 2406, module 2030 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals,molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, orhuman autoallergens. In some embodiments, a system may include one ormore detection units 122 configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 that are associated with one or more weeds, grasses,trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals,chemicals, autoallergens, human autoallergens, or substantially anycombination thereof. Numerous allergen indicators 106 are known to beassociated with weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi,insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or humanautoallergens. Such allergen indicators 106 have been described hereinand within additional sources (e.g., Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of allergens and Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of isoallergens and variants). Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess one or more samples 102 and provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, an allergen indicator 106may be an allergenic particle. For example, in some embodiments, anallergen indicator 106 may include a complete pollen particle, such as apollen particle, a spore, a flake of dander, and the like. In someembodiments, an allergen indicator 106 may be a portion of an allergenicparticle. For example, in some embodiments, an allergen indicator 106may include a portion of a pollen particle (e.g., polynucleotides,sporoderm, and the like). In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106may include polynucleotides that are associated with one or moreallergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may includefragments of polynucleotides that are associated with one or moreallergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may includepolypeptides, peptides, and/or proteins that are associated with one ormore allergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 mayinclude polysaccharides that are associated with one or more allergens104. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to provide for detection of one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe configured to operably associate with one or more such microfluidicchips 108 and configured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.Numerous detection methods may be used to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Such methods have been described herein. In addition,detection methods that have been described may be modified to providefor detection of one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured to detectand determine a concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106that are included within a sample 102. For example, in some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide fordetection of one or more polynucleotides that are allergen indicators106 through detection of electrical current produced upon hybridizationof the one or more polynucleotides. Accordingly, in such embodiments,the one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to produce anelectrical current that is relative to polynucleotide concentration toprovide for determination of polynucleotide concentration within one ormore samples 102. Numerous configurations may be used in associationwith one or more allergen indicators 106 to provide for determination ofallergen 104 concentration. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for identificationof one or more allergens 104. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include immobilized polynucleotides thatselectively hybridize to one or more polynucleotides that are associatedwith a known allergen indicator 106. Accordingly, hybridization of oneor more polynucleotides with the one or more immobilized polynucleotidesindicates that a sample 102 includes one or more allergen indicators 106that correspond to one or more known allergens 104. Accordingly, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to operably associate withsuch microfluidic chips 108 to provide for specific detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, microfluidic chips108 and/or detection units 122 may be configured to determine theidentity and concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 thatare included within one or more samples 102.

At embodiment 2408, module 2030 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators with at leastone technique that includes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescenceresonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera,or immunoassay. In some embodiments, a system may include one or moredetection units 122 configured to detect one or more allergens 104 withat least one technique that includes spectroscopy, electrochemicaldetection, polynucleotide detection, fluorescence anisotropy,fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding, filtration,electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera, immunoassay, or substantially anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 thathave been processed by one or more microfluidic chips 108. For example,in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include awindow (e.g., a quartz window, a cuvette analog, and/or the like)through which one or more detection units 122 may determine if one ormore allergen indicators 106 are present or determine the concentrationof one or more allergen indicators 106. In such embodiments, numeroustechniques may be used to detect the one or more allergen indicators106, such as visible light spectroscopy, ultraviolet light spectroscopy,infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and the like.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 mayinclude circuitry and/or electro-mechanical mechanisms to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 present within one or more microfluidicchips 108 through a window in the one or more microfluidic chips 108. Insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto process one or more samples 102 through use of surface plasmonresonance. In some embodiments, the one or more microfluidic chips 108may include one or more antibodies, aptamers, proteins, peptides,polynucleotides, and the like, that are bound to a substrate (e.g., ametal film) within the one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, such microfluidic chips 108 may include a prism throughwhich one or more detection units 122 may shine light to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that interact with the one or moreantibodies, aptamers, proteins, peptides, polynucleotides, and the like,that are bound to a substrate. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may include an exposed substrate surface that isconfigured to operably associate with one or more prisms that areincluded within one or more detection units 122. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include a nuclear magneticresonance (NMR) probe. In such embodiments, the microfluidic chips 108may be configured to associate with one or more detection units 122 thataccept the NMR probe and are configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of NMR spectroscopy. Accordingly,microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122 may be configured innumerous ways to associate with each other to provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of spectroscopy. Numerous types of spectroscopic methods maybe used. Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to,ultraviolet spectroscopy, visible light spectroscopy, infraredspectroscopy, x-ray spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, massspectroscopy, plasmon resonance (e.g., Cherif et al., ClinicalChemistry, 52:255-262 (2006) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching, fluorescence resonanceenergy transfer, intrinsic fluorescence, ligand fluorescence, and thelike.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrochemical detection. In some embodiments, one ormore polynucleotides may be detected through electrochemical detection.For example, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide that includes a redoxlabel, such as ferrocene is coupled to a gold electrode. The labeledpolynucleotide forms a stem-loop structure that can self-assemble onto agold electrode by means of facile gold-thiol chemistry. Hybridization ofa sample 102 polynucleotide induces a large conformational change in thesurface-confined polynucleotide structure, which in turn alters theelectron-transfer tunneling distance between the electrode and theredoxable label. The resulting change in electron transfer efficiencymay be measured by cyclic voltammetry (Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci., 100:9134-9137 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem., 75:3941-3945(2003); Singh-Zocchi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610(2003)). Such methods may be used to detect messenger ribonucleic acid,genomic deoxyribonucleic acid, and fragments thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of polynucleotide detection. In some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106 through use of polynucleotide detection.Numerous methods may be used to detect one or more polynucleotides.Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to, those based onpolynucleotide hybridization, polynucleotide ligation, polynucleotideamplification, polynucleotide degradation, and the like. Methods thatutilize intercalation dyes, fluorescence resonance energy transfer,capacitive deoxyribonucleic acid detection, and nucleic acidamplification have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and6,960,437; herein incorporated by reference). Such methods may beadapted to provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.In some embodiments, fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electrontransfer, electrical conductivity, and the like may be used to analyzepolynucleotide interaction. Such methods are known and have beendescribed (e.g., Jarvius, DNA Tools and Microfluidic Systems forMolecular Analysis, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of UppsalaDissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 161, ACTA UNIVERSITATISUPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2006, ISBN: 91-554-6616-8; Singh-Zocchi et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem.,75:3941-3945 (2003); Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137(2003); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,958,216; 5,093,268; 6,090,545; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or morepolynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube may becombined with one or more samples 102, and/or one or more partiallypurified polynucleotides obtained from one or more samples 102. The oneor more polynucleotides that include one or more carbon nanotubes areallowed to hybridize with one or more polynucleotides that may bepresent within the one or more samples 102. The one or more carbonnanotubes may be excited (e.g., with an electron beam and/or aultraviolet laser) and the emission spectra of the excited nanotubes maybe correlated with hybridization of the one or more polynucleotides thatinclude at least one carbon nanotube with one or more polynucleotidesthat are included within the one or more samples 102. Accordingly,polynucleotides that hybridize to one or more allergen indicators 106may include one or more carbon nanotubes. Methods to utilize carbonnanotubes as probes for nucleic acid interaction have been described(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,730; herein incorporated by reference).Numerous other methods based on polynucleotide detection may be used todetect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of fluorescence anisotropy. Fluorescence anisotropy is basedon measuring the steady state polarization of sample 102 fluorescenceimaged in a confocal arrangement. A linearly polarized laser excitationsource preferentially excites fluorescent target molecules withtransition moments aligned parallel to the incident polarization vector.The resultant fluorescence is collected and directed into two channelsthat measure the intensity of the fluorescence polarized both paralleland perpendicular to that of the excitation beam. With these twomeasurements, the fluorescence anisotropy, r, can be determined from theequation: r=(Intensity parallel−Intensity perpendicular)/(Intensityparallel+2(Intensity perpendicular)) where the I terms indicateintensity measurements parallel and perpendicular to the incidentpolarization. Fluorescence anisotropy detection of fluorescent moleculeshas been described. Accordingly, fluorescence anisotropy may be coupledto numerous fluorescent labels as have been described herein and as havebeen described.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET).Fluorescence resonance energy transfer refers to an energy transfermechanism between two fluorescent molecules. A fluorescent donor isexcited at its fluorescence excitation wavelength. This excited state isthen nonradiatively transferred to a second molecule, the fluorescentacceptor. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer may be used withinnumerous configurations to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.For example, in some embodiments, an antibody may be labeled with afluorescent donor and one or more allergen indicators 106 may be labeledwith a fluorescent acceptor. Accordingly, such labeled antibodies andallergen indicators 106 may be used within competition assays to detectthe presence and/or concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106in one or more samples 102. Numerous combinations of fluorescent donorsand fluorescent acceptors may be used to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to emit one or more wavelength of light to excite afluorescent donor and may be configured to detect one or more wavelengthof light emitted by the fluorescent acceptor. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured to acceptone or more microfluidic chips 108 that include a quartz window throughwhich fluorescent light may pass to provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106 through use of fluorescence resonance energytransfer. Accordingly, fluorescence resonance energy transfer may beused in conjunction with competition assays and/or numerous other typesof assays to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electron transfer. Electron transfer is the process bywhich an electron moves from an electron donor to an electron acceptorcausing the oxidation states of the electron donor and the electronacceptor to change. In some embodiments, electron transfer may occurwhen an electron is transferred from one or more electron donors to anelectrode. In some embodiments, electron transfer may be utilized withincompetition assays to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 mayinclude one or more polynucleotides that may be immobilized on one ormore electrodes. The immobilized polynucleotides may be incubated with areagent mixture that includes sample polynucleotides and polynucleotidesthat are tagged with an electron donor. Hybridization of the taggedpolynucleotides to the immobilized polynucleotides allows the electrondonor to transfer an electron to the electrode to produce a detectablesignal. Accordingly, a decrease in signal due to the presence of one ormore polynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106 in the reagentmixture indicates the presence of an allergen indicator 106 in thesample 102. Such methods may be used in conjunction withpolynucleotides, polypeptides, peptides, antibodies, aptamers, and thelike. One or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to utilizenumerous electron transfer based assays to provide for detection of oneor more allergen indicators 106 by a detection unit 122.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of one or more enzyme assays. Numerous enzyme assays may beused to provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.Examples of such enzyme assays include, but are not limited to,beta-galactosidase assays, peroxidase assays, catalase assays, alkalinephosphatase assays, and the like. In some embodiments, enzyme assays maybe configured such that an enzyme will catalyze a reaction involving anenzyme substrate that produces a fluorescent product. Accordingly, oneor more detection units 122 may be configured to detect fluorescenceresulting from the fluorescent product. Enzymes and fluorescent enzymesubstrates are known and are commercially available (e.g.,Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.). In some embodiments, enzyme assays maybe configured as binding assays that provide for detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include a substrate towhich is coupled to one or more antibodies, aptamers, peptides,proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, and the like, that will interactwith one or more allergen indicators 106. One or more samples 102 may bepassed across the substrate such that one or more allergen indicators106 present within the one or more samples 102 will interact with theone or more antibodies, aptamers, peptides, proteins, polynucleotides,ligands, and the like, and be immobilized on the substrate. One or moreantibodies, aptamers, peptides, proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, andthe like, that are labeled with an enzyme may then be passed across thesubstrate such that the one or more labeled antibodies, aptamers,peptides, proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, and the like, will bind tothe one or more immobilized allergen indicators 106. An enzyme substratemay then be introduced to the one or more immobilized enzymes such thatthe enzymes are able to catalyze a reaction involving the enzymesubstrate to produce a fluorescent product. Such assays are oftenreferred to as sandwich assays. Accordingly, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect one or more products of enzyme catalysisto provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrical conductivity. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106through use of electrical conductivity. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more detection units 122 such that the one or more detection units122 can detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrical conductivity. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to include two or more electrodes that areeach coupled to one or more detector polynucleotides. Interaction of anallergen associated polynucleotide, such as hybridization, with twodetector polynucleotides that are coupled to two different electrodeswill complete an electrical circuit. This completed circuit will providefor the flow of a detectable electrical current between the twoelectrodes and thereby provide for detection of one or more allergenassociated polynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, the electrodes may be carbon nanotubes (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.6,958,216; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments,electrodes may include, but are not limited to, one or more conductivemetals, such as gold, copper, iron, silver, platinum, and the like; oneor more conductive alloys; one or more conductive ceramics; and thelike. In some embodiments, electrodes may be selected and configuredaccording to protocols typically used in the computer industry thatinclude, but are not limited to, photolithography, masking, printing,stamping, and the like. In some embodiments, other molecules andcomplexes that interact with one or more allergen indicators 106 may beused to detect the one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrical conductivity. Examples of such molecules and complexesinclude, but are not limited to, proteins, peptides, antibodies,aptamers, and the like. For example, in some embodiments, two or moreantibodies may be immobilized on one or more electrodes such thatcontact of the two or more antibodies with an allergen indicator 106,such as a spore, a pollen particle, a dander particle, and the like,will complete an electrical circuit and facilitate the production of adetectable electrical current. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include electricalconnectors that are able to operably associate with one or moredetection units 122 such that the detection units 122 may detect anelectrical current that is due to interaction of one or more allergenindicators 106 with two or more electrodes. In some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may include electrical connectors that providefor operable association of one or more microfluidic chips 108 with theone or more detection units 122. In some embodiments, the one or moredetectors are configured for detachable connection to one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122may be configured in numerous ways to process one or more samples 102and detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106through use of isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, nativeisoelectric focusing may be utilized to process and/or detect one ormore allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, denaturingisoelectric focusing may be utilized to process and/or detect one ormore allergen indicators 106. Methods to construct microfluidic channelsthat may be used for isoelectric focusing have been reported (e.g.,Macounova et al., Anal Chem., 73:1627-1633 (2001); Macounova et al.,Anal Chem., 72:3745-3751 (2000); Herr et al., Investigation of aminiaturized capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) system using afull-field detection approach, Mechanical Engineering Department,Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Wu and Pawliszyn, Journal ofMicrocolumn Separations, 4:419-422 (1992); Kilar and Hjerten,Electrophoresis, 10:23-29 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,150,813; 7,070,682;6,730,516; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 through use of methods that include isoelectric focusing. Insome embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more such microfluidic chips 108 suchthat the one or more detection units 122 can be used to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that have been focused within one or moremicrofluidic channels of the one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured toinclude one or more CCD cameras that can be used to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be configured to include one or more spectrometers thatcan be used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Numeroustypes of spectrometers may be utilized to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 following isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, oneor more detection units 122 may be configured to utilize refractiveindex to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured tocombine one or more samples 102 with one or more reagent mixtures thatinclude one or more binding molecules and/or binding complexes that bindto one or more allergen indicators 106 that may be present within theone or more samples 102 to form an allergen indicator-bindingmolecule/binding complex. Examples of such binding molecules and/orbinding complexes that bind to one or more allergen indicators 106include, but are not limited to, antibodies, aptamers, peptides,proteins, polynucleotides, and the like. In some embodiments, anallergen indicator-binding molecule/binding complex may be processedthrough use of isoelectric focusing and then detected with one or moredetection units 122. In some embodiments, one or more binding moleculesand/or one or more binding complexes may include a label. Numerouslabels may be used and include, but are not limited to, radioactivelabels, fluorescent labels, colorimetric labels, spin labels,fluorescent labels, and the like. Accordingly, in some embodiments, anallergen indicator-binding molecule (labeled)/binding complex (labeled)may be processed through use of isoelectric focusing and then detectedwith one or more detection units 122 that are configured to detect theone or more labels. Microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122 maybe configured in numerous ways to process one or more samples 102 anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 though use of isoelectricfocusing.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of chromatographic methodology alone or in combination withadditional processing and/or detection methods. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators106 through use of chromatographic methods. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips 108 anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 that were processed throughuse of chromatographic methods. In some embodiments, the one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to operably associate with one ormore microfluidic chips 108 and supply solvents and other reagents tothe one or more microfluidic chips 108. For example, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include pumps andsolvent/buffer reservoirs that are configured to supply solvent/bufferflow through chromatographic media (e.g., a chromatographic column) thatis operably associated with one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more microfluidic chips 108 and beconfigured to utilize one or more methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Numerous types of chromatographic methods and media maybe used to process one or more samples 102 and provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106. Chromatographic methods include,but are not limited to, low pressure liquid chromatography, highpressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), microcapillary low pressureliquid chromatography, microcapillary high pressure liquidchromatography, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography,gel filtration chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, thin layerchromatography, paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and the like.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to include one or more high pressure microcapillary columns.Methods that may be used to prepare microcapillary HPLC columns (e.g.,columns with a 100 micrometer-500 micrometer inside diameter) have beendescribed (e.g., Davis et al., Methods, A Companion to Methods inEnzymology, 6: Micromethods for Protein Structure Analysis, ed. by JohnE. Shively, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, 304-314 (1994); Swiderek etal., Trace Structural Analysis of Proteins. Methods of Enzymology, ed.by Barry L. Karger & William S. Hancock, Spectrum, Publisher Services,271, Chap. 3, 68-86 (1996); Moritz and Simpson, J. Chromatogr.,599:119-130 (1992)). In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to include one or more affinity columns. Methodsto prepare affinity columns have been described. Briefly, a biotinylatedsite may be engineered into a polypeptide, peptide, aptamer, antibody,or the like. The biotinylated protein may then be incubated with avidincoated polystyrene beads and slurried in Tris buffer. The slurry maythen be packed into a capillary affinity column through use of highpressure packing. Affinity columns may be prepared that may include oneor more molecules and/or complexes that interact with one or moreallergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, one or moreaptamers that bind to one or more allergen indicators 106 may be used toconstruct an affinity column. Accordingly, numerous chromatographicmethods may be used alone, or in combination with additional methods, toprocess and detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Numerousdetection methods may be used in combination with numerous types ofchromatographic methods. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122may be configured to utilize numerous detection methods to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that are processed through use of one ormore chromatographic methods. Examples of such detection methodsinclude, but are not limited to, conductivity detection, use ofion-specific electrodes, refractive index detection, colorimetricdetection, radiological detection, detection by retention time,detection through use of elution conditions, spectroscopy, and the like.For example, in some embodiments, one or more chromatographic markersmay be added to one or more samples 102 prior to the samples 102 beingapplied to a chromatographic column. One or more detection units 122that are operably associated with the chromatographic column may beconfigured to detect the one or more chromatographic markers and use theelution time and/or position of the chromatographic markers as acalibration tool for use in detecting one or more allergen indicators106 if those allergen indicators 106 are eluted from the chromatographiccolumn. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to utilize one or more ion-specific electrodes to detect oneor more allergen indicators 106. For example, such electrodes may beused to detect allergen indicators 106 that include, but are not limitedto, metals (e.g., tin, silver, nickel, cobalt, chromate), nitrates,nitrites, sulfites, and the like. Such allergen indicators 106 are oftenassociated with food, beverages, clothing, jewelry, and the like.Accordingly, chromatographic methods may be used in combination withadditional methods and in combination with numerous types of detectionmethods.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoprecipitation. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of immunoprecipitation. In some embodiments,immunoprecipitation may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoprecipitation. For example, in some embodiments, one or moresamples 102 may be combined with one or more antibodies that bind to oneor more allergen indicators 106 to form one or more antibody-allergenindicator 106 complexes. An insoluble form of an antibody bindingconstituent, such as protein A (e.g., protein A-sepharose bead, proteinA-magnetic bead, protein A-ferrous bead, protein A-non-ferrous bead, andthe like), Protein G, a second antibody, an aptamer, and the like, maythen be mixed with the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex such thatthe insoluble antibody binding constituent binds to theantibody-allergen indicator 106 complex and provides for precipitationof the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex. Such complexes may beseparated from other sample 102 components to provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments,sample 102 components may be washed away from the precipitatedantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 that are configured for immunoprecipitationmay be operably associated with one or more centrifugation units 118 toassist in precipitating one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106complexes. In some embodiments, aptamers (polypeptide and/orpolynucleotide) may be used in combination with antibodies or in placeof antibodies. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofnumerous detection methods in combination with immunoprecipitation basedmethods.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoseparation. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of immunoseparation. In some embodiments,immunoseparation may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoseparation. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples102 may be combined with one or more antibodies that bind to one or moreallergen indicators 106 to form one or more antibody-allergen indicator106 complexes. An antibody binding constituent may be added that bindsto the antibody-allergen complex.

Examples of such antibody binding constituents that may be used alone orin combination include, but are not limited to, protein A (e.g., proteinA-sepharose bead, protein A-magnetic bead, protein A-ferrous bead,protein A-non-ferrous bead, and the like), Protein G, a second antibody,an aptamer, and the like. Such antibody binding constituents may bemixed with an antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex such that theantibody binding constituent binds to the antibody-allergen indicator106 complex and provides for separation of the antibody-allergenindicator 106 complex. In some embodiments, the antibody bindingconstituent may include a tag that allows the antibody bindingconstituent and complexes that include the antibody binding constituentto be separated from other components in one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, the antibody binding constituent may include a ferrousmaterial. Accordingly, antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes may beseparated from other sample 102 components through use of a magnet, suchas an electromagnet. In some embodiments, an antibody bindingconstituent may include a non-ferrous metal. Accordingly,antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes may be separated from othersample 102 components through use of an eddy current to direct movementof one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In someembodiments, two or more forms of an antibody binding constituents maybe used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, insome embodiments, a first antibody binding constituent may be coupled toa ferrous material and a second antibody binding constituent may becoupled to a non-ferrous material. Accordingly, the first antibodybinding constituent and the second antibody binding constituent may bemixed with antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that the firstantibody binding constituent and the second antibody binding constituentbind to antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes that include differentallergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in such embodiments, differentallergen indicators 106 from a single sample 102 and/or a combination ofsamples 102 may be separated through use of direct magnetic separationin combination with eddy current based separation. In some embodiments,one or more samples 102 may be combined with one or more antibodies thatbind to one or more allergen indicators 106 to form one or moreantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, the oneor more antibodies may include one or more tags that provide forseparation of the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Forexample, in some embodiments, an antibody may include a tag thatincludes one or more magnetic beads, a ferrous material, a non-ferrousmetal, an affinity tag, a size exclusion tag (e.g., a large bead that isexcluded from entry into chromatographic media such thatantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes pass through a chromatographiccolumn in the void volume), and the like. Accordingly, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of numerous detection methods in combinationwith immunoseparation based methods. In some embodiments, aptamers(polypeptide and/or polynucleotide) may be used in combination withantibodies or in place of antibodies.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of aptamer binding. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of aptamer binding. In some embodiments,aptamer binding may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofaptamer binding. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples102 may be combined with one or more aptamers that bind to one or moreallergen indicators 106 to form one or more aptamer-allergen indicator106 complexes. In some embodiments, aptamer binding constituents may beadded that bind to the aptamer-allergen complex. Numerous aptamerbinding constituents may be utilized. For example, in some embodiments,one or more aptamers may include one or more tags to which one or moreaptamer binding constituents may bind. Examples of such tags include,but are not limited to, biotin, avidin, streptavidin, histidine tags,nickel tags, ferrous tags, non-ferrous tags, and the like. In someembodiments, one or more tags may be conjugated with a label to providefor detection of one or more complexes. Examples of such tag-labelconjugates include, but are not limited to, Texas red conjugated avidin,alkaline phosphatase conjugated avidin, CY2 conjugated avidin, CY3conjugated avidin, CY3.5 conjugated avidin, CY5 conjugated avidin, CY5.5conjugated avidin, fluorescein conjugated avidin, glucose oxidaseconjugated avidin, peroxidase conjugated avidin, rhodamine conjugatedavidin, agarose conjugated anti-protein A, alkaline phosphataseconjugated protein A, anti-protein A, fluorescein conjugated protein A,IRDye® 800 conjugated protein A, peroxidase conjugated protein A,sepharose protein A, alkaline phosphatase conjugated streptavidin, AMCAconjugated streptavidin, anti-streptavidin (Streptomyces avidinii)(rabbit) IgG Fraction, beta-galactosidase conjugated streptavidin, CY2conjugated streptavidin, CY3 conjugated streptavidin, CY3.5 conjugatedstreptavidin, CY5 conjugated streptavidin, CY5.5 conjugatedstreptavidin, fluorescein conjugated streptavidin, IRDye® 700DXconjugated streptavidin, IRDye® 800 conjugated streptavidin, IRDye®800CW conjugated streptavidin, peroxidase conjugated streptavidin,phycoerythrin conjugated streptavidin, rhodamine conjugatedstreptavidin, Texas red conjugated streptavidin, alkaline phosphataseconjugated biotin, anti-biotin (rabbit) IgG fraction, beta-galactosidaseconjugated biotin, glucose oxidase conjugated biotin, peroxidaseconjugated biotin, alkaline phosphatase conjugated protein G,anti-protein G (rabbit) Agarose conjugated, anti-protein G (Rabbit) IgGfraction, fluorescein conjugated protein G, IRDye® 800 conjugatedprotein G, peroxidase conjugated protein G, and the like. Many suchlabeled tags are commercially available (e.g., Rockland Immunochemicals,Inc., Gilbertsville, Pa.). Such labels may also be used in associationwith other methods to process and detect one or more allergen indicators106. Aptamer binding constituents may be mixed with an aptamer-allergenindicator 106 complex such that the aptamer binding constituent binds tothe aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex and provides for separationof the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex. In some embodiments, theaptamer binding constituent may include a tag that allows the aptamerbinding constituent and complexes that include the aptamer bindingconstituent to be separated from other components in one or more samples102. In some embodiments, the aptamer binding constituent may include aferrous material. Accordingly, aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexesmay be separated from other sample 102 components through use of amagnet, such as an electromagnet. In some embodiments, an aptamerbinding constituent may include a non-ferrous metal. Accordingly,aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes may be separated from othersample 102 components through use of an eddy current to direct movementof one or more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In someembodiments, two or more forms of aptamer binding constituents may beused to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in someembodiments, a first aptamer binding constituent may be coupled to aferrous material and a second aptamer binding constituent may be coupledto a non-ferrous material. Accordingly, the first aptamer bindingconstituent and the second aptamer binding constituent may be mixed withaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that the first aptamerbinding constituent and the second aptamer binding constituent bind toaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes that include different allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, in such embodiments, different allergenindicators 106 from a single sample 102 and/or a combination of samples102 may be separated through use of direct magnetic separation incombination with eddy current based separation. In some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be combined with one or more aptamers that bindto one or more allergen indicators 106 to form one or moreaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, the oneor more aptamer may include one or more tags that provide for separationof the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. For example, in someembodiments, an aptamer may include a tag that includes one or moremagnetic beads, a ferrous material, a non-ferrous metal, an affinitytag, a size exclusion tag (e.g., a large bead that is excluded fromentry into chromatographic media such that antibody-allergen indicator106 complexes pass through a chromatographic column in the void volume),and the like. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofnumerous detection methods in combination with aptamer binding basedmethods. In some embodiments, antibodies may be used in combination withaptamers or in place of aptamers.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of electrophoresis. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more detection units 122. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to operably associate withone or more microfluidic chips 108 and detect one or more allergenindicators 106 that were processed through use of electrophoresis.Numerous electrophoretic methods may be utilized to provide fordetection of one or more allergen indicators 106. Examples of suchelectrophoretic methods include, but are not limited to, capillaryelectrophoresis, one-dimensional electrophoresis, two-dimensionalelectrophoresis, native electrophoresis, denaturing electrophoresis,polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, agarose gel electrophoresis, and thelike. Numerous detection methods may be used in combination with one ormore electrophoretic methods to detect one or more allergen indicators106. In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may bedetected according to the position to which the one or more allergenindicators 106 migrate within an electrophoretic field (e.g., acapillary and/or a gel). In some embodiments, the position of one ormore allergen indicators 106 may be compared to one or more standards.For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixedwith one or more molecular weight markers prior to gel electrophoresis.The one or more samples 102, that include the one or more molecularweight markers, may be subjected to electrophoresis and then the gel maybe stained. In such embodiments, the molecular weight markers may beused as a reference to detect one or more allergen indicators 106present within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one ormore components that are known to be present within one or more samples102 may be used as a reference to detect one or more allergen indicators106 present within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, gelshift assays may be used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.For example, in some embodiments, a sample 102 (e.g., a single sample102 or combination of multiple samples 102) may be split into a firstsample 102 and a second sample 102. The first sample 102 may be mixedwith an antibody, aptamer, ligand, or other molecule and/or complex thatbinds to the one or more allergen indicators 106. The first and secondsamples 102 may then be subjected to electrophoresis. The gelscorresponding to the first sample 102 and the second sample 102 may thenbe analyzed to determine if one or more allergen indicators 106 arepresent within the one or more samples 102. Microfluidic chips 108 anddetection units 122 may be configured in numerous ways to process anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrophoresis.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of one or more charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 that include one or moreCCD cameras may be configured to operably associate with one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Such detection units 122 may be utilized incombination with numerous processing methods. Examples of such methodsinclude, but are not limited to, electrophoresis; competition assays;methods based on polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction,peptide interaction, antibody interaction, aptamer interaction,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, and the like. For example, insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto process one or more samples 102 through use of immunoprecipitation.In some embodiments, one or more antibodies may be conjugated to afluorescent label such that binding of one or more labeled antibodies toone or more allergen indicators 106 included within one or more samples102 will form a fluorescently labeled antibody-allergen indicator 106complex. One or more insoluble allergen indicator 106 bindingconstituents, such as a sepharose bead that includes an antibody oraptamer that binds to the one or more allergen indicators 106, may bebound to the fluorescently labeled antibody-allergen indicator 106complex and used to precipitate the complex. One or more detection units122 that include a CCD camera that is configured to detect fluorescentemission from the one or more fluorescent labels may be used to detectthe one or more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one ormore CCD cameras may be configured to utilize dark frame subtraction tocancel background and increase sensitivity of the camera. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include one or morefilters to select and/or filter wavelengths of energy that can bedetected by one or more CCD cameras (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,065;herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may include polarized lenses. One or more detectionunits 122 may be configured in numerous ways to utilize one or more CCDcameras to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to operably associate with one ormore such microfluidic chips 108 and to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 associated with the use of immunoassay. Numerous types ofdetection methods may be used in combination with immunoassay basedmethods. In some embodiments, a label may be used within one or moreimmunoassays that may be detected by one or more detection units 122.Examples of such labels include, but are not limited to, fluorescentlabels, spin labels, fluorescence resonance energy transfer labels,radiolabels, electrochemiluminescent labels (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.5,093,268; 6,090,545; herein incorporated by reference), and the like.In some embodiments, electrical conductivity may be used in combinationwith immunoassay based methods.

At embodiment 2410, module 2030 may include. In some embodiments, asystem may include one or more detection units 122 that are calibratedfor an individual. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122may be calibrated to detect one or more specific allergens 104 and/orallergen indicators 106 that produce an allergic response by anindividual. For example, in some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be calibrated to detect peanuts and/or peanut associatedproducts for an individual who is allergic to peanuts. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be calibrated to detectdifferent concentrations of allergen indicators 106. For example, insome embodiments, an individual may produce an allergic response ifexposed to an allergen 104 at a concentration that is above a certainlevel. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a detection unit 122 may becalibrated to detect one or more concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 that produce an allergic response within an individual.

FIG. 25 illustrates alternative embodiments of system 2000 of FIG. 20.FIG. 25 illustrates example embodiments of module 2040. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 2502, an embodiment 2504, anembodiment 2506, an embodiment 2508, an embodiment 2510, and/or anembodiment 2512.

At embodiment 2502, module 2040 may include one or more display unitsthat are passive display units. In some embodiments, a system mayinclude one or more display units 124 that are passive display units124. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may include oneor more liquid crystal displays (LCD). Methods to construct passivedisplays have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,807,967; 4,729,636:4,436,378; 4,257,041; herein incorporated by reference).

At embodiment 2504, module 2040 may include one or more display unitsthat are active display units. In some embodiments, a system may includeone or more display units 124 that are active display units 124.Numerous active display units 124 are known and include, but are notlimited to, quarter-video graphics array (QVGA), video graphics array(VGA), super video graphics array (SVGA), extended graphics array (XGA),wide extended graphics array (WXGA), super extended graphics array(SXGA), ultra extended graphics array (UXGA), wide super extendedgraphics array (WSXGA), wide ultra extended graphics array (WUXGA).

At embodiment 2506, module 2040 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergens withinthe one or more samples. In some embodiments, a system may include oneor more display units 124 that indicate a presence or an absence of oneor more allergens 104 within the one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may use a colorimetricmessage to indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergenindicators 106 within one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may display a green light ifone or more allergen indicators 106 are not found within one or moresamples 102 and a red light if one or more allergen indicators 106 arefound within one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may use a pictographic message to indicate a presenceor an absence of one or more allergen indicators 106 within one or moresamples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or more display units124 may display a smiley face if one or more allergen indicators 106 arenot found within one or more samples 102 and a frowny face if one ormore allergen indicators 106 are found within one or more samples 102.In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may use atypographical message to indicate a presence or an absence of one ormore allergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may displayan “Allergen Not Present” message if one or more allergen indicators 106are not found within one or more samples 102 and an “Allergen Present”message if one or more allergen indicators 106 are found within one ormore samples 102. Such messages may be displayed in numerous languages.In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may display one ormore messages in multiple formats. For example, in some embodiments, oneor more messages may be displayed in colored text.

At embodiment 2508, module 2040 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate an identity of one or more allergens present within theone or more samples. In some embodiments, a system may include one ormore display units 124 that indicate an identity of one or moreallergens 104 present within the one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may indicate an identity ofone or more allergens 104 that correspond to the one or more allergenindicators 106 present within the one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may be operably associatedwith one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configured to identifyone or more allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may be configured to display the identityof one or more allergens 104 that are present and/or absent from one ormore samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, a display unit 124may be configured to indicate a presence or an absence ofbeta-lactoglobulin in a food product.

At embodiment 2510, module 2040 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate one or more concentrations of one or more allergens withinthe one or more samples. In some embodiments, a system may include oneor more display units 124 that indicate one or more concentrations ofone or more allergens 104 within the one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may indicate one or moreconcentrations of one or more allergens 104 that correspond to the oneor more allergen indicators 106 present within the one or more samples102. Concentration may be displayed in numerous formats. For example, insome embodiments, concentration may be expressed numerically (e.g., massallergen indicator 106 per volume sample 102 (e.g., milligrams permilliliter), mass allergen indicator 106 per mass sample 102 (e.g.,milligrams per milligram of sample), parts per million, and the like).In some embodiments, concentration may be expressed graphically. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may includea display having a gray scale on which the concentration of one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are present within one or more samples 102may be indicated (e.g., higher concentrations of one or more allergens104 may be displayed as dark gray while lower concentrations of one ormore allergens 104 may be displayed as light gray). In some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may include a display having a color scaleon which the concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 thatare present within one or more samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., lowconcentrations of one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicatedby a green light, intermediate concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 may be indicated by a yellow light, high concentrationsof one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicated by a red light).In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may be calibrated toan individual. For example, in such embodiments, an individual may usethe display to obtain an immediate reading that will indicate if a foodproduct contains a dangerous level of one or more allergens 104.

At embodiment 2512, module 2040 may include. In some embodiments, asystem may include one or more display units 124 that are calibrated foran individual. In some embodiments, one or or more display units 124 maybe calibrated to display whether one or more allergens 104, and/orallergen indicators 106, that are specific to an individual are presentor absent within one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may be configured to displaywhether one or more samples 102 contain shellfish associated allergens104 for an individual known to be allergic to shellfish. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may be calibrated to indicatesafe and/or unsafe concentrations of one or more allergens 104 withinone or more samples 102 for an individual.

FIG. 26 illustrates a system 2600 representing examples of modules thatmay be used to perform a method for analysis of one or more allergens104. In FIG. 26, discussion and explanation may be provided with respectto the above-described example of FIG. 1, and/or with respect to otherexamples and contexts. However, it should be understood that theoperations may be executed in a number of other environments andcontexts, and/or modified versions of FIG. 1. Also, although the variousmodules are presented in the sequence(s) illustrated, it should beunderstood that the various modules may be configured in numerousorientations.

The system 2600 includes module 2610 that includes one or moremicrofluidic chips configured for analysis of one or more samples forone or more allergen indicators. In some embodiments, module 2610 mayinclude one or more microfluidic chips configured for detachableconnection to the one or more detection units. In some embodiments,module 2610 may include one or more microfluidic chips configured foranalysis of the one or more samples that include one or more liquids. Insome embodiments, module 2610 may include one or more microfluidic chipsconfigured for analysis of the one or more samples that include one ormore solids. In some embodiments, module 2610 may include one or moremicrofluidic chips configured for analysis of the one or more samplesthat include one or more gases. In some embodiments, module 2610 mayinclude one or more microfluidic chips configured for analysis of theone or more samples for the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more airborne allergens. In some embodiments,module 2610 may include one or more microfluidic chips configured foranalysis of the one or more samples for the one or more allergenindicators that are associated with one or more food products. In someembodiments, module 2610 may include one or more microfluidic chipsconfigured for analysis of the one or more samples for the one or moreallergen indicators that are associated with one or more weeds, grasses,trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, autoallergens, orhuman autoallergens. In some embodiments, module 2610 may include one ormore microfluidic chips configured for analysis of the one or moreallergen indicators through use of polynucleotide interaction, proteininteraction, peptide interaction, antibody interaction, chemicalinteraction, diffusion, filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis,immunoassay, or competition assay.

The system 2600 includes module 2620 that includes one or morecentrifugation units configured to operably associate with the one ormore microfluidic chips. In some embodiments, module 2620 may includeone or more centrifugation units configured to centrifuge the one ormore microfluidic chips that are operably associated with the one ormore centrifugation units. In some embodiments, module 2620 may includeone or more centrifugation units configured to provide forchromatographic separation. In some embodiments, module 2620 may includeone or more centrifugation units configured for polynucleotideextraction from the one or more samples. In some embodiments, module2620 may include one or more centrifugation units configured to providefor gradient centrifugation.

The system 2600 includes module 2630 that includes one or more detectionunits operably associated with the one or more microfluidic chips. Insome embodiments, module 2630 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more allergens that are airborne. In someembodiments, module 2630 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, module2630 may include one or more detection units configured to detect theone or more allergen indicators that are associated with one or moreweeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers,metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or human autoallergens. In someembodiments, module 2630 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators with at leastone technique that includes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescenceresonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera,or immunoassay. In some embodiments, module 2630 may include.

The system 2600 may optionally include module 2640 that includes one ormore display units operably associated with the one or more detectionunits. In some embodiments, module 2640 may include one or more displayunits that are passive display units. In some embodiments, module 2640may include one or more display units that are active display units. Insome embodiments, module 2640 may include one or more display units thatindicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergens within theone or more samples. In some embodiments, module 2640 may include one ormore display units that indicate an identity of one or more allergenspresent within the one or more samples. In some embodiments, module 2640may include one or more display units that indicate one or moreconcentrations of one or more allergens within the one or more samples.In some embodiments, module 2640 may include.

The system 2600 may optionally include module 2650 that includes one ormore reservoir units that are operably associated with the one or moremicrofluidic chips. In some embodiments, module 2650 may include one ormore reservoirs that are configured for containing one or more reagents.In some embodiments, module 2650 may include one or more reservoirs thatare configured as one or more waste reservoirs.

FIG. 27 illustrates alternative embodiments of system 2600 of FIG. 26.FIG. 27 illustrates example embodiments of module 2610. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 2702, an embodiment 2704, anembodiment 2706, an embodiment 2708, and/or an embodiment 2710.

At embodiment 2702, module 2610 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for detachable connection to the one or more detectionunits. In some embodiments, a system may include one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 configured for detachable connection to the oneor more detection units 122. In some embodiments, a system may includeone or more detection units 122 that are configured to detachablyconnect with microfluidic chips 108 that are configured to processand/or analyze different types of allergen indicators 106. For example,a system may include a detection unit 122 that may detachably connect toa first microfluidic chip 108 that is configured to analyze airborneallergen indicators 106 and detachably connect to a second microfluidicchip 108 that is configured to analyze food associated allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a system may include asingle detection unit 122 that may be utilized to detect numerous typesof allergen indicators 106 through use of microfluidic chips 108 thatare configured to process and/or analyze numerous types of allergenindicators 106. Such configurations may be configured for field use. Forexample, in some embodiments, a system may include one or more detectionunits 122 that are configured to associate with microfluidic chips 108that are designed for single use. In some embodiments, such systemsprovide for the detection of specific allergen indicators 106 throughuse of a common detection unit 122 that is configured to detachablyconnect with microfluidic chips 108 that are configured to processand/or analyze the specific allergen indicators 106. The one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to utilize numerous methods todetect one or more allergen indicators 106. Examples of such methodsinclude, but are not limited to, surface plasmon resonance,spectroscopy, radioassay, electrical conductivity, and the like.

At embodiment 2704, module 2610 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more samples that includeone or more liquids. In some embodiments, a system may include one ormore microfluidic chips 108 configured for analysis of the one or moresamples 102 that include one or more liquids. Microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured for analysis of numerous types of liquids. Examples ofsuch liquids include, but are not limited to, beverages, water, foodproducts, solvents, and the like. In some embodiments, a microfluidicchip 108 may be configured to analyze one or more solvents that includeone or more dissolved metal samples 102. For example, metal may becontacted with a solvent to obtain a sample 102 of the metal. Thesolvent may then be delivered to a microfluidic chip 108 for analysis.Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous wayssuch that they may analyze one or more samples 102 that include aliquid.

At embodiment 2706, module 2610 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more samples that includeone or more solids. In some embodiments, a system may include one ormore microfluidic chips 108 configured for analysis of the one or moresamples 102 that include one or more solids. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to suspend a solid sample 102in a fluid. In some embodiments, such microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to crush a sample 102 into smaller particles. For example, insome embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may crush a solid sample 102.In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or moresonicators that break a sample 102 into smaller particles to facilitatedetection of one or more allergen indicators 106 that may be presentwithin the sample 102. For example, in some embodiments, solid sporesmay be broken into smaller particles to provide for detection of one ormore polynucleotides that are associated with the spores. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to analyze one ormore samples 102 that include metal. For example, in some embodiments, amicrofluidic chip 108 may be configured to accept a metal sample 102(e.g., from a piece of jewelry). In such embodiments, a microfluidicchip 108 may be configured to dissolve the metal sample 102 in asuitable solvent. For example, the metal sample 102 may be dissolved inhydrochloric acid media and then tin may be extracted from thehydrochloric acid with 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexylester in toluene. The extracted tin may then be detected through use ofan ion-specific electrode. Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured in numerous ways such that they may analyze one or moresamples 102 that include a solid.

At embodiment 2708, module 2610 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more samples that includeone or more gases. In some embodiments, a system may include one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 configured for analysis of the one or moresamples 102 that include one or more gases. For example, in someembodiments, one or more gases that are being analyzed may be passedthrough one or more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, gas maybe pumped through a microfluidic chip 108. In some embodiments, gas maybe drawn through a microfluidic chip 108 through use of a vacuum. Insome embodiments, gas may be passed through a filter on which suspectedallergen indicators 106 are collected for analysis. Accordingly, largevolumes of gas may be analyzed. In some embodiments, one or more gasesmay be analyzed for one or more allergen indicators 106 that include oneor more metals. For example, gases may be analyzed for metals that areassociated with tanks in which the gases are stored, such as iron,steel, aluminum, and the like.

At embodiment 2710, module 2610 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more samples for the one ormore allergen indicators that are associated with one or more airborneallergens. In some embodiments, a system may include one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 configured for analysis of the one or moresamples 102 for the one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more airborne allergens 104. Examples of suchairborne allergens 104 include, but are not limited to, pollen, dander,seeds, exhaust particles (e.g., diesel exhaust) and the like. In someembodiments, the allergen indicators 106 may be collected within one ormore microfluidic chips 108 through filtering air that is passed throughthe one or more microfluidic chips 108. Such filtering may occur throughnumerous mechanisms that may include, but are not limited to, use ofphysical filters, passing air through a fluid bubble chamber, passingthe air through an electrostatic filter, and the like.

FIG. 28 illustrates alternative embodiments of system 2600 of FIG. 26.FIG. 28 illustrates example embodiments of module 2610. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 2802, an embodiment 2804, and/oran embodiment 2806.

At embodiment 2802, module 2610 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more samples for the one ormore allergen indicators that are associated with one or more foodproducts. In some embodiments, a system may include one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 configured for analysis of the one or moresamples 102 for the one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more food products. Such allergen indicators 106are described herein and are known. For example, in some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to analyze one ormore food products at a restaurant to facilitate detection of a presenceor an absence of an allergen indicator 106 within the food product, suchas a presence of one or more allergen indicators 106 associated withnuts, dairy products, crustaceans, eggs, gluten, soy, and the like. Insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto analyze one or more polynucleotides, one or more polypeptides, one ormore portions of one or more polynucleotides, and/or one or moreportions of one or more polypeptides that have a nucleic acid sequenceand/or an amino acid sequence that corresponds to, but is not limitedto, one or more of the following accession numbers: X97824, M18780,X14712, M73993, X60688, U08008, AF479772, Y14855, AJ315959, AJ414730,P80208, CAA46782, P81729, AJ404845, X12928, P19656, AJ890020, U31771,Z48967, AF129423, P81943, AF456482, AF327622, AF329829, DR027057,AJ243427, AF05730, AF129424, AF071477, Z78202, U93165, U66076, U32440,AF221501, AF129425, AY081850, AY081852, P81402, AY898658, P80274,AF377948, AF377949, D14059, AY049013, A57106, AY792956, X60043, L34402,L77197, AF093541, AF086821, AF059616, AF092846, AF091737, AY328088,P00785, AJ297410, AJ417552, AJ417553, U81996, P15476, P16348, P20347,P30941, P04403, M17146, AY221641, AY102930, AY102931, U66866, AF066055,AF453947, AY081853, P01089, AF240005, AF091841, AF240006, AAG23840,AAD42942, AF091842, D32206, AY271295, P83834, AY839230, or substantiallyany combination thereof. Accordingly, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process numerous types of food products tofacilitate detection of numerous types of allergen indicators 106.

At embodiment 2804, module 2610 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more samples for the one ormore allergen indicators that are associated with one or more weeds,grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers,autoallergens, or human autoallergens. In some embodiments, a system mayinclude one or more microfluidic chips 108 configured for analysis ofthe one or more samples 102 for the one or more allergen indicators 106that are associated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites,animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, autoallergens, humanautoallergens, or substantially any combination thereof. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured foranalysis of the one or more samples 102 for the one or more allergenindicators 106 associated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites,animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals,autoallergens, or human autoallergens. Such allergen indicators 106 aredescribed herein and are known. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or morematerial samples 102 to determine if the material contains latex.

At embodiment 2806, module 2610 may include one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicatorsthrough use of polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction, peptideinteraction, antibody interaction, chemical interaction, diffusion,filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay, orcompetition assay. In some embodiments, a system may include one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 configured for analysis of the one or moreallergen indicators 106 through use of polynucleotide interaction,protein interaction, peptide interaction, antibody interaction, chemicalinteraction, diffusion, filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis,immunoassay, competition assay, or substantially any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may be separatedfrom other materials included within one or more samples 102 throughprocessing.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofpolynucleotide interaction. Numerous methods based on polynucleotideinteraction may be used. Examples of such methods include, but are notlimited to, those based on polynucleotide hybridization, polynucleotideligation, polynucleotide amplification, polynucleotide degradation, andthe like. Methods that utilize intercalation dyes, FRET analysis,capacitive DNA detection, and nucleic acid amplification have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and 6,960,437; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, fluorescence resonanceenergy transfer, fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electrontransfer, electrical conductivity, and the like may be used to analyzepolynucleotide interaction. Such methods are known and have beendescribed (e.g., Jarvius, DNA Tools and Microfluidic Systems forMolecular Analysis, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of UppsalaDissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 161, ACTA UNIVERSITATISUPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2006, ISBN: 91-554-6616-8; Singh-Zocchi et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem.,75:3941-3945 (2003); Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137(2003); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,958,216; 5,093,268; 6,090,545; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or morepolynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube are combinedwith one or more samples 102, and/or one or more partially purifiedpolynucleotides obtained from one or more samples 102. The one or morepolynucleotides that include one or more carbon nanotubes are allowed tohybridize with one or more polynucleotides that may be present withinthe one or more samples 102. The one or more carbon nanotubes may beexcited (e.g., with an electron beam and/or a ultraviolet laser) and theemission spectra of the excited nanotubes may be correlated withhybridization of the one or more polynucleotides that include at leastone carbon nanotube with one or more polynucleotides that are includedwithin the one or more samples 102. Methods to utilize carbon nanotubesas probes for nucleic acid interaction have been described (e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 6,821,730; herein incorporated by reference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofprotein interaction. Numerous methods based on protein interaction maybe used. In some embodiments, protein interaction may be used toimmobilize one or more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments,protein interaction may be used to separate one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. Examples of such methodsinclude, but are not limited to, those based on ligand binding,protein-protein binding, protein cross-linking, use of green fluorescentprotein, phage display, the two-hybrid system, protein arrays, fiberoptic evanescent wave sensors, chromatographic techniques, fluorescenceresonance energy transfer, regulation of pH to control protein assemblyand/or oligomerization, and the like. For example, tropomyosin is amajor muscle protein in crustaceans that is thought to be a major shrimpallergen 104. Tropomyosin is associated with the well knownactin-troponin-myosin complex. Calcium ion binding to troponin enablestroponin to bind tropomyosin and shift it from the binding sites ofmyosin on the actin proteins. Without the presence of Calcium ion,troponin is no longer able to bind to tropomyosin, and tropomyosin againblocks the binding sites of myosin on the actin proteins. Tropomyosinalso binds to the calcium-binding protein calcyclin (Nelson et al.,Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 1:253-259 (2002) and Liou and Chen,European Journal of Biochemistry, 270:3092-3100 (2003)). Accordingly,protein interactions may be used to separate tropomyosin (allergenindicator 106) from one or more samples 102. Similar methods may be usedwith numerous proteins. Methods that may be used to construct proteinarrays have been described (e.g., Warren et al., Anal. Chem.,76:4082-4092 (2004) and Walter et al., Trends Mol. Med., 8:250-253(2002), U.S. Pat. No. 6,780,582; herein incorporated by reference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of peptideinteraction. Peptides are generally described as being polypeptides thatinclude less than one hundred amino acids. For example, peptides includedipeptides, tripeptides., and the like. In some embodiments, peptidesmay include from two to one hundred amino acids. In some embodiments,peptides may include from two to fifty amino acids. In some embodiments,peptides may include from two to one twenty amino acids. In someembodiments, peptides may include from ten to one hundred amino acids.In some embodiments, peptides may include from ten to fifty amino acids.Accordingly, peptides can include numerous numbers of amino acids.Numerous methods based on peptide interaction may be used. In someembodiments, peptide interaction may be used to immobilize one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, peptide interaction may beused to separate one or more allergen indicators 106 from one or moresamples 102. Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to,those based on ligand binding, peptide-protein binding, peptide-peptidebinding, peptide-polynucleotide binding, peptide cross-linking, use ofgreen fluorescent protein, phage display, the two-hybrid system, proteinarrays, peptide arrays, fiber optic evanescent wave sensors,chromatographic techniques, fluorescence resonance energy transfer,regulation of pH to control peptide and/or protein assembly and/oroligomerization, and the like. Accordingly, virtually any technique thatmay be used to analyze proteins may be utilized for the analysis ofpeptides. In some embodiments, high-speed capillary electrophoresis maybe used to detect binding through use of fluorescently labeledphosphopeptides as affinity probes (Yang et al., Anal. Chem.,10.1021/ac061936e (2006)). Methods to immobilize proteins and peptideshave been reported (Taylor, Protein Immobilization: Fundamentals andApplications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1991)).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of antibodyinteraction. Antibodies may be raised that will bind to numerousallergen indicators 106 through use of known methods (e.g., Harlow andLane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1988)). Antibodies may be configured innumerous ways within one or more microfluidic chips 108 to process oneor more allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments,antibodies may be coupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108.One or more samples 102 may be passed over the antibodies to facilitatebinding of one or more allergen indicators 106 to the one or moreantibodies to form one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106complexes. A labeled detector antibody that binds to the allergenindicator 106 (or the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex) may thenbe passed over the one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexessuch that the labeled detector antibody will label the allergenindicator 106 (or the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex). Numerouslabels may be used that include, but are not limited to, enzymes,fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spin labels, redox labels,and the like. In other embodiments, antibodies may be coupled to asubstrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or more samples 102 may bepassed over the antibodies to facilitate binding of one or more allergenindicators 106 to the one or more antibodies to form one or moreantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Such binding provides fordetection of the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex through use ofmethods that include, but are not limited to, surface plasmon resonance,conductivity, and the like (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.: 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, antibodies may becoupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108 to provide for acompetition assay. One or more samples 102 may be mixed with one or morereagent mixtures that include one or more labeled allergen indicators106. The mixture may then be passed over the antibodies to facilitatebinding of allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 and labeledallergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture to the antibodies. Theunlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 will compete withthe labeled allergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture for bindingto the antibodies. Accordingly, the amount of label bound to theantibodies will vary in accordance with the concentration of unlabeledallergen indicators 106 in the sample 102. In some embodiments, antibodyinteraction may be used in association with microcantilevers to processone or more allergen indicators 106. Methods to constructmicrocantilevers are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,141,385; 6,935,165;6,926,864; 6,763,705; 6,523,392; 6,325,904; herein incorporated byreference). In some embodiments, one or more antibodies may be used inconjunction with one or more aptamers to process one or more samples102. Accordingly, in some embodiments, aptamers and antibodies may beused interchangeably to process one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of chemicalinteraction. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured to utilize chemical extraction to process one or moresamples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102may be mixed with a reagent mixture that includes one or more solventsin which the one or more allergen indicators 106 are soluble.Accordingly, the solvent phase containing the one or more allergenindicators 106 may be separated from the sample phase to provide fordetection of the one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixed with a reagent mixturethat includes one or more chemicals that cause precipitation of one ormore allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, the sample phase may bewashed away from the one or more precipitated allergen indicators 106 toprovide for detection of the one or more allergen indicators 106.Accordingly, reagent mixtures that include numerous types of chemicalsthat interact with one or more allergen indicators 106 may be used.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of diffusion.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more fluid samples 102 through use of anH-filter. For example, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured toinclude a channel through which a fluid sample 102 and a second fluidflow such that the fluid sample 102 and the second fluid undergoparallel flow through the channel without significant mixing of thesample fluid and the second fluid. As the fluid sample 102 and thesecond fluid flow through the channel, one or more allergen indicators106 in the fluid sample 102 may diffuse through the fluid sample 102into the second fluid. Accordingly, such diffusion provides for theseparation of the one or more allergen indicators 106 from the sample102. Methods to construct H-filters have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,742,661; 6,409,832; 6,007,775; 5,974,867; 5,971,158; 5,948,684;5,932,100; 5,716,852; herein incorporated by reference). In someembodiments, diffusion based methods may be combined with immunoassaybased methods to process and detect one or more allergen indicators 106.Methods to conduct microscale diffusion immunoassays have been described(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,213; herein incorporated by reference).Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous waysto process one or more allergen indicators 106 through use of diffusion.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of filtration.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to include one or more filters that have a molecular weightcut-off. For example, a filter may allow molecules of low molecularweight to pass through the filter while disallowing molecules of highmolecular weight to pass through the filter. Accordingly, one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are contained within a sample 102 may beallowed to pass through a filter while larger molecules contained withinthe sample 102 are disallowed from passing through the filter.Accordingly, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may includetwo or more filters that selectively retain, or allow passage, of one ormore allergen indicators 106 through the filters. Such configurationsprovide for selective separation of one or more allergen indicators 106from one or more samples 102. Membranes and filters having numerousmolecular weight cut-offs are commercially available (e.g., Millipore,Billerica, Mass.). In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to provide for dialysis of one or more samples102. For example, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may beconfigured to contain one or more samples 102 in one or more samplechambers that are separated from one or more dialysis chambers by asemi-permeable membrane. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are able to pass through the semi-permeablemembrane may be collected in the dialysis chamber. In other embodiments,one or more allergen indicators 106 may be retained in the one or moresample chambers while other sample 102 components may be separated fromthe one or more allergen indicators 106 by their passage through thesemi-permeable membrane into the dialysis chamber. Accordingly, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include two or moredialysis chambers for selective separation of one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. Semi-permeable membranesand dialysis tubing is available from numerous commercial sources (e.g.,Millipore, Billerica, Mass.; Pierce, Rockford, Ill.; Sigma-Aldrich, St.Louis, Mo.). Methods that may be used for microfiltration have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,210; herein incorporated byreference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use ofchromatography. Numerous chromatographic methods may be used to processone or more samples 102. Examples of such chromatographic methodsinclude, but are not limited to, ion-exchange chromatography, affinitychromatography, gel filtration chromatography, hydroxyapatitechromatography, gas chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, thinlayer chromatography, capillary chromatography, size exclusionchromatography, hydrophobic interaction media, and the like. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of one or more chromatographic methods. Insome embodiments, chromatographic methods may be used to process one ormore samples 102 for one or more allergen indicators 106 that includeone or more polynucleotides. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore samples 102 may be applied to a chromatographic media to which theone or more polynucleotides bind. The remaining components of the sample102 may be washed from the chromatographic media. The one or morepolynucleotides may then be eluted from chromatographic media in a morepurified state. Similar methods may be used to process one or moresamples 102 for one or more allergen indicators 106 that include one ormore proteins or polypeptides (e.g., Mondal and Gupta, Biomol. Eng.,23:59-76 (2006)). Chromatography media able to separate numerous typesof molecules is commercially available (e.g., Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.;Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.; Pfizer, New York, N.Y.; Millipore, Billerica,Mass.; GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of aptamerinteraction. In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may includepolynucleotides (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid; ribonucleic acid; andderivatives of polynucleotides that may include polynucleotides thatinclude modified bases, polynucleotides in which the phosphodiester bondis replaced by a different type of bond, or many other types of modifiedpolynucleotides). In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may includepeptide aptamers. Methods to prepare and use aptamers have beendescribed (e.g., Collett et al., Methods, 37:4-15 (2005); Collet et al.,Anal. Biochem., 338:113-123 (2005); Cox et al., Nucleic Acids Res.,30:20 e108 (2002); Kirby et al., Anal. Chem., 76:4066-4075 (2004);Ulrich, Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., 173:305-326 (2006); Baines and Colas,Drug Discovery Today, 11:334-341 (2006); Guthrie et al., Methods,38:324-330 (2006); Geyer et al., Chapter 13: Selection of Genetic Agentsfrom Random Peptide Aptamer Expression Libraries, Methods in Enzymology,Academic Press, pg. 171-208 (2000); U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,630; hereinincorporated by reference). Aptamers may be configured in numerous wayswithin one or more microfluidic chips 108 to process one or moreallergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, aptamers maybe coupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or moresamples 102 may be passed over the aptamers to facilitate binding of oneor more allergen indicators 106 to the one or more aptamers to form oneor more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Labeled detectorantibodies and/or aptamers that bind to the allergen indicator 106 (orthe aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex) may then be passed over theone or more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that thelabeled detector antibodies and/or aptamers will label the allergenindicator 106 (or the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex). Numerouslabels may be used that include, but are not limited to, enzymes,fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spin labels, redox labels,and the like. In other embodiments, aptamers may be coupled to asubstrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or more samples 102 may bepassed over the aptamers to facilitate binding of one or more allergenindicators 106 to the one or more aptamers to form one or moreaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Such binding provides fordetection of the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex through use ofmethods that include, but are not limited to, surface plasmon resonance,conductivity, and the like (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, aptamers may be coupledto a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108 to provide for acompetition assay. One or more samples 102 may be mixed with one or morereagent mixtures that include one or more labeled allergen indicators106. The mixture may then be passed over the aptamers to facilitatebinding of allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 and labeledallergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture to the aptamers. Theunlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 will compete withthe labeled allergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture for bindingto the aptamers. Accordingly, the amount of label bound to the aptamerswill vary in accordance with the concentration of unlabeled allergenindicators 106 in the sample 102. In some embodiments, aptamerinteraction may be used in association with microcantilevers to processone or more allergen indicators 106. Methods to constructmicrocantilevers are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,141,385; 6,935,165;6,926,864; 6,763,705; 6,523,392; 6,325,904; herein incorporated byreference). In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may be used inconjunction with one or more antibodies to process one or more samples102. In some embodiments, aptamers and antibodies may be usedinterchangeably to process one or more samples 102. Accordingly, in someembodiments, methods and/or systems for processing and/or detectingallergen indicators 106 may utilize antibodies and aptamersinterchangeably and/or in combination.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of electricalconductivity. In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may beprocessed though use of magnetism. For example, in some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be combined with one or more taggedpolynucleotides that are tagged with a ferrous material, such as aferrous bead. The tagged polynucleotides and the polynucleotides in theone or more samples 102 may be incubated to provide hybridized complexesof the tagged polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides.Hybridization will serve to couple one or more ferrous beads to thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 that hybridize with the taggedpolynucleotides. Accordingly, the mixture may be passed over anelectromagnet to immobilize the hybridized complexes. Other componentsin the sample 102 may then be washed away from the hybridized complexes.In some embodiments, a chamber containing the magnetically immobilizedhybridized complexes may be heated to release the sample polynucleotidesfrom the magnetically immobilized tagged polynucleotides. The samplepolynucleotides may then be collected in a more purified state. In otherembodiments, similar methods may be used in conjunction with antibodies,aptamers, peptides, ligands, and the like. Accordingly, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways to utilizemagnetism to process one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be processed though use of eddy currents. Eddycurrent separation uses the principles of electromagnetic induction inconducting materials to separate non-ferrous metals by their differentelectric conductivities. An electrical charge is induced into aconductor by changes in magnetic flux cutting through it. Movingpermanent magnets passing a conductor generates the change in magneticflux. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to include a magnetic rotor such that whenconducting particles move through the changing flux of the magneticrotor, a spiraling current and resulting magnetic field are induced. Themagnetic field of the conducting particles may interact with themagnetic field of the magnetic rotor to impart kinetic energy to theconducting particles. The kinetic energy imparted to the conductingparticles may then be used to direct movement of the conductingparticles. Accordingly, non-ferrous particles, such as metallic beads,may be utilized to process one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be combined with one or moretagged polynucleotides that are tagged with a non-ferrous material, suchas an aluminum bead. The tagged polynucleotides and the polynucleotidesin the one or more samples 102 may be incubated to provide hybridizedcomplexes of the tagged polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides.Hybridization will serve to couple one or more ferrous beads to thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 that hybridize with the taggedpolynucleotides. Accordingly, the mixture may be passed through amagnetic field to impart kinetic energy to the non-ferrous bead. Thiskinetic energy may then be used to separate the hybridized complex. Inother embodiments, similar methods may be used in conjunction withantibodies, aptamers, peptides, ligands, and the like. Accordingly, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways toutilize eddy currents to process one or more samples 102. One or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways to utilizeelectrical conductivity to process one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of isoelectricfocusing. Methods have been described that may be used to constructcapillary isoelectric focusing systems (e.g., Herr et al., Investigationof a miniaturized capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) system using afull-field detection approach, Mechanical Engineering Department,Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Wu and Pawliszyn, Journal ofMicrocolumn Separations, 4:419-422 (1992); Kilar and Hjerten,Electrophoresis, 10:23-29 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos.: 7,150,813; 7,070,682;6,730,516; herein incorporated by reference). Such systems may bemodified to provide for the processing of one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use ofelectrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofone-dimensional electrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of two-dimensional electrophoresis. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of gradient gel electrophoresis. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess one or more samples 102 through use electrophoresis underdenaturing conditions. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples 102 throughuse electrophoresis under native conditions. One or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to utilize numerous electrophoretic methods.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoassay. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured to process one or more samples 102 through use of enzymelinked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of radioimmuno assay (RIA). In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 through use of enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In someembodiments, such methods may utilize antibodies (e.g., monoclonalantibodies, polyclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, single-chainantibodies, and the like), aptamers, or substantially any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, a labeled antibody and/or aptamer may beused within an immunoassay. In some embodiments, a labeled ligand towhich the antibody and/or aptamer binds may be used within animmunoassay. Numerous types of labels may be utilized. Examples of suchlabels include, but are not limited to, radioactive labels, fluorescentlabels, enzyme labels, spin labels, magnetic labels, gold labels,colorimetric labels, redox labels, and the like. Numerous immunoassaysare known and may be configured for processing one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze one or more samples 102 through use of one or morecompetition assays. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofone or more polynucleotide based competition assays. One or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to include one or morepolynucleotides coupled to a substrate, such as a polynucleotide array.The one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be further configured so thata sample 102 and/or substantially purified polynucleotides obtained fromone or more samples 102, may be mixed with one or more reagent mixturesthat include one or more labeled polynucleotides to form an analysismixture. This analysis mixture is then passed over the substrate suchthat the labeled polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides areallowed to hybridize to the polynucleotides that are immobilized on thesubstrate. The sample polynucleotides and the labeled polynucleotideswill compete for binding to the polynucleotides that are coupled on thesubstrate. Accordingly, the presence and/or concentration of thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 can be determined through detection ofthe label (e.g., the concentration of the polynucleotides in the sample102 will be inversely related to the amount of label that is bound tothe substrate). Numerous labels may be used that include, but are notlimited to, enzymes, fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spinlabels, redox labels, and the like. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to include one or moreantibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are coupled to asubstrate. The one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be furtherconfigured so that a sample 102 and/or substantially purified samplepolypeptides and/or sample peptides obtained from one or more samples102, may be mixed with one or more reagent mixtures that include one ormore labeled polypeptides and/or labeled peptides to form an analysismixture. This analysis mixture can then be passed over the substratesuch that the labeled polypeptides and/or labeled peptides and thesample polypeptides and/or sample peptides are allowed to bind to theantibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are immobilized onthe substrate. The sample polypeptides and/or sample peptides and thelabeled polypeptides and/or sample peptides will compete for binding tothe antibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are coupled onthe substrate. Accordingly, the presence and/or concentration of thesample polypeptides and/or sample peptides in the sample 102 can bedetermined through detection of the label (e.g., the concentration ofthe sample polypeptides and/or sample peptides in the sample 102 will beinversely related to the amount of label that is bound to thesubstrate). Numerous labels may be used that include, but are notlimited to, enzymes, fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spinlabels, redox labels, and the like. Microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize numerous types of competition assays.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize numerous analysis methods.

FIG. 29 illustrates alternative embodiments of system 2600 of FIG. 26.FIG. 29 illustrates example embodiments of module 2620. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 2902, an embodiment 2904, anembodiment 2906, and/or an embodiment 2908.

At embodiment 2902, module 2620 may include one or more centrifugationunits configured to centrifuge the one or more microfluidic chips thatare operably associated with the one or more centrifugation units. Insome embodiments, a system may include one or more centrifugation units118 configured to centrifuge the one or more microfluidic chips 108 thatare operably associated with the one or more centrifugation units 118.In some embodiments, one or more centrifugation units 118 may beconfigured to detachably associate with one or more microfluidic chips108. For example, in some embodiments, a centrifugation unit 118 mayinclude one or more centrifuge drives that are configured to detachablyassociate with one or more centrifuge rotors that are included withinone or more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, such centrifugedrives may magnetically couple with the one or more centrifuge rotors.In some embodiments, such centrifuge drives may physically couple withthe one or more centrifuge rotors. In some embodiments, one or morecentrifugation units 118 may be configured to centrifuge an entiremicrofluidic chip 108. For example, in some embodiments, a microfluidicchip 108 may be configured to associate with one or more centrifugationunits 118 such that the microfluidic chip 108 is subjected tocentrifugal force. In some embodiments, such a microfluidic chip 108 maybe configured in a manner that resembles a compact disc. Accordingly, insome embodiments, a centrifugation unit 118 may be configured in amanner that resembles a compact disc player.

At embodiment 2904, module 2620 may include one or more centrifugationunits configured to provide for chromatographic separation. In someembodiments, a system may include one or more centrifugation units 118configured to provide for chromatographic separation. For example, insome embodiments, one or more centrifugation units 118 may be configuredto centrifuge one or more samples 102 through one or morechromatographic columns that are associated with one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, such microfluidic chips 108may be coupled to one or more reagent reservoirs such that one or morefluids may be passed through one or more chromatographic columns throughuse of centrifugation. For example, in some embodiments, chromatographicseparation may be used to separate one or more polynucleotides from oneor more samples 102 through use of chromatographic media that isconfigured as a spin column.

At embodiment 2906, module 2620 may include one or more centrifugationunits configured for polynucleotide extraction from the one or moresamples. In some embodiments, a system may include one or morecentrifugation units 118 configured for polynucleotide extraction fromthe one or more samples 102. For example, a microfluidic chip 108 may beconfigured to utilize alkaline lysis (e.g., miniprep procedure) toextract polynucleotides from one or more samples 102. In such examples,a microfluidic chip 108 may include a chamber where one or more samples102 may be combined with a lysis buffer (e.g., sodium hydroxide/sodiumdodecyl sulfate) to solubilize the one or more samples 102. Thesolubilized samples 102 may then be combined with an agent thatprecipitates the sodium dodecyl sulfate (e.g., potassium acetate) andthe microfluidic chip 108 may be centrifuged through use of acentrifugation unit 118. The supernatant may then be transferred toanother chamber where it may be chemically extracted (e.g.,phenol/chloroform). The supernatant may then be transferred to anotherchamber and combined with an agent to precipitate polynucleotidespresent within the supernatant (e.g., alcohol). The microfluidic chip108 may then be centrifuged to pellet any polynucleotides and then thesupernatant may be drawn off and the pellet resuspended to facilitateanalysis of the polynucleotides. In some embodiments, one or moresamples 102 may be combined with a lysis buffer (e.g., sodiumhydroxide/sodium dodecyl sulfate) to solubilize the one or more samples102. The solubilized samples 102 may then be combined with an agent thatprecipitates the sodium dodecyl sulfate (e.g., potassium acetate) andthe microfluidic chip 108 may be centrifuged through use of acentrifugation unit 118. The supernatant may then be applied to achromatographic column. One or more wash buffers may then be centrifugedthrough the column to further separate the one or more polynucleotides.An elution buffer may then be centrifuged through the column to elutethe one or more polynucleotides from the column. The elution buffer thatincludes the one or more polynucleotides may be combined with an agent(e.g., alcohol) to precipitate any polynucleotides present within theelution buffer. The microfluidic chip 108 may then be centrifuged topellet any polynucleotides.

At embodiment 2908, module 2620 may include one or more centrifugationunits configured to provide for gradient centrifugation. In someembodiments, a system may include one or more centrifugation units 118configured to provide for gradient centrifugation. In some embodiments,one or more centrifugation units 118 may be configured to provide fordensity gradient centrifugation. In some embodiments, one or morecentrifugation units 118 may be configured to provide for velocitygradient centrifugation.

FIG. 30 illustrates alternative embodiments of system 2600 of FIG. 26.FIG. 30 illustrates example embodiments of module 2630. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 3002, an embodiment 3004, anembodiment 3006, an embodiment 3008, and/or an embodiment 3010.

At embodiment 3002, module 2630 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more allergens that are airborne. In someembodiments, a system may include one or more detection units 122configured to detect the one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more allergens 104 that are airborne.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to operably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips108 and to detect one or more airborne allergens 104. For example, insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto allow one or more air samples 102 to contact the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 such that one or more allergen indicators 106included within the one or more air samples 102 are retained by the oneor more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, the one or more airsamples 102 may be passed through a filter on which one or more airborneallergen indicators 106 are collected. The collected airborne allergenindicators 106 may then be washed from the filter and caused to passover an antibody array to which the one or more airborne allergenindicators 106 become immobilized. The immobilized airborne allergenindicators 106 may then be detected through numerous methods thatinclude, but are not limited to, electrical conductivity, immunoassaybased methods, and the like. Accordingly, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect the one or more airborne allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe configured to operably associate with one or more microfluidic chips108 such that the one or more detection units 122 facilitate air flowthrough the one or more microfluidic chips 108 to provide for airsampling. For example, in some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may include one or more fans to push and/or pull air through one ormore operably associated microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments,one or more detection units 122 may include one or more bellows to pushand/or pull air through one or more operably associated microfluidicchips 108. Detection units 122 may be configured in numerous ways toprovide for detection of one or more airborne allergen indicators 106.

At embodiment 3004, module 2630 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, a systemmay include one or more detection units 122 configured to detect the oneor more allergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or morefood products. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be configured to operably associate with the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 and to detect one or more allergen indicators 106that are associated with one or more food products. Such allergenindicators 106 have been described herein and within additional sources(e.g., Allergen Nomenclature: International Union of ImmunologicalSocieties Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee, List of allergens andAllergen Nomenclature: International Union of Immunological SocietiesAllergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee, List of isoallergens and variants).Numerous methods may be used to detect one or more allergen indicators106 that are associated with one or more food products. Such methodshave been described herein. In addition, other detection methods thathave been described may be modified to provide for detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or more foodproducts. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more polynucleotides, one or morepolypeptides, one or more portions of one or more polynucleotides,and/or one or more portions of one or more polypeptides that have anucleic acid sequence and/or an amino acid sequence that corresponds to,but is not limited to, one or more of the following accession numbers:X97824, M18780, X14712, M73993, X60688, U08008, AF479772, Y14855,AJ315959, AJ414730, P80208, CAA46782, P81729, AJ404845, X12928, P19656,AJ890020, U31771, Z48967, AF129423, P81943, AF456482, AF327622,AF329829, DR027057, AJ243427, AF05730, AF129424, AF071477, Z78202,U93165, U66076, U32440, AF221501, AF129425, AY081850, AY081852, P81402,AY898658, P80274, AF377948, AF377949, D14059, AY049013, A57106,AY792956, X60043, L34402, L77197, AF093541, AF086821, AF059616,AF092846, AF091737, AY328088, P00785, AJ297410, AJ417552, AJ417553,U81996, P15476, P16348, P20347, P30941, P04403, M17146, AY221641,AY102930, AY102931, U66866, AF066055, AF453947, AY081853, P01089,AF240005, AF091841, AF240006, AAG23840, AAD42942, AF091842, D32206,AY271295, P83834, AY839230, or substantially any combination thereof.

At embodiment 3006, module 2630 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals,molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, orhuman autoallergens. In some embodiments, a system may include one ormore detection units 122 configured to detect the one or more allergenindicators 106 that are associated with one or more weeds, grasses,trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals,chemicals, autoallergens, human autoallergens, or substantially anycombination thereof. Numerous allergen indicators 106 are known to beassociated with weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi,insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or humanautoallergens. Such allergen indicators 106 have been described hereinand within additional sources (e.g., Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of allergens and Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of isoallergens and variants). Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess one or more samples 102 and provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, an allergen indicator 106may be an allergenic particle. For example, in some embodiments, anallergen indicator 106 may include a complete pollen particle, such as apollen particle, a spore, a flake of dander, and the like. In someembodiments, an allergen indicator 106 may be a portion of an allergenicparticle. For example, in some embodiments, an allergen indicator 106may include a portion of a pollen particle (e.g., polynucleotides,sporoderm, and the like). In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106may include polynucleotides that are associated with one or moreallergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may includefragments of polynucleotides that are associated with one or moreallergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may includepolypeptides, peptides, and/or proteins that are associated with one ormore allergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 mayinclude polysaccharides that are associated with one or more allergens104. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to provide for detection of one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe configured to operably associate with one or more such microfluidicchips 108 and configured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.Numerous detection methods may be used to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Such methods have been described herein. In addition,detection methods that have been described may be modified to providefor detection of one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured to detectand determine a concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106that are included within a sample 102. For example, in some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide fordetection of one or more polynucleotides that are allergen indicators106 through detection of electrical current produced upon hybridizationof the one or more polynucleotides. Accordingly, in such embodiments,the one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to produce anelectrical current that is relative to polynucleotide concentration toprovide for determination of polynucleotide concentration within one ormore samples 102. Numerous configurations may be used in associationwith one or more allergen indicators 106 to provide for determination ofallergen 104 concentration. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for identificationof one or more allergens 104. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include immobilized polynucleotides thatselectively hybridize to one or more polynucleotides that are associatedwith a known allergen indicator 106. Accordingly, hybridization of oneor more polynucleotides with the one or more immobilized polynucleotidesindicates that a sample 102 includes one or more allergen indicators 106that correspond to one or more known allergens 104. Accordingly, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to operably associate withsuch microfluidic chips 108 to provide for specific detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, microfluidic chips108 and/or detection units 122 may be configured to determine theidentity and concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 thatare included within one or more samples 102.

At embodiment 3008, module 2630 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators with at leastone technique that includes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescenceresonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera,or immunoassay. In some embodiments, a system may include one or moredetection units 122 configured to detect the one or more allergenindicators 106 with at least one technique that includes spectroscopy,electrochemical detection, polynucleotide detection, fluorescenceanisotropy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer,enzyme assay, electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing,chromatography, immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding,electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera, immunoassay, or substantially anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 thathave been processed by one or more microfluidic chips 108. For example,in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include awindow (e.g., a quartz window, a cuvette analog, and/or the like)through which one or more detection units 122 may determine if one ormore allergen indicators 106 are present or determine the concentrationof one or more allergen indicators 106. In such embodiments, numeroustechniques may be used to detect the one or more allergen indicators106, such as visible light spectroscopy, ultraviolet light spectroscopy,infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and the like.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 mayinclude circuitry and/or electro-mechanical mechanisms to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 present within one or more microfluidicchips 108 through a window in the one or more microfluidic chips 108. Insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto process one or more samples 102 through use of surface plasmonresonance. In some embodiments, the one or more microfluidic chips 108may include one or more antibodies, aptamers, proteins, peptides,polynucleotides, and the like, that are bound to a substrate (e.g., ametal film) within the one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, such microfluidic chips 108 may include a prism throughwhich one or more detection units 122 may shine light to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that interact with the one or moreantibodies, aptamers, proteins, peptides, polynucleotides, and the like,that are bound to a substrate. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may include an exposed substrate surface that isconfigured to operably associate with one or more prisms that areincluded within one or more detection units 122. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include a nuclear magneticresonance (NMR) probe. In such embodiments, the microfluidic chips 108may be configured to associate with one or more detection units 122 thataccept the NMR probe and are configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of NMR spectroscopy. Accordingly,microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122 may be configured innumerous ways to associate with each other to provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of spectroscopy. Numerous types of spectroscopic methods maybe used. Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to,ultraviolet spectroscopy, visible light spectroscopy, infraredspectroscopy, x-ray spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, massspectroscopy, plasmon resonance (e.g., Cherif et al., ClinicalChemistry, 52:255-262 (2006) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching, fluorescence resonanceenergy transfer, intrinsic fluorescence, ligand fluorescence, and thelike.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrochemical detection. In some embodiments, one ormore polynucleotides may be detected through electrochemical detection.For example, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide that includes a redoxlabel, such as ferrocene is coupled to a gold electrode. The labeledpolynucleotide forms a stem-loop structure that can self-assemble onto agold electrode by means of facile gold-thiol chemistry. Hybridization ofa sample 102 polynucleotide induces a large conformational change in thesurface-confined polynucleotide structure, which in turn alters theelectron-transfer tunneling distance between the electrode and theredoxable label. The resulting change in electron transfer efficiencymay be measured by cyclic voltammetry (Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci., 100:9134-9137 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem., 75:3941-3945(2003); Singh-Zocchi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610(2003)). Such methods may be used to detect messenger ribonucleic acid,genomic deoxyribonucleic acid, and fragments thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of polynucleotide detection. In some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106 through use of polynucleotide detection.Numerous methods may be used to detect one or more polynucleotides.Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to, those based onpolynucleotide hybridization, polynucleotide ligation, polynucleotideamplification, polynucleotide degradation, and the like. Methods thatutilize intercalation dyes, fluorescence resonance energy transfer,capacitive deoxyribonucleic acid detection, and nucleic acidamplification have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and6,960,437; herein incorporated by reference). Such methods may beadapted to provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.In some embodiments, fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electrontransfer, electrical conductivity, and the like may be used to analyzepolynucleotide interaction. Such methods are known and have beendescribed (e.g., Jarvius, DNA Tools and Microfluidic Systems forMolecular Analysis, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of UppsalaDissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 161, ACTA UNIVERSITATISUPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2006, ISBN: 91-554-6616-8; Singh-Zocchi et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem.,75:3941-3945 (2003); Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137(2003); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,958,216; 5,093,268; 6,090,545; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or morepolynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube may becombined with one or more samples 102, and/or one or more partiallypurified polynucleotides obtained from one or more samples 102. The oneor more polynucleotides that include one or more carbon nanotubes areallowed to hybridize with one or more polynucleotides that may bepresent within the one or more samples 102. The one or more carbonnanotubes may be excited (e.g., with an electron beam and/or aultraviolet laser) and the emission spectra of the excited nanotubes maybe correlated with hybridization of the one or more polynucleotides thatinclude at least one carbon nanotube with one or more polynucleotidesthat are included within the one or more samples 102. Accordingly,polynucleotides that hybridize to one or more allergen indicators 106may include one or more carbon nanotubes. Methods to utilize carbonnanotubes as probes for nucleic acid interaction have been described(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,730; herein incorporated by reference).Numerous other methods based on polynucleotide detection may be used todetect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of fluorescence anisotropy. Fluorescence anisotropy is basedon measuring the steady state polarization of sample 102 fluorescenceimaged in a confocal arrangement. A linearly polarized laser excitationsource preferentially excites fluorescent target molecules withtransition moments aligned parallel to the incident polarization vector.The resultant fluorescence is collected and directed into two channelsthat measure the intensity of the fluorescence polarized both paralleland perpendicular to that of the excitation beam. With these twomeasurements, the fluorescence anisotropy, r, can be determined from theequation: r=(Intensity parallel−Intensity perpendicular)/(Intensityparallel+2(Intensity perpendicular)) where the I terms indicateintensity measurements parallel and perpendicular to the incidentpolarization. Fluorescence anisotropy detection of fluorescent moleculeshas been described. Accordingly, fluorescence anisotropy may be coupledto numerous fluorescent labels as have been described herein and as havebeen described.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET).Fluorescence resonance energy transfer refers to an energy transfermechanism between two fluorescent molecules. A fluorescent donor isexcited at its fluorescence excitation wavelength. This excited state isthen nonradiatively transferred to a second molecule, the fluorescentacceptor. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer may be used withinnumerous configurations to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.For example, in some embodiments, an antibody may be labeled with afluorescent donor and one or more allergen indicators 106 may be labeledwith a fluorescent acceptor. Accordingly, such labeled antibodies andallergen indicators 106 may be used within competition assays to detectthe presence and/or concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106in one or more samples 102. Numerous combinations of fluorescent donorsand fluorescent acceptors may be used to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to emit one or more wavelength of light to excite afluorescent donor and may be configured to detect one or more wavelengthof light emitted by the fluorescent acceptor. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured to acceptone or more microfluidic chips 108 that include a quartz window throughwhich fluorescent light may pass to provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106 through use of fluorescence resonance energytransfer. Accordingly, fluorescence resonance energy transfer may beused in conjunction with competition assays and/or numerous other typesof assays to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electron transfer. Electron transfer is the process bywhich an electron moves from an electron donor to an electron acceptorcausing the oxidation states of the electron donor and the electronacceptor to change. In some embodiments, electron transfer may occurwhen an electron is transferred from one or more electron donors to anelectrode. In some embodiments, electron transfer may be utilized withincompetition assays to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 mayinclude one or more polynucleotides that may be immobilized on one ormore electrodes. The immobilized polynucleotides may be incubated with areagent mixture that includes sample polynucleotides and polynucleotidesthat are tagged with an electron donor. Hybridization of the taggedpolynucleotides to the immobilized polynucleotides allows the electrondonor to transfer an electron to the electrode to produce a detectablesignal. Accordingly, a decrease in signal due to the presence of one ormore polynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106 in the reagentmixture indicates the presence of an allergen indicator 106 in thesample 102. Such methods may be used in conjunction withpolynucleotides, polypeptides, peptides, antibodies, aptamers, and thelike. One or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to utilizenumerous electron transfer based assays to provide for detection of oneor more allergen indicators 106 by a detection unit 122.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of one or more enzyme assays. Numerous enzyme assays may beused to provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.Examples of such enzyme assays include, but are not limited to,beta-galactosidase assays, peroxidase assays, catalase assays, alkalinephosphatase assays, and the like. In some embodiments, enzyme assays maybe configured such that an enzyme will catalyze a reaction involving anenzyme substrate that produces a fluorescent product. Accordingly, oneor more detection units 122 may be configured to detect fluorescenceresulting from the fluorescent product. Enzymes and florescent enzymesubstrates are known and are commercially available (e.g.,Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.). In some embodiments, enzyme assays maybe configured as binding assays that provide for detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include a substrate towhich is coupled to one or more antibodies, aptamers, peptides,proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, and the like, that will interactwith one or more allergen indicators 106. One or more samples 102 may bepassed across the substrate such that one or more allergen indicators106 present within the one or more samples 102 will interact with theone or more antibodies, aptamers, peptides, proteins, polynucleotides,ligands, and the like, and be immobilized on the substrate. One or moreantibodies, aptamers, peptides, proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, andthe like, that are labeled with an enzyme may then be passed across thesubstrate such that the one or more labeled antibodies, aptamers,peptides, proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, and the like, will bind tothe one or more immobilized allergen indicators 106. An enzyme substratemay then be introduced to the one or more immobilized enzymes such thatthe enzymes are able to catalyze a reaction involving the enzymesubstrate to produce a fluorescent product. Such assays are oftenreferred to as sandwich assays. Accordingly, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect one or more products of enzyme catalysisto provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrical conductivity. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106through use of electrical conductivity. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more detection units 122 such that the one or more detection units122 can detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrical conductivity. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to include two or more electrodes that areeach coupled to one or more detector polynucleotides. Interaction of anallergen associated polynucleotide, such as hybridization, with twodetector polynucleotides that are coupled to two different electrodeswill complete an electrical circuit. This completed circuit will providefor the flow of a detectable electrical current between the twoelectrodes and thereby provide for detection of one or more allergenassociated polynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, the electrodes may be carbon nanotubes (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.6,958,216; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments,electrodes may include, but are not limited to, one or more conductivemetals, such as gold, copper, iron, silver, platinum, and the like; oneor more conductive alloys; one or more conductive ceramics; and thelike. In some embodiments, electrodes may be selected and configuredaccording to protocols typically used in the computer industry thatinclude, but are not limited to, photolithography, masking, printing,stamping, and the like. In some embodiments, other molecules andcomplexes that interact with one or more allergen indicators 106 may beused to detect the one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrical conductivity. Examples of such molecules and complexesinclude, but are not limited to, proteins, peptides, antibodies,aptamers, and the like. For example, in some embodiments, two or moreantibodies may be immobilized on one or more electrodes such thatcontact of the two or more antibodies with an allergen indicator 106,such as a spore, a pollen particle, a dander particle, and the like,will complete an electrical circuit and facilitate the production of adetectable electrical current. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include electricalconnectors that are able to operably associate with one or moredetection units 122 such that the detection units 122 may detect anelectrical current that is due to interaction of one or more allergenindicators 106 with two or more electrodes. In some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may include electrical connectors that providefor operable association of one or more microfluidic chips 108 with theone or more detection units 122. In some embodiments, the one or moredetectors are configured for detachable connection to one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122may be configured in numerous ways to process one or more samples 102and detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106through use of isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, nativeisoelectric focusing may be utilized to process and/or detect one ormore allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, denaturingisoelectric focusing may be utilized to process and/or detect one ormore allergen indicators 106. Methods to construct microfluidic channelsthat may be used for isoelectric focusing have been reported (e.g.,Macounova et al., Anal Chem., 73:1627-1633 (2001); Macounova et al.,Anal Chem., 72:3745-3751 (2000); Herr et al., Investigation of aminiaturized capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) system using afull-field detection approach, Mechanical Engineering Department,Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Wu and Pawliszyn, Journal ofMicrocolumn Separations, 4:419-422 (1992); Kilar and Hjerten,Electrophoresis, 10:23-29 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,150,813; 7,070,682;6,730,516; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 through use of methods that include isoelectric focusing. Insome embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more such microfluidic chips 108 suchthat the one or more detection units 122 can be used to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that have been focused within one or moremicrofluidic channels of the one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured toinclude one or more CCD cameras that can be used to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be configured to include one or more spectrometers thatcan be used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Numeroustypes of spectrometers may be utilized to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 following isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, oneor more detection units 122 may be configured to utilize refractiveindex to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured tocombine one or more samples 102 with one or more reagent mixtures thatinclude one or more binding molecules and/or binding complexes that bindto one or more allergen indicators 106 that may be present within theone or more samples 102 to form an allergen indicator-bindingmolecule/binding complex. Examples of such binding molecules and/orbinding complexes that bind to one or more allergen indicators 106include, but are not limited to, antibodies, aptamers, peptides,proteins, polynucleotides, and the like. In some embodiments, anallergen indicator-binding molecule/binding complex may be processedthrough use of isoelectric focusing and then detected with one or moredetection units 122. In some embodiments, one or more binding moleculesand/or one or more binding complexes may include a label. Numerouslabels may be used and include, but are not limited to, radioactivelabels, fluorescent labels, colorimetric labels, spin labels,fluorescent labels, and the like. Accordingly, in some embodiments, anallergen indicator-binding molecule (labeled)/binding complex (labeled)may be processed through use of isoelectric focusing and then detectedwith one or more detection units 122 that are configured to detect theone or more labels. Microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122 maybe configured in numerous ways to process one or more samples 102 anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 though use of isoelectricfocusing.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of chromatographic methodology alone or in combination withadditional processing and/or detection methods. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators106 through use of chromatographic methods. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips 108 anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 that were processed throughuse of chromatographic methods. In some embodiments, the one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to operably associate with one ormore microfluidic chips 108 and supply solvents and other reagents tothe one or more microfluidic chips 108. For example, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include pumps andsolvent/buffer reservoirs that are configured to supply solvent/bufferflow through chromatographic media (e.g., a chromatographic column) thatis operably associated with one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more microfluidic chips 108 and beconfigured to utilize one or more methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Numerous types of chromatographic methods and media maybe used to process one or more samples 102 and provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106. Chromatographic methods include,but are not limited to, low pressure liquid chromatography, highpressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), microcapillary low pressureliquid chromatography, microcapillary high pressure liquidchromatography, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography,gel filtration chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, thin layerchromatography, paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and the like.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to include one or more high pressure microcapillary columns.Methods that may be used to prepare microcapillary HPLC columns (e.g.,columns with a 100 micrometer-500 micrometer inside diameter) have beendescribed (e.g., Davis et al., Methods, A Companion to Methods inEnzymology, 6: Micromethods for Protein Structure Analysis, ed. by JohnE. Shively, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, 304-314 (1994); Swiderek etal., Trace Structural Analysis of Proteins. Methods of Enzymology, ed.by Barry L. Karger & William S. Hancock, Spectrum, Publisher Services,271, Chap. 3, 68-86 (1996); Moritz and Simpson, J. Chromatogr.,599:119-130 (1992)). In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to include one or more affinity columns. Methodsto prepare affinity columns have been described. Briefly, a biotinylatedsite may be engineered into a polypeptide, peptide, aptamer, antibody,or the like. The biotinylated protein may then be incubated with avidincoated polystyrene beads and slurried in Tris buffer. The slurry maythen be packed into a capillary affinity column through use of highpressure packing. Affinity columns may be prepared that may include oneor more molecules and/or complexes that interact with one or moreallergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, one or moreaptamers that bind to one or more allergen indicators. 106 may be usedto construct an affinity column. Accordingly, numerous chromatographicmethods may be used alone, or in combination with additional methods, toprocess and detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Numerousdetection methods may be used in combination with numerous types ofchromatographic methods. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122may be configured to utilize numerous detection methods to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that are processed through use of one ormore chromatographic methods. Examples of such detection methodsinclude, but are not limited to, conductivity detection, use ofion-specific electrodes, refractive index detection, colorimetricdetection, radiological detection, detection by retention time,detection through use of elution conditions, spectroscopy, and the like.For example, in some embodiments, one or more chromatographic markersmay be added to one or more samples 102 prior to the samples 102 beingapplied to a chromatographic column. One or more detection units 122that are operably associated with the chromatographic column may beconfigured to detect the one or more chromatographic markers and use theelution time and/or position of the chromatographic markers as acalibration tool for use in detecting one or more allergen indicators106 if those allergen indicators 106 are eluted from the chromatographiccolumn. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to utilize one or more ion-specific electrodes to detect oneor more allergen indicators 106. For example, such electrodes may beused to detect allergen indicators 106 that include, but are not limitedto, metals (e.g., tin, silver, nickel, cobalt, chromate), nitrates,nitrites, sulfites, and the like. Such allergen indicators 106 are oftenassociated with food, beverages, clothing, jewelry, and the like.Accordingly, chromatographic methods may be used in combination withadditional methods and in combination with numerous types of detectionmethods.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoprecipitation. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of immunoprecipitation. In some embodiments,immunoprecipitation may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoprecipitation. For example, in some embodiments, one or moresamples 102 may be combined with one or more antibodies that bind to oneor more allergen indicators 106 to form one or more antibody-allergenindicator 106 complexes. An insoluble form of an antibody bindingconstituent, such as protein A (e.g., protein A-sepharose bead, proteinA-magnetic bead, protein A-ferrous bead, protein A-non-ferrous bead, andthe like), Protein G, a second antibody, an aptamer, and the like, maythen be mixed with the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex such thatthe insoluble antibody binding constituent binds to theantibody-allergen indicator 106 complex and provides for precipitationof the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex. Such complexes may beseparated from other sample 102 components to provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments,sample 102 components may be washed away from the precipitatedantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 that are configured for immunoprecipitationmay be operably associated with one or more centrifugation units 118 toassist in precipitating one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106complexes. In some embodiments, aptamers (polypeptide and/orpolynucleotide) may be used in combination with antibodies or in placeof antibodies. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofnumerous detection methods in combination with immunoprecipitation basedmethods.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoseparation. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of nimunoseparation. In some embodiments,immunoseparation may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoseparation. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples102 may be combined with one or more antibodies that bind to one or moreallergen indicators 106 to form one or more antibody-allergen indicator106 complexes. An antibody binding constituent may be added that bindsto the antibody-allergen complex.

Examples of such antibody binding constituents that may be used alone orin combination include, but are not limited to, protein A (e.g., proteinA-sepharose bead, protein A-magnetic bead, protein A-ferrous bead,protein A-non-ferrous bead, and the like), Protein G, a second antibody,an aptamer, and the like. Such antibody binding constituents may bemixed with an antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex such that theantibody binding constituent binds to the antibody-allergen indicator106 complex and provides for separation of the antibody-allergenindicator 106 complex. In some embodiments, the antibody bindingconstituent may include a tag that allows the antibody bindingconstituent and complexes that include the antibody binding constituentto be separated from other components in one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, the antibody binding constituent may include a ferrousmaterial. Accordingly, antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes may beseparated from other sample 102 components through use of a magnet, suchas an electromagnet. In some embodiments, an antibody bindingconstituent may include a non-ferrous metal. Accordingly,antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes may be separated from othersample 102 components through use of an eddy current to direct movementof one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In someembodiments, two or more forms of an antibody binding constituents maybe used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, insome embodiments, a first antibody binding constituent may be coupled toa ferrous material and a second antibody binding constituent may becoupled to a non-ferrous material. Accordingly, the first antibodybinding constituent and the second antibody binding constituent may bemixed with antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that the firstantibody binding constituent and the second antibody binding constituentbind to antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes that include differentallergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in such embodiments, differentallergen indicators 106 from a single sample 102 and/or a combination ofsamples 102 may be separated through use of direct magnetic separationin combination with eddy current based separation. In some embodiments,one or more samples 102 may be combined with one or more antibodies thatbind to one or more allergen indicators 106 to form one or moreantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, the oneor more antibodies may include one or more tags that provide forseparation of the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Forexample, in some embodiments, an antibody may include a tag thatincludes one or more magnetic beads, a ferrous material, a non-ferrousmetal, an affinity tag, a size exclusion tag (e.g., a large bead that isexcluded from entry into chromatographic media such thatantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes pass through a chromatographiccolumn in the void volume), and the like. Accordingly, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of numerous detection methods in combinationwith immunoseparation based methods. In some embodiments, aptamers(polypeptide and/or polynucleotide) may be used in combination withantibodies or in place of antibodies.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of aptamer binding. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of aptamer binding. In some embodiments,aptamer binding may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofaptamer binding. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples102 may be combined with one or more aptamers that bind to one or moreallergen indicators 106 to form one or more aptamer-allergen indicator106 complexes. In some embodiments, aptamer binding constituents may beadded that bind to the aptamer-allergen complex. Numerous aptamerbinding constituents may be utilized. For example, in some embodiments,one or more aptamers may include one or more tags to which one or moreaptamer binding constituents may bind. Examples of such tags include,but are not limited to, biotin, avidin, streptavidin, histidine tags,nickel tags, ferrous tags, non-ferrous tags, and the like. In someembodiments, one or more tags may be conjugated with a label to providefor detection of one or more complexes. Examples of such tag-labelconjugates include, but are not limited to, Texas red conjugated avidin,alkaline phosphatase conjugated avidin, CY2 conjugated avidin, CY3conjugated avidin, CY3.5 conjugated avidin, CY5 conjugated avidin, CY5.5conjugated avidin, fluorescein conjugated avidin, glucose oxidaseconjugated avidin, peroxidase conjugated avidin, rhodamine conjugatedavidin, agarose conjugated anti-protein A, alkaline phosphataseconjugated protein A, anti-protein A, fluorescein conjugated protein A,IRDye® 800 conjugated protein A, peroxidase conjugated protein A,sepharose protein A, alkaline phosphatase conjugated streptavidin, AMCAconjugated streptavidin, anti-streptavidin(Streptomyces avidinii)(rabbit) IgG Fraction, beta-galactosidase conjugated streptavidin, CY2conjugated streptavidin, CY3 conjugated streptavidin, CY3.5 conjugatedstreptavidin, CY5 conjugated streptavidin, CY5.5 conjugatedstreptavidin, fluorescein conjugated streptavidin, IRDye® 700DXconjugated streptavidin, IRDye® 800 conjugated streptavidin, IRDye®800CW conjugated streptavidin, peroxidase conjugated streptavidin,phycoerythrin conjugated streptavidin, rhodamine conjugatedstreptavidin, Texas red conjugated streptavidin, alkaline phosphataseconjugated biotin, anti-biotin (rabbit) IgG fraction, beta-galactosidaseconjugated biotin, glucose oxidase conjugated biotin, peroxidaseconjugated biotin, alkaline phosphatase conjugated protein G,anti-protein G (rabbit) Agarose conjugated, anti-protein G (Rabbit) IgGfraction, fluorescein conjugated protein G, IRDye® 800 conjugatedprotein G, peroxidase conjugated protein G, and the like. Many suchlabeled tags are commercially available (e.g., Rockland Immunochemicals,Inc., Gilbertsville, Pa.). Such labels may also be used in associationwith other methods to process and detect one or more allergen indicators106. Aptamer binding constituents may be mixed with an aptamer-allergenindicator 106 complex such that the aptamer binding constituent binds tothe aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex and provides for separationof the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex. In some embodiments, theaptamer binding constituent may include a tag that allows the aptamerbinding constituent and complexes that include the aptamer bindingconstituent to be separated from other components in one or more samples102. In some embodiments, the aptamer binding constituent may include aferrous material. Accordingly, aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexesmay be separated from other sample 102 components through use of amagnet, such as an electromagnet. In some embodiments, an aptamerbinding constituent may include a non-ferrous metal. Accordingly,aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes may be separated from othersample 102 components through use of an eddy current to direct movementof one or more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In someembodiments, two or more forms of aptamer binding constituents may beused to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in someembodiments, a first aptamer binding constituent may be coupled to aferrous material and a second aptamer binding constituent may be coupledto a non-ferrous material. Accordingly, the first aptamer bindingconstituent and the second aptamer binding constituent may be mixed withaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that the first aptamerbinding constituent and the second aptamer binding constituent bind toaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes that include different allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, in such embodiments, different allergenindicators 106 from a single sample 102 and/or a combination of samples102 may be separated through use of direct magnetic separation incombination with eddy current based separation. In some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be combined with one or more aptamers that bindto one or more allergen indicators 106 to form one or moreaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, the oneor more aptamer may include one or more tags that provide for separationof the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. For example, in someembodiments, an aptamer may include a tag that includes one or moremagnetic beads, a ferrous material, a non-ferrous metal, an affinitytag, a size exclusion tag (e.g., a large bead that is excluded fromentry into chromatographic media such that antibody-allergen indicator106 complexes pass through a chromatographic column in the void volume),and the like. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofnumerous detection methods in combination with aptamer binding basedmethods. In some embodiments, antibodies may be used in combination withaptamers or in place of aptamers.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of electrophoresis. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more detection units 122. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to operably associate withone or more microfluidic chips 108 and detect one or more allergenindicators 106 that were processed through use of electrophoresis.Numerous electrophoretic methods may be utilized to provide fordetection of one or more allergen indicators 106. Examples of suchelectrophoretic methods include, but are not limited to, capillaryelectrophoresis, one-dimensional electrophoresis, two-dimensionalelectrophoresis, native electrophoresis, denaturing electrophoresis,polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, agarose gel electrophoresis, and thelike. Numerous detection-methods may be used in combination with one ormore electrophoretic methods to detect one or more allergen indicators106. In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may bedetected according to the position to which the one or more allergenindicators 106 migrate within an electrophoretic field (e.g., acapillary and/or a gel). In some embodiments, the position of one ormore allergen indicators 106 may be compared to one or more standards.For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixedwith one or more molecular weight markers prior to gel electrophoresis.The one or more samples 102, that include the one or more molecularweight markers, may be subjected to electrophoresis and then the gel maybe stained. In such embodiments, the molecular weight markers may beused as a reference to detect one or more allergen indicators 106present within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one ormore components that are known to be present within one or more samples102 may be used as a reference to detect one or more allergen indicators106 present within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, gelshift assays may be used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.For example, in some embodiments, a sample 102 (e.g., a single sample102 or combination of multiple samples 102) may be split into a firstsample 102 and a second sample 102. The first sample 102 may be mixedwith an antibody, aptamer, ligand, or other molecule and/or complex thatbinds to the one or more allergen indicators 106. The first and secondsamples 102 may then be subjected to electrophoresis. The gelscorresponding to the first sample 102 and the second sample 102 may thenbe analyzed to determine if one or more allergen indicators 106 arepresent within the one or more samples 102. Microfluidic chips 108 anddetection units 122 may be configured in numerous ways to process anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrophoresis.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of one or more charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 that include one or moreCCD cameras may be configured to operably associate with one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Such detection units 122 may be utilized incombination with numerous processing methods. Examples of such methodsinclude, but are not limited to, electrophoresis; competition assays;methods based on polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction,peptide interaction, antibody interaction, aptamer interaction,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, and the like. For example, insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto process one or more samples 102 through use of immunoprecipitation.In some embodiments, one or more antibodies may be conjugated to afluorescent label such that binding of one or more labeled antibodies toone or more allergen indicators 106 included within one or more samples102 will form a fluorescently labeled antibody-allergen indicator 106complex. One or more insoluble allergen indicator 106 bindingconstituents, such as a sepharose bead that includes an antibody oraptamer that binds to the one or more allergen indicators 106, may bebound to the fluorescently labeled antibody-allergen indicator 106complex and used to precipitate the complex. One or more detection units122 that include a CCD camera that is configured to detect fluorescentemission from the one or more fluorescent labels may be used to detectthe one or more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one ormore CCD cameras may be configured to utilize dark frame subtraction tocancel background and increase sensitivity of the camera. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include one or morefilters to select and/or filter wavelengths of energy that can bedetected by one or more CCD cameras (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,065;herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may include polarized lenses. One or more detectionunits 122 may be configured in numerous ways to utilize one or more CCDcameras to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to operably associate with one ormore such microfluidic chips 108 and to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 associated with the use of immunoassay. Numerous types ofdetection methods may be used in combination with immunoassay basedmethods. In some embodiments, a label may be used within one or moreimmunoassays that may be detected by one or more detection units 122.Examples of such labels include, but are not limited to, fluorescentlabels, spin labels, fluorescence resonance energy transfer labels,radiolabels, electrochemiluminescent labels (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.5,093,268; 6,090,545; herein incorporated by reference), and the like.In some embodiments, electrical conductivity may be used in combinationwith immunoassay based methods.

At embodiment 3010, module 2630 may include. In some embodiments, asystem may include one or more detection units 122 that are calibratedfor an individual. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122may be calibrated to detect one or more specific allergens 104 and/orallergen indicators 106 that produce an allergic response by anindividual. For example, in some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be calibrated to detect peanuts and/or peanut associatedproducts for an individual who is allergic to peanuts. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be calibrated to detectdifferent concentrations of allergen indicators 106. For example, insome embodiments, an individual may produce an allergic response ifexposed to an allergen 104 at a concentration that is above a certainlevel. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a detection unit 122 may becalibrated to detect one or more concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 that produce an allergic response within an individual.

FIG. 31 illustrates alternative embodiments of system 2600 of FIG. 26.FIG. 31 illustrates example embodiments of module 2640. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 3102, an embodiment 3104, anembodiment 3106, an embodiment 3108, an embodiment 3110, and/or anembodiment 3112.

At embodiment 3102, module 2640 may include one or more display unitsthat are passive display units. In some embodiments, a system mayinclude one or more display units 124 that may display results of thedetecting with one or more display units 124 that are passive displayunits 124. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 mayinclude one or more liquid crystal displays (LCD). Methods to constructpassive displays have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,807,967;4,729,636: 4,436,378; 4,257,041; herein incorporated by reference).

At embodiment 3104, module 2640 may include one or more display unitsthat are active display units. In some embodiments, a system may includeone or more display units 124 that may display results of the detectingwith one or more display units 124 that are active display units 124.Numerous active display units 124 are known and include, but are notlimited to, quarter-video graphics array (QVGA), video graphics array(VGA), super video graphics array (SVGA), extended graphics array (XGA),wide extended graphics array (WXGA), super extended graphics array(SXGA), ultra extended graphics array (UXGA), wide super extendedgraphics array (WSXGA), wide ultra extended graphics array (WUXGA).

At embodiment 3106, module 2640 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergens withinthe one or more samples. In some embodiments, a system may include oneor more display units 124 that may indicate a presence or an absence ofthe one or more allergen indicators 106 within the one or more samples102. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may use acolorimetric message to indicate a presence or an absence of one or moreallergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102. For example, insome embodiments, one or more display units 124 may display a greenlight if one or more allergen indicators 106 are not found within one ormore samples 102 and a red light if one or more allergen indicators 106are found within one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one ormore display units 124 may use a pictographic message to indicate apresence or an absence of one or more allergen indicators 106 within oneor more samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may display a smiley face if one or more allergenindicators 106 are not found within one or more samples 102 and a frownyface if one or more allergen indicators 106 are found within one or moresamples 102. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may usea typographical message to indicate a presence or an absence of one ormore allergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may displayan “Allergen Not Present” message if one or more allergen indicators 106are not found within one or more samples 102 and an “Allergen Present”message if one or more allergen indicators 106 are found within one ormore samples 102. Such messages may be displayed in numerous languages.In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may display one ormore messages in multiple formats. For example, in some embodiments, oneor more messages may be displayed in colored text.

At embodiment 3108, module 2640 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate an identity of one or more allergens present within theone or more samples. In some embodiments, a system may include one ormore display units 124 that may indicate an identity of one or moreallergens 104 that correspond to the one or more allergen indicators 106present within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one ormore display units 124 may be operably associated with one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 that are configured to identify one or moreallergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may be configured to display the identity of one ormore allergens 104 that are present and/or absent from one or moresamples 102. For example, in some embodiments, a display unit 124 may beconfigured to indicate a presence or an absence of beta-lactoglobulin ina food product.

At embodiment 3110, module 2640 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate one or more concentrations of one or more allergens withinthe one or more samples. In some embodiments, a system may include oneor more display units 124 that may indicate one or more concentrationsof one or more allergens 104 that correspond to the one or more allergenindicators 106 present within the one or more samples 102. Concentrationmay be displayed in numerous formats. For example, in some embodiments,concentration may be expressed numerically (e.g., mass allergenindicator 106 per volume sample 102 (e.g., milligrams per milliliter),mass allergen indicator 106 per mass sample 102 (e.g., milligrams permilligram of sample), parts per million, and the like). In someembodiments, concentration may be expressed graphically. For example, insome embodiments, one or more display units 124 may include a displayhaving a gray scale on which the concentration of one or more allergenindicators 106 that are present within one or more samples 102 may beindicated (e.g., higher concentrations of one or more allergens 104 maybe displayed as dark gray while lower concentrations of one or moreallergens 104 may be displayed as light gray). In some embodiments, oneor more display units 124 may include a display having a color scale onwhich the concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 that arepresent within one or more samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., lowconcentrations of one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicatedby a green light, intermediate concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 may be indicated by a yellow light, high concentrationsof one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicated by a red light).In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may be calibrated toan individual. For example, in such embodiments, an individual may usethe display to obtain an immediate reading that will indicate if a foodproduct contains a dangerous level of one or more allergens 104.

At embodiment 3112, module 2640 may include. In some embodiments, asystem may include one or more display units 124 that are calibrated foran individual. In some embodiments, one or or more display units 124 maybe calibrated to display whether one or more allergens 104, and/orallergen indicators 106, that are specific to an individual are presentor absent within one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may be configured to displaywhether one or more samples 102 contain shellfish associated allergens104 for an individual known to be allergic to shellfish. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may be calibrated to indicatesafe and/or unsafe concentrations of one or more allergens 104 withinone or more samples 102 for an individual.

FIG. 32 illustrates alternative embodiments of system 2600 of FIG. 26.FIG. 32 illustrates example embodiments of module 2650. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 3202 and/or an embodiment 3204.

At embodiment 3202, module 2650 may include one or more reservoirs thatare configured for containing one or more reagents. In some embodiments,a system may include one or more reservoirs that are configured forcontaining one or more reagents. Reservoirs may be configured to containand/or deliver numerous types of reagents. Examples of such reagentsinclude, but are not limited to, phenol, chloroform, alcohol, saltsolutions, detergent solutions, solvents, reagents used forpolynucleotide precipitation, reagents used for polypeptideprecipitation, reagents used for polynucleotide extraction, reagentsused for polypeptide extraction, reagents used for chemical extractions,and the like. Accordingly, reservoirs may be configured to containand/or analyze any reagent that may be used for the analysis of one ormore allergens 104 and/or allergen indicators 106.

At embodiment 3204, module 2650 may include one or more reservoirs thatare configured as one or more waste reservoirs. In some embodiments, asystem may include one or more reservoirs that are configured as wastereservoirs. Such waste reservoirs may be configured in numerous ways.For example such waste reservoirs may be configured for containingreagents, samples 102, and the like. In some embodiments, wastereservoirs may be configured to contain liquids, solids, gels, andsubstantially any combination thereof.

III. Microfluidic Chips for Analysis of One or More Allergens

FIG. 33 illustrates embodiments of microfluidic chips 3300 that may beconfigured for analysis of one or more allergens 104. In FIG. 33,discussion and explanation may be provided with respect to use of one ormore microfluidic chips 108 within the above-described example of FIG.1, and/or with respect to other examples and contexts. However, itshould be understood that the microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredin a number of other environments and contexts, and/or utilized withinmodified versions of FIG. 1. Also, although the microfluidic chips 108are presented in the configuration(s) illustrated, it should beunderstood that the microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerousorientations.

The microfluidic chip 3300 includes module 3310 that includes one ormore accepting units configured to accept one or more samples. In someembodiments, module 3310 may include one or more accepting unitsconfigured to accept the one or more samples that include one or moreliquids. In some embodiments, module 3310 may include one or moreaccepting units configured to accept the one or more samples thatinclude one or more solids. In some embodiments, module 3310 may includeone or more accepting units configured to accept the one or more samplesthat include one or more gases. In some embodiments, module 3310 mayinclude one or more accepting units configured to accept the one or moresamples that include one or more food products. In some embodiments,module 3310 may include one or more accepting units configured to acceptthe one or more samples that are associated with one or more weeds,grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals,chemicals, autoallergens, or human autoallergens.

The microfluidic chip 3300 includes module 3320 that includes one ormore analysis units configured for analysis of one or more allergenindicators associated with the one or more samples. In some embodiments,module 3320 may include one or more analysis units configured foranalysis of the one or more allergen indicators through use ofpolynucleotide interaction, protein interaction, peptide interaction,antibody interaction, chemical interaction, diffusion, filtration,chromatography, aptamer interaction, electrical conductivity,isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay, or competitionassay. In some embodiments, module 3320 may include one or more analysisunits configured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicatorsthat are associated with one or more food products. In some embodiments,module 3320 may include one or more analysis units configured foranalysis of the one or more allergen indicators that are associated withone or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi,insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or humanautoallergens. In some embodiments, module 3320 may include one or moreanalysis units configured for polynucleotide extraction. In someembodiments, module 3320 may include one or more analysis unitsconfigured for polypeptide extraction. In some embodiments, module 3320may include one or more analysis units configured for chemicalextraction. In some embodiments, module 3320 may include one or moreanalysis units that include one or more H-filters. In some embodiments,module 3320 may include one or more analysis units that are configuredto provide for polynucleotide analysis. In some embodiments, module 3320may include one or more analysis units that are configured to providefor one or more analysis methods that include polynucleotideamplification, polynucleotide ligation, polynucleotide interaction, orpolynucleotide degradation. In some embodiments, module 3320 may includeone or more analysis units that are configured to provide forpolypeptide analysis. In some embodiments, module 3320 may include oneor more analysis units that are configured to provide for enzymaticanalysis. In some embodiments, module 3320 may include one or moreanalysis units that are configured to provide for reagent mixing. Insome embodiments, module 3320 may include one or more analysis unitsthat are configured to provide for centrifugal separation. In someembodiments, module 3320 may include.

The microfluidic chip 3300 may optionally include module 3330 thatincludes one or more display units that are operably associated with theone or more analysis units. In some embodiments, module 3330 may includeone or more display units that include one or more active display units.In some embodiments, module 3330 may include one or more display unitsthat include one or more passive display units. In some embodiments,module 3330 may include one or more display units that indicate apresence or an absence of one or more allergens within the one or moresamples. In some embodiments, module 3330 may include one or moredisplay units that indicate an identity of one or more allergens withinthe one or more samples. In some embodiments, module 3330 may includeone or more display units that indicate one or more concentrations ofone or more allergens within the one or more samples. In someembodiments, module 3330 may include.

FIG. 34 illustrates alternative embodiments of microfluidic chips 3300of FIG. 33. FIG.34 illustrates example embodiments of module 3310.Additional embodiments may include an embodiment 3402, an embodiment3404, an embodiment 3406, an embodiment 3408, and/or an embodiment 3410.

At embodiment 3402, module 3310 may include one or more accepting unitsconfigured to accept the one or more samples that include one or moreliquids. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 mayinclude one or more accepting units 110 configured to accept the one ormore samples 102 that include one or more liquids. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more lancets. Suchlancets may be configured to provide for collection of one or moresamples 102 that include a fluid. In some embodiments, a microfluidicchip 108 may include one or more septa through which a needle may bepassed to deliver a fluid sample 102 to the microfluidic chip 108. Insome embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or more leurlock connectors to which one or more syringes may be coupled to deliverone or more fluid samples 102 to the microfluidic chip 108. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to operablyassociate with one or more detection units 122 that are configured todeliver one or more liquid samples 102 to the microfluidic chip 108. Insome embodiments, an accepting unit 110 may be configured to extractliquids from one or more samples 102. For example, in some embodiments,an accepting unit 110 may include a space into which a sample 102 may becrushed such that the liquid portion of the sample 102 is available forprocessing by the microfluidic chip 108. In some embodiments, anaccepting unit 110 may include one or more sonicators that facilitaterelease of the liquid portion from a sample 102 to make it available toa microfluidic chip 108. Microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toaccept numerous types of liquids. Examples of such liquids include, butare not limited to, beverages, water, food products, solvents, and thelike. In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured toaccept one or more solvents that include one or more dissolved metalsamples 102. For example, metal may be contacted with a solvent toobtain a sample 102 of the metal. The solvent may then be delivered to amicrofluidic chip 108 for processing and/or analysis. Accordingly,microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways such that theymay accept one or more samples 102 that include a liquid.

At embodiment 3404, module 3310 may include one or more accepting unitsconfigured to accept the one or more samples that include one or moresolids. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 mayinclude one or more accepting units 110 configured to accept the one ormore samples 102 that include one or more solids. In some embodiments,such accepting units 110 may be configured to suspend a solid sample 102in a fluid. In some embodiments, such accepting units 110 may beconfigured to crush a sample 102 into smaller particles. For example, insome embodiments, an accepting unit 110 may accept a solid sample 102.The sample 102 may be ground into smaller particles to facilitatedetection of one or more allergen indicators 106 that may be presentwithin the sample 102. In some embodiments, an accepting unit 110 mayinclude one or more sonicators that break the sample 102 into smallerparticles to facilitate detection of one or more allergen indicators 106that may be present within the sample 102. For example, in someembodiments, solid spores may be broken into smaller particles toprovide for detection of one or more polynucleotides that are associatedwith the spores. In some embodiments, an accepting unit 110 may beconfigured to accept one or more samples 102 that include metal. Forexample, in some embodiments, an accepting unit 110 may be configured toaccept a metal sample 102 (e.g., from a piece of jewelry). In suchembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to dissolve themetal sample 102 in a suitable solvent. For example, the metal sample102 may be dissolved in hydrochloric acid media and then tin may beextracted from the hydrochloric acid with 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acidmono-2-ethylhexyl ester in toluene. The extracted tin may then bedetected through use of an ion-specific electrode. Accordingly,microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways such that theymay accept one or more samples 102 that include a liquid.

At embodiment 3406, module 3310 may include one or more accepting unitsconfigured to accept the one or more samples that include one or moregases. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 mayinclude one or more accepting units 110 configured to accept the one ormore samples 102 that include one or more gases. For example, in someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or more fans thatblow and/or draw gas into the microfluidic chip 108. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or more bubblechambers through which one or more gases pass. In some embodiments, suchbubble chambers may be configured to include one or more fluids (e.g.,solvents) that may be used to selectively retain (e.g., extract) one ormore allergen indicators 106 from one or more gas samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, diesel exhaust particles may be extractedfrom one or more gas samples 102 by bubbling the gas samples 102 througha solvent (e.g., methylene chloride, aqueous HCl, and the like). In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or moreelectrostatic filters through which one or more gases pass. Suchelectrostatic filters may be configured to capture numerous types ofallergen indicators 106. Examples of such allergen indicators 106include, but are not limited to, dust, lint, dander, pollen, spores, andthe like. In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include oneor more filters through which one or more gases pass. Such filters maybe configured to capture allergen indicators 106 according to numerousproperties, such as size, hydrophobicity, charge, and the like.

At embodiment 3408, module 3310 may include one or more accepting unitsconfigured to accept the one or more samples that include one or morefood products. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may include one or more accepting units 110 configured to accept the oneor more samples 102 that include one or more food products. In someembodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may be configured to acceptone or more food samples 102 that are liquid, such as beverages, soups,sauces, and the like. For example, in some embodiments, one or moreaccepting units 110 may include one or more lancets that may be insertedinto the food product to withdraw one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may include one or moresepta that may be configured to operably associate with a syringe or thelike. In some embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may beconfigured to accept one or more food samples 102 that are solids, suchas meats, cheeses, nuts, vegetables, fruits, and the like. In someembodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may include one or moremechanisms that can facilitate processing of the one or more samples102. Examples of such mechanisms include, but are not limited to,grinders, sonicators, treatment of the one or more samples 102 withdegredative enzymes (e.g., protease, nuclease, lipase, collagenase, andthe like), strainers, filters, centrifugation chambers, and the like.

At embodiment 3410, module 3310 may include one or more accepting unitsconfigured to accept the one or more samples that are associated withone or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi,insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or humanautoallergens. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may include one or more accepting units 110 configured to accept the oneor more samples 102 that are associated with one or more weeds, grasses,trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals,chemicals, autoallergens, human autoallergens, or substantially anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, one or more accepting units110 may include one or more mechanisms that can facilitate processing ofthe one or more samples 102. Examples of such mechanisms include, butare not limited to, grinders, sonicators, treatment of the one or moresamples 102 with degredative enzymes (e.g., protease, nuclease, lipase,collagenase, and the like), strainers, filters, centrifugation chambers,and the like.

FIG. 35 illustrates alternative embodiments of microfluidic chips 3300of FIG. 33. FIG. 35 illustrates example embodiments of module 3320.Additional embodiments may include an embodiment 3502, an embodiment3504, an embodiment 3506, an embodiment 3508, and/or an embodiment 3510.

At embodiment 3502, module 3320 may include one or more analysis unitsconfigured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicators throughuse of polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction, peptideinteraction, antibody interaction, chemical interaction, diffusion,filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay, orcompetition assay. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may include one or more analysis units 120 configured for analysisof the one or more allergen indicators 106 through use of polynucleotideinteraction, protein interaction, peptide interaction, antibodyinteraction, chemical interaction, diffusion, filtration,chromatography, aptamer interaction, electrical conductivity,isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay, competition assay,or substantially any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofpolynucleotide interaction. Numerous methods based on polynucleotideinteraction may be used. Examples of such methods include, but are notlimited to, those based on polynucleotide hybridization, polynucleotideligation, polynucleotide amplification, polynucleotide degradation, andthe like. Methods that utilize intercalation dyes, FRET analysis,capacitive DNA detection, and nucleic acid amplification have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and 6,960,437; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, fluorescence resonanceenergy transfer, fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electrontransfer, electrical conductivity, and the like may be used to analyzepolynucleotide interaction. Such methods are known and have beendescribed (e.g., Jarvius, DNA Tools and Microfluidic Systems forMolecular Analysis, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of UppsalaDissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 161, ACTA UNIVERSITATISUPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2006, ISBN: 91-554-6616-8; Singh-Zocchi et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem.,75:3941-3945 (2003); Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137(2003); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,958,216; 5,093,268; 6,090,545; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or morepolynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube are combinedwith one or more samples 102, and/or one or more partially purifiedpolynucleotides obtained from one or more samples 102. The one or morepolynucleotides that include one or more carbon nanotubes are allowed tohybridize with one or more polynucleotides that may be present withinthe one or more samples 102. The one or more carbon nanotubes may beexcited (e.g., with an electron beam and/or a ultraviolet laser) and theemission spectra of the excited nanotubes may be correlated withhybridization of the one or more polynucleotides that include at leastone carbon nanotube with one or more polynucleotides that are includedwithin the one or more samples 102. Methods to utilize carbon nanotubesas probes for nucleic acid interaction have been described (e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 6,821,730; herein incorporated by reference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of proteininteraction. Numerous methods based on protein interaction may be used.In some embodiments, protein interaction may be used to immobilize oneor more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, proteininteraction may be used to separate one or more allergen indicators 106from one or more samples 102. Examples of such methods include, but arenot limited to, those based on ligand binding, protein-protein binding,protein cross-linking, use of green fluorescent protein, phage display,the two-hybrid system, protein arrays, fiber optic evanescent wavesensors, chromatographic techniques, fluorescence resonance energytransfer, regulation of pH to control protein assembly and/oroligomerization, and the like. For example, tropomyosin is a majormuscle protein in crustaceans that is thought to be a major shrimpallergen 104. Tropomyosin is associated with the well knownactin-troponin-myosin complex. Calcium ion binding to troponin enablestroponin to bind tropomyosin and shift it from the binding sites ofmyosin on the actin proteins. Without the presence of Calcium ion,troponin is no longer able to bind to tropomyosin, and tropomyosin againblocks the binding sites of myosin on the actin proteins. Tropomyosinalso binds to the calcium-binding protein calcyclin (Nelson et al.,Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 1:253-259 (2002) and Liou and Chen,European Journal of Biochemistry, 270:3092-3100 (2003)). Accordingly,protein interactions may be used to separate tropomyosin (allergenindicator 106) from one or more samples 102. Similar methods may be usedwith numerous proteins. Methods that may be used to construct proteinarrays have been described (e.g., Warren et al., Anal. Chem.,76:4082-4092 (2004) and Walter et al., Trends Mol. Med., 8:250-253(2002), U.S. Pat. No. 6,780,582; herein incorporated by reference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of peptideinteraction. Peptides are generally described as being polypeptides thatinclude less than one hundred amino acids. For example, peptides includedipeptides, tripeptides, and the like. In some embodiments, peptides mayinclude from two to one hundred amino acids. In some embodiments,peptides may include from two to fifty amino acids. In some embodiments,peptides may include from two to one twenty amino acids. In someembodiments, peptides may include from ten to one hundred amino acids.In some embodiments, peptides may include from ten to fifty amino acids.Accordingly, peptides can include numerous numbers of amino acids.Numerous methods based on peptide interaction may be used. In someembodiments, peptide interaction may be used to immobilize one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, peptide interaction may beused to separate one or more allergen indicators 106 from one or moresamples 102. Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to,those based on ligand binding, peptide-protein binding, peptide-peptidebinding, peptide-polynucleotide binding, peptide cross-linking, use ofgreen fluorescent protein, phage display, the two-hybrid system, proteinarrays, peptide arrays, fiber optic evanescent wave sensors,chromatographic techniques, fluorescence resonance energy transfer,regulation of pH to control peptide and/or protein assembly and/oroligomerization, and the like. Accordingly, virtually any technique thatmay be used to analyze proteins may be utilized for the analysis ofpeptides. In some embodiments, high-speed capillary electrophoresis maybe used to detect binding through use of fluorescently labeledphosphopeptides as affinity probes (Yang et al., Anal. Chem.,10.1021/ac061936e (2006)). Methods to immobilize proteins and peptideshave been reported (Taylor, Protein Immobilization: Fundamentals andApplications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1991)).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of antibodyinteraction. Antibodies may be raised that will bind to numerousallergen indicators 106 through use of known methods (e.g., Harlow andLane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress, Cold Spring Harbor, New York (1988)). Antibodies may beconfigured in numerous ways within one or more microfluidic chips 108 toprocess one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in someembodiments, antibodies may be coupled to a substrate within amicrofluidic chip 108. One or more samples 102 may be passed over theantibodies to facilitate binding of one or more allergen indicators 106to the one or more antibodies to form one or more antibody-allergenindicator 106 complexes. A labeled detector antibody that binds to theallergen indicator 106 (or the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex)may then be passed over the one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106complexes such that the labeled detector antibody will label theallergen indicator 106 (or the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex).Numerous labels may be used that include, but are not limited to,enzymes, fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spin labels, redoxlabels, and the like. In other embodiments, antibodies may be coupled toa substrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or more samples 102 maybe passed over the antibodies to facilitate binding of one or moreallergen indicators 106 to the one or more antibodies to form one ormore antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Such binding providesfor detection of the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex through useof methods that include, but are not limited to, surface plasmonresonance, conductivity, and the like (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989;herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, antibodies maybe coupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108 to provide fora competition assay. One or more samples 102 may be mixed with one ormore reagent mixtures that include one or more labeled allergenindicators 106. The mixture may then be passed over the antibodies tofacilitate binding of allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 andlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture to theantibodies. The unlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 willcompete with the labeled allergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixturefor binding to the antibodies. Accordingly, the amount of label bound tothe antibodies will vary in accordance with the concentration ofunlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102. In someembodiments, antibody interaction may be used in association withmicrocantilevers to process one or more allergen indicators 106. Methodsto construct microcantilevers are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,141,385;6,935,165; 6,926,864; 6,763,705; 6,523,392; 6,325,904; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or more antibodiesmay be used in conjunction with one or more aptamers to process one ormore samples 102. Accordingly, in some embodiments, aptamers andantibodies may be used interchangeably to process one or more samples102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of chemicalinteraction. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured to utilize chemical extraction to process one or moresamples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102may be mixed with a reagent mixture that includes one or more solventsin which the one or more allergen indicators 106 are soluble.Accordingly, the solvent phase containing the one or more allergenindicators 106 may be separated from the sample phase to provide fordetection of the one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixed with a reagent mixturethat includes one or more chemicals that cause precipitation of one ormore allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, the sample phase may bewashed away from the one or more precipitated allergen indicators 106 toprovide for detection of the one or more allergen indicators 106.Accordingly, reagent mixtures that include numerous types of chemicalsthat interact with one or more allergen indicators 106 may be used.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of diffusion.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more fluid samples 102 through use of anH-filter. For example, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured toinclude a channel through which a fluid sample 102 and a second fluidflow such that the fluid sample 102 and the second fluid undergoparallel flow through the channel without significant mixing of thesample fluid and the second fluid. As the fluid sample 102 and thesecond fluid flow through the channel, one or more allergen indicators106 in the fluid sample 102 may diffuse through the fluid sample 102into the second fluid. Accordingly, such diffusion provides for theseparation of the one or more allergen indicators 106 from the sample102. Methods to construct H-filters have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,742,661; 6,409,832; 6,007,775; 5,974,867; 5,971,158; 5,948,684;5,932,100; 5,716,852; herein incorporated by reference). In someembodiments, diffusion based methods may be combined with immunoassaybased methods to process and detect one or more allergen indicators 106.Methods to conduct microscale diffusion immunoassays have been described(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,213; herein incorporated by reference).Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous waysto process one or more allergen indicators 106 through use of diffusion.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of filtration.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to include one or more filters that have a molecular weightcut-off. For example, a filter may allow molecules of low molecularweight to pass through the filter while disallowing molecules of highmolecular weight to pass through the filter. Accordingly, one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are contained within a sample 102 may beallowed to pass through a filter while larger molecules contained withinthe sample 102 are disallowed from passing through the filter.Accordingly, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may includetwo or more filters that selectively retain, or allow passage, of one ormore allergen indicators 106 through the filters. Such configurationsprovide for selective separation of one or more allergen indicators 106from one or more samples 102. Membranes and filters having numerousmolecular weight cut-offs are commercially available (e.g., Millipore,Billerica, Mass.). In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to provide for dialysis of one or more samples102. For example, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may beconfigured to contain one or more samples 102 in one or more samplechambers that are separated from one or more dialysis chambers by asemi-permeable membrane. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are able to pass through the semi-permeablemembrane may be collected in the dialysis chamber. In other embodiments,one or more allergen indicators 106 may be retained in the one or moresample chambers while other sample 102 components may be separated fromthe one or more allergen indicators 106 by their passage through thesemi-permeable membrane into the dialysis chamber. Accordingly, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include two or moredialysis chambers for selective separation of one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. Semi-permeable membranesand dialysis tubing is available from numerous commercial sources (e.g.,Millipore, Billerica, Mass.; Pierce, Rockford, Ill.; Sigma-Aldrich, St.Louis, Mo.). Methods that may be used for microfiltration have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,210; herein incorporated byreference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofchromatography. Numerous chromatographic methods may be used to processone or more samples 102. Examples of such chromatographic methodsinclude, but are not limited to, ion-exchange chromatography, affinitychromatography, gel filtration chromatography, hydroxyapatitechromatography, gas chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, thinlayer chromatography, capillary chromatography, size exclusionchromatography, hydrophobic interaction media, and the like. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of one or more chromatographic methods. Insome embodiments, chromatographic methods may be used to process one ormore samples 102 for one or more allergen indicators 106 that includeone or more polynucleotides. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore samples 102 may be applied to a chromatographic media to which theone or more polynucleotides bind. The remaining components of the sample102 may be washed from the chromatographic media. The one or morepolynucleotides may then be eluted from chromatographic media in a morepurified state. Similar methods may be used to process one or moresamples 102 for one or more allergen indicators 106 that include one ormore proteins or polypeptides (e.g., Mondal and Gupta, Biomol. Eng.,23:59-76 (2006)). Chromatography media able to separate numerous typesof molecules is commercially available (e.g., Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.;Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.; Pfizer, New York, N.Y.; Millipore, Billerica,Mass.; GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of aptamerinteraction. In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may includepolynucleotides (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid; ribonucleic acid; andderivatives of polynucleotides that may include polynucleotides thatinclude modified bases, polynucleotides in which the phosphodiester bondis replaced by a different type of bond, or many other types of modifiedpolynucleotides). In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may includepeptide aptamers. Methods to prepare and use aptamers have beendescribed (e.g., Collett et al., Methods, 37:4-15 (2005); Collet et al.,Anal. Biochem., 338:113-123 (2005); Cox et al., Nucleic Acids Res.,30:20 e108 (2002); Kirby et al., Anal. Chem., 76:4066-4075 (2004);Ulrich, Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., 173:305-326 (2006); Baines and Colas,Drug Discovery Today, 11:334-341 (2006); Guthrie et al., Methods,38:324-330 (2006); Geyer et al., Chapter 13: Selection of Genetic Agentsfrom Random Peptide Aptamer Expression Libraries, Methods in Enzymology,Academic Press, pg. 171-208 (2000); U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,630; hereinincorporated by reference). Aptamers may be configured in numerous wayswithin one or more microfluidic chips 108 to process one or moreallergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, aptamers maybe coupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or moresamples 102 may be passed over the aptamers to facilitate binding of oneor more allergen indicators 106 to the one or more aptamers to form oneor more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Labeled detectorantibodies and/or aptamers that bind to the allergen indicator 106 (orthe aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex) may then be passed over theone or more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that thelabeled detector antibodies and/or aptamers will label the allergenindicator 106 (or the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex). Numerouslabels may be used that include, but are not limited to, enzymes,fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spin labels, redox labels,and the like. In other embodiments, aptamers may be coupled to asubstrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or more samples 102 may bepassed over the aptamers to facilitate binding of one or more allergenindicators 106 to the one or more aptamers to form one or moreaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Such binding provides fordetection of the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex through use ofmethods that include, but are not limited to, surface plasmon resonance,conductivity, and the like (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, aptamers may be coupledto a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108 to provide for acompetition assay. One or more samples 102 may be mixed with one or morereagent mixtures that include one or more labeled allergen indicators106. The mixture may then be passed over the aptamers to facilitatebinding of allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 and labeledallergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture to the aptamers. Theunlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 will compete withthe labeled allergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture for bindingto the aptamers. Accordingly, the amount of label bound to the aptamerswill vary in accordance with the concentration of unlabeled allergenindicators 106 in the sample 102. In some embodiments, aptamerinteraction may be used in association with microcantilevers to processone or more allergen indicators 106. Methods to constructmicrocantilevers are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,141,385; 6,935,165;6,926,864; 6,763,705; 6,523,392; 6,325,904; herein incorporated byreference). In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may be used inconjunction with one or more antibodies to process one or more samples102. In some embodiments, aptamers and antibodies may be usedinterchangeably to process one or more samples 102. Accordingly, in someembodiments, methods and/or systems for processing and/or detectingallergen indicators 106 may utilize antibodies and aptamersinterchangeably and/or in combination.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of electricalconductivity. In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may beprocessed though use of magnetism. For example, in some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be combined with one or more taggedpolynucleotides that are tagged with a ferrous material, such as aferrous bead. The tagged polynucleotides and the polynucleotides in theone or more samples 102 may be incubated to provide hybridized complexesof the tagged polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides.Hybridization will serve to couple one or more ferrous beads to thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 that hybridize with the taggedpolynucleotides. Accordingly, the mixture may be passed over anelectromagnet to immobilize the hybridized complexes. Other componentsin the sample 102 may then be washed away from the hybridized complexes.In some embodiments, a chamber containing the magnetically immobilizedhybridized complexes may be heated to release the sample polynucleotidesfrom the magnetically immobilized tagged polynucleotides. The samplepolynucleotides may then be collected in a more purified state. In otherembodiments, similar methods may be used in conjunction with antibodies,aptamers, peptides, ligands, and the like. Accordingly, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways to utilizemagnetism to process one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be processed though use of eddy currents. Eddycurrent separation uses the principles of electromagnetic induction inconducting materials to separate non-ferrous metals by their differentelectric conductivities. An electrical charge is induced into aconductor by changes in magnetic flux cutting through it. Movingpermanent magnets passing a conductor generates the change in magneticflux. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to include a magnetic rotor such that whenconducting particles move through the changing flux of the magneticrotor, a spiraling current and resulting magnetic field are induced. Themagnetic field of the conducting particles may interact with themagnetic field of the magnetic rotor to impart kinetic energy to theconducting particles. The kinetic energy imparted to the conductingparticles may then be used to direct movement of the conductingparticles. Accordingly, non-ferrous particles, such as metallic beads,may be utilized to process one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be combined with one or moretagged polynucleotides that are tagged with a non-ferrous material, suchas an aluminum bead. The tagged polynucleotides and the polynucleotidesin the one or more samples 102 may be incubated to provide hybridizedcomplexes of the tagged polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides.Hybridization will serve to couple one or more ferrous beads to thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 that hybridize with the taggedpolynucleotides. Accordingly, the mixture may be passed through amagnetic field to impart kinetic energy to the non-ferrous bead. Thiskinetic energy may then be used to separate the hybridized complex. Inother embodiments, similar methods may be used in conjunction withantibodies, aptamers, peptides, ligands, and the like. Accordingly, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways toutilize eddy currents to process one or more samples 102. One or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways to utilizeelectrical conductivity to process one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of isoelectricfocusing. Methods have been described that may be used to constructcapillary isoelectric focusing systems (e.g., Herr et al., Investigationof a miniaturized capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) system using afull-field detection approach, Mechanical Engineering Department,Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Wu and Pawliszyn, Journal ofMicrocolumn Separations, 4:419-422 (1992); Kilar and Hjerten,Electrophoresis, 10:23-29 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,150,813; 7,070,682;6,730,516; herein incorporated by reference). Such systems may bemodified to provide for the processing of one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofelectrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofone-dimensional electrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of two-dimensional electrophoresis. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of gradient gel electrophoresis. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess one or more samples 102 through use electrophoresis underdenaturing conditions. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples 102 throughuse electrophoresis under native conditions. One or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to utilize numerous electrophoretic methods.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoassay. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured to process one or more samples 102 through use of enzymelinked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of radioimmuno assay (RIA). In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 through use of enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In someembodiments, such methods may utilize antibodies (e.g., monoclonalantibodies, polyclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, single-chainantibodies, and the like), aptamers, or substantially any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, a labeled antibody and/or aptamer may beused within an immunoassay. In some embodiments, a labeled ligand towhich the antibody and/or aptamer binds may be used within animmunoassay. Numerous types of labels may be utilized. Examples of suchlabels include, but are not limited to, radioactive labels, fluorescentlabels, enzyme labels, spin labels, magnetic labels, gold labels,colorimetric labels, redox labels, and the like. Numerous immunoassaysare known and may be configured for processing one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of one or morecompetition assays. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofone or more polynucleotide based competition assays. One or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to include one or morepolynucleotides coupled to a substrate, such as a polynucleotide array.The one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be further configured so thata sample 102 and/or substantially purified polynucleotides obtained fromone or more samples 102, may be mixed with one or more reagent mixturesthat include one or more labeled polynucleotides to form an analysismixture. This analysis mixture is then passed over the substrate suchthat the labeled polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides areallowed to hybridize to the polynucleotides that are immobilized on thesubstrate. The sample polynucleotides and the labeled polynucleotideswill compete for binding to the polynucleotides that are coupled on thesubstrate. Accordingly, the presence and/or concentration of thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 can be determined through detection ofthe label (e.g., the concentration of the polynucleotides in the sample102 will be inversely related to the amount of label that is bound tothe substrate). Numerous labels may be used that include, but are notlimited to, enzymes, fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spinlabels, redox labels, and the like. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to include one or moreantibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are coupled to asubstrate. The one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be furtherconfigured so that a sample 102 and/or substantially purified samplepolypeptides and/or sample peptides obtained from one or more samples102, may be mixed with one or more reagent mixtures that include one ormore labeled polypeptides and/or labeled peptides to form an analysismixture. This analysis mixture can then be passed over the substratesuch that the labeled polypeptides and/or labeled peptides and thesample polypeptides and/or sample peptides are allowed to bind to theantibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are immobilized onthe substrate. The sample polypeptides and/or sample peptides and thelabeled polypeptides and/or sample peptides will compete for binding tothe antibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are coupled onthe substrate. Accordingly, the presence and/or concentration of thesample polypeptides and/or sample peptides in the sample 102 can bedetermined through detection of the label (e.g., the concentration ofthe sample polypeptides and/or sample peptides in the sample 102 will beinversely related to the amount of label that is bound to thesubstrate). Numerous labels may be used that include, but are notlimited to, enzymes, fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spinlabels, redox labels, and the like. Microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize numerous types of competition assays.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize numerous processing methods. For example, in someembodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be precipitatedwith salt, dialyzed, and then applied to a chromatographic column.

At embodiment 3504, module 3320 may include one or more analysis unitsconfigured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more analysis units 120configured for analysis of one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more food products. Numerous food associatedallergen indicators 106 have been referenced herein and have beendescribed (e.g., Allergen Nomenclature: International Union ofImmunological Societies Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee, List ofallergens and Allergen Nomenclature: International Union ofImmunological Societies Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee, List ofisoallergens and variants). Examples of such food associated allergenindicators 106 include, but are not limited to, polynucleotides,polypeptides, carbohydrates, lipids, polysaccharides (e.g., chitin),oils, shell components, glycoproteins, and the like.

At embodiment 3506, module 3320 may include one or more analysis unitsconfigured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals,molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, orhuman autoallergens. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may include one or more analysis units 120 configured for analysisof the one or more allergen indicators 106 that are associated with oneor more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects,rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, human autoallergens, orsubstantially any combination thereof.

At embodiment 3508, module 3320 may include one or more analysis unitsconfigured for polynucleotide extraction. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more analysis units 120configured for polynucleotide extraction. Microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for utilization of numerous methods to extract oneor more polynucleotides from one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for utilization of chemical methods to extract oneor more polynucleotides from one or more samples 102. For example, amicrofluidic chip 108 may be configured to utilize alkaline lysis (e.g.,miniprep procedure) to extract polynucleotides from one or more samples102. In such examples, a microfluidic chip 108 may include a chamberwhere one or more samples 102 may be combined with a lysis buffer (e.g.,sodium hydroxide/sodium dodecyl sulfate) to solubilize the one or moresamples 102. The solubilized samples 102 may then be combined with anagent that precipitates the sodium dodecyl sulfate (e.g., potassiumacetate) and the microfluidic chip 108 may be centrifuged through use ofa centrifugation unit 118. The supernatant may then be transferred toanother chamber where it may be chemically extracted (e.g.,phenol/chloroform). The supernatant may then be transferred to anotherchamber and combined with an agent to precipitate polynucleotidespresent within the supernatant (e.g., alcohol). The microfluidic chip108 may then be centrifuged to pellet any polynucleotides and then thesupernatant may be drawn off and the pellet resuspended to facilitateanalysis of the polynucleotides.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for extraction of one or more polynucleotides fromone or more samples 102 through use of magnetic extraction. For example,in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include oneor more chambers where one or more samples 102 that may include one ormore sample polynucleotides may be mixed with extraction polynucleotidesthat are associated with one or more ferrous tags. Hybridization of theextraction polynucleotides with the sample polynucleotides willassociate the one or more ferrous tags with the one or more samplepolynucleotides. The hybridized polynucleotides may then be subjected toa magnetic field to separate the one or more sample polynucleotides fromthe one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for the use of magnetism for extraction of one ormore polynucleotides from one or more samples 102. In some embodiments,magnetic and/or ferrous tags may be used in combination with ferrousfluid and/or magnetic fluid to extract one or more polynucleotides fromone or more samples 102. In some embodiments, ferrous fluids and/ormagnetic fluids may be used in combination with one or more H-filters toextract polynucleotides from one or more samples 102. For example, insome embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to includean H-filter where a sample fluid that includes one or more ferroustagged polynucleotides may flow next to a magnetic fluid such that theone or more ferrous tagged polynucleotides migrate into the ferrousfluid to facilitate extraction of the one or more polynucleotides. Insome embodiments, eddy currents may be used to extract one or morepolynucleotides from one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more polynucleotides that are associated with anon-ferrous metallic tag (e.g., an aluminum bead) may be passed througha magnetic field such that kinetic energy is imparted to the non-ferrousmetallic tagged polynucleotides to facilitate their extraction from theone or more samples 102. In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108may be configured to include an H-filter where a sample fluid thatincludes one or more polynucleotides that are associated with one ormore non-ferrous metallic tags may flow next to an extraction fluid suchthat passage of the one or more non-ferrous metallic taggedpolynucleotides through a magnetic field will facilitate migration ofthe tagged polynucleotides into the adjoining extraction fluid.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize immobilized polynucleotides for extraction of oneor more polynucleotides that correspond to one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be incubated with one or moreimmobilized polynucleotides (e.g., a polynucleotide array) that includenucleotide sequences that correspond to one or more allergen indicators106. The one or more samples 102 may then be incubated under conditionsthat allow hybridization of one or more polynucleotides within the oneor more samples 102 with the one or more immobilized polynucleotides.The immobilized polynucleotides may then be washed to extractpolynucleotides that correspond to allergen indicators 106 from the oneor more samples 102. Microfluidic chips 108 may be configured innumerous ways to utilize polynucleotide hybridization to extractallergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured for extraction of polynucleotides that correspond to one ormore allergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102 through use ofnumerous polynucleotide conjugates. Such polynucleotide conjugatesinclude, but are not limited to, polynucleotides that include one ormore nucleotide sequences that correspond to one or more allergenindicators 106 that are associated with an immobilization tag. Examplesof such immobilization tags include, but are not limited to, avidin,biotin, streptavidin, antibodies, aptamers, and the like. Accordingly,in some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixed with one ormore polynucleotide conjugates such that the polynucleotide conjugatesmay hybridize with one or more allergen indicators 106 that are includedwithin the one or more samples 102. The mixture may then be contactedwith one or more immobilization tag binders that are linked to asubstrate such that the one or more allergen indicators 106 becomeimmobilized. The immobilized polynucleotides may then be washed toextract polynucleotides that correspond to allergen indicators 106 fromthe one or more samples 102. Microfluidic chips 108 may be configured innumerous ways to utilize polynucleotide conjugates to extract allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize chromatographic methods for extraction ofpolynucleotides that correspond to one or more allergen indicators 106from one or more samples 102. Numerous methods are known and have beendescribed that may be used to extract one or more polynucleotides fromone or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize two or more methods to extract one or morepolynucleotides from one or more samples 102.

At embodiment 3510, module 3320 may include one or more analysis unitsconfigured for polypeptide extraction. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may include one or more analysis units 120configured for polypeptide extraction. Microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for utilization of numerous methods to extract oneor more polypeptides from one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for utilization of chemical methods to extract oneor more polypeptides from one or more samples 102. For example, amicrofluidic chip 108 may be configured to utilize salt precipitation toextract polypeptides from one or more samples 102. In such examples, amicrofluidic chip 108 may include a chamber where one or more samples102 may be combined with one or more salts (e.g., ammonium sulfate). Themicrofluidic chip 108 may be centrifuged through use of a centrifugationunit 118 to produce a pellet that includes one or more polypeptides. Thesupernatant may then be removed and the pellet may be resuspended. Theresuspended pellet containing the one or more precipitatedpolynucleotides may be transferred to another chamber of themicrofluidic chip 108 where the salt mixture may be dialyzed to reducethe salt concentration.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for extraction of one or more polypeptides fromone or more samples 102 through use of magnetic extraction. For example,in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include oneor more chambers where one or more samples 102 that may include one ormore sample polypeptides may be mixed with one or more polypeptidebinders that are associated with one or more ferrous tags. Binding ofthe polypeptide binders with the sample polypeptides will associate theone or more ferrous tags with the one or more sample polypeptides. Thepolypeptides may then be subjected to a magnetic field to separate theone or more sample polypeptides from the one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for the use of magnetism for extraction of one ormore polypeptides from one or more samples 102. In some embodiments,magnetic and/or ferrous tags may be used in combination with ferrousfluid and/or magnetic fluid to extract one or more polypeptides from oneor more samples 102. In some embodiments, ferrous fluids and/or magneticfluids may be used in combination with one or more H-filters to extractpolypeptides from one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to include anH-filter where a sample fluid that includes one or more ferrous taggedpolypeptides may flow next to a magnetic fluid such that the one or moreferrous tagged polypeptides migrate into the ferrous fluid to facilitateextraction of the one or more polypeptides. In some embodiments, eddycurrents may be used to extract one or more polypeptides from one ormore samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or morepolypeptides that are associated with a non-ferrous metallic tag (e.g.,an aluminum bead) may be passed through a magnetic field such thatkinetic energy is imparted to the non-ferrous metallic taggedpolypeptides to facilitate their extraction from the one or more samples102. In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured toinclude an H-filter where a sample fluid that includes one or morepolypeptides that are associated with one or more non-ferrous metallictags may flow next to an extraction fluid such that passage of the oneor more non-ferrous metallic tagged polypeptides through a magneticfield will facilitate migration of the tagged polypeptides into theadjoining extraction fluid.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize immobilized polypeptide binders for extraction ofone or more polypeptides that correspond to one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be incubated with one or moreimmobilized polypeptide binders (e.g., antibodies, aptamers, substrates,polypeptides, peptides, polynucleotides, and the like). The one or moresamples 102 may then be incubated under conditions that allow binding ofone or more polypeptides within the one or more samples 102 with the oneor more immobilized polypeptide binders. The immobilized polypeptidesmay then be washed to extract polypeptides that correspond to allergenindicators 106 from the one or more samples 102. Microfluidic chips 108may be configured in numerous ways to utilize polypeptide binding toextract allergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured for extraction of polypeptides that correspond to one or moreallergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102 through use ofnumerous polypeptide conjugates. Such polypeptide conjugates include,but are not limited to, polypeptides that bind to one or more allergenindicators 106 and that are associated with an immobilization tag.Examples of such immobilization tags include, but are not limited to,avidin, biotin, streptavidin, antibodies, aptamers, and the like.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixedwith one or more polypeptide conjugates such that the polypeptideconjugates may bind with one or more allergen indicators 106 that areincluded within the one or more samples 102. The mixture may then becontacted with one or more immobilization tag binders that are linked toa substrate such that the one or more allergen indicators 106 becomeimmobilized. The immobilized polypeptides may then be washed to extractpolypeptides that correspond to allergen indicators 106 from the one ormore samples 102. Microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerousways to utilize polypeptide conjugates to extract allergen indicators106 from one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize chromatographic methods for extraction ofpolypeptides that correspond to one or more allergen indicators 106 fromone or more samples 102. Numerous methods are known and have beendescribed that may be used to extract one or more polypeptides from oneor more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize two or more methods to extract one or morepolypeptides from one or more samples 102.

FIG. 36 illustrates alternative embodiments of microfluidic chips 3300of FIG. 33. FIG. 36 illustrates example embodiments of module 3320.Additional embodiments may include an embodiment 3602, an embodiment3604, an embodiment 3606, an embodiment 3608, and/or an embodiment 3610.

At embodiment 3602, module 3320 may include one or more analysis unitsconfigured for chemical extraction. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may include one or more analysis units 120configured for chemical extraction. Such microfluidic chips 108 may beused to extract one or more allergen indicators 106 from one or moresamples 102. Microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for useof numerous types of chemical extraction methods. Examples of suchextraction methods include, but are not limited to, solvent extraction,acid extraction, base extraction, salt extraction, pH based extraction,and the like. Examples of allergen indicators 106 that may be extractedinclude, but are not limited to, metals, polynucleotides, polypeptides,carbohydrates, lipids, polysaccharides (e.g., chitin), oils,glycoproteins, and the like.

At embodiment 3604, module 3320 may include one or more analysis unitsthat include one or more H-filters. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may include one or more analyis units 120 thatinclude one or more H-filters. Methods to construct H-filters have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,742,661; 6,409,832; 6,007,775;5,974,867; 5,971,158; 5,948,684; 5,932,100; 5,716,852; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, H-filters may beconfigured to provide for immunodiffusion assays. In some embodiments,H-filters may be configured to provide for immunoseparation of one ormore allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, H-filters may beconfigured to provide for diffusion based separation of one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, H-filters may beconfigured for use with one or more ferrofluids and/or magnetic fluids.In some embodiments, two or more H-filters may be coupled to each otherin series. In some embodiments, H-filters may be operably coupled withone or more magnets. Accordingly, one or more microfluidic chips 108 mayinclude one or more H-filters that are configured in numerous ways.

At embodiment 3606, module 3320 may include one or more analysis unitsthat are configured to provide for polynucleotide analysis. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or moreanalysis units 120 that are configured to provide for polynucleotideanalysis. In some embodiments, one or more analysis units 120 may beconfigured to detect one or more polynucleotides. Microfluidic chips 108may be configured to provide for the use of numerous methods fordetection of one or more polynucleotides. Examples of such methodsinclude, but are not limited to, those based on polynucleotidehybridization, polynucleotide ligation, polynucleotide amplification,polynucleotide degradation, and the like. Methods that utilizeintercalation dyes, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, capacitivedeoxyribonucleic acid detection, and nucleic acid amplification havebeen described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and 6,960,437; hereinincorporated by reference). Such methods may be adapted to provide fordetection of one or more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments,fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electron transfer, electricalconductivity, and the like may be used to analyze polynucleotideinteraction. Such methods are known and have been described (e.g.,Jarvius, DNA Tools and Microfluidic Systems for Molecular Analysis,Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from theFaculty of Medicine 161, ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2006,ISBN: 91-554-6616-8; Singh-Zocchi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,100:7605-7610 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem., 75:3941-3945 (2003); Fanet al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137 (2003); U.S. Pat. Nos.6,958,216; 5,093,268; 6,090,545; herein incorporated by reference). Insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto provide for hybridization of one or more polynucleotides that includeat least one carbon nanotube with one or more samples 102, and/or one ormore partially purified polynucleotides obtained from one or moresamples 102. The one or more carbon nanotubes may be excited (e.g., withan electron beam and/or a ultraviolet laser) and the emission spectra ofthe excited nanotubes may be correlated with hybridization of the one ormore polynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube with oneor more polynucleotides that are included within the one or more samples102. Methods to utilize carbon nanotubes as probes for nucleic acidinteraction have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,730; hereinincorporated by reference). Microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprovide for use of numerous other methods based on polynucleotidedetection for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide foranalysis of two or more polynucleotides.

At embodiment 3608, module 3320 may include one or more analysis unitsthat are configured to provide for one or more analysis methods thatinclude polynucleotide amplification, polynucleotide ligation,polynucleotide interaction, or polynucleotide degradation. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or moreanalysis units 120 that are configured to provide for one or moreanalysis methods that include polynucleotide amplification,polynucleotide ligation, polynucleotide interaction, polynucleotidedegradation, or substantially any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for analysis of one or more allergen indicators106 through use of polynucleotide amplification. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide forpolynucleotide amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In someembodiments, PCR primers may be selected that hybridize topolynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, suchpolynucleotides may be amplified. In some embodiments, PCR primers maybe selected that include conductive end-groups such that the amplifiedPCR product may interact with two or more electrodes to bridge theelectrodes and complete an electrical circuit. Accordingly, use of suchprimers provides for detection of the PCR products through use ofelectrical conductance. In some embodiments, primers that includeconductive end-groups may be selected such that the primers themselvesare inadequate to complete an electrical circuit and therefore willexhibit minimal background. In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108may be configured to provide for polynucleotide amplification in thepresence of altered nucleotides that will be incorporated into the PCRproduct. Accordingly, incorporation of such altered nucleotides into aPCR product may provide for detection of the PCR product. Examples ofsuch altered nucleotides include, but are not limited to, alexa fluorlabeled nucleotides, aminonaphthalenesulfonate labeled nucleotides,biotin labeled nucleotides, biotin labeled AMP, biotin labeled ddNTP,biotin labeled dNTP, BODIPY labeled nucleotides, caged nucleotides,coumarin labeled nucleotides, Cy3 labeled nucleotides, Cy5 labelednucleotides, digoxigenin labeled nucleotides, digoxigenin labeled dUTP,fluorescein labeled nucleotides, R110 labeled nucleotides, R6G labelednucleotides, rhodamine green labeled nucleotides, rhodamine labelednucleotides, ROX labeled nucleotides, Texas red labeled nucleotides,tetramethylrhodamine labeled nucleotides, trinitrophenyl labelednucleotides, and the like. Methods to conduct PCR amplification areknown and have been described (Belgrader et al., Biosensors &Bioelectronics, 14:849-852 (2000); Khandurina et al., AnalyticalChemistry, 72:2995-3000 (2000); and Lagally et al., AnalyticalChemistry, 73:565-570 (2001)).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for analysis of one or more allergen indicators106 through use of polynucleotide ligation. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for ligasechain reaction (LCR). Reaction conditions that may be used to conductligase chain reaction have been described (e.g., O'Connor et al.,Thorax, 55:955-957 (2000); Tooley et al., Can. J. Plant Pathol.,24:294-301 (2002) and Ching et al., J. Clin. Microbiol., 33:3111-3114(1995)). In some embodiments, LCR primers may be selected that includeconductive end-groups such that the ligated LCR product may interactwith two or more electrodes to bridge the electrodes and complete anelectrical circuit. Accordingly, LCR may be used to provide fordetection of one or more allergen indicators 106. LCR primers may beselected that include numerous types of end-groups. Examples of suchend-groups include, but are not limited to, immobilization tags,detectable labels, and the like. In some embodiments, such end-groupsmay be used to facilitate detection of one or more allergen indicators106.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for analysis of one or more samples 102 throughuse of polynucleotide interaction. Microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for the use of numerous methods based onpolynucleotide interaction. Methods that utilize intercalation dyes,FRET analysis, and capacitive DNA detection have been described (e.g.,U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and 6,960,437; herein incorporated byreference). In some embodiments, microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for fluorescence resonance energy transfer,fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electron transfer, electricalconductivity, and the like. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for utilization ofone or more polynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube ashas been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,730; herein incorporatedby reference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for analysis of one or more samples 102 throughuse of polynucleotide degradation. For example, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to provide for restriction digestion of oneor more polynucleotides. Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for extraction of polynucleotides that areallergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102, digest thepolynucleotides with restriction enzymes, and then subject thepolynucleotide fragments to electrophoretic analysis.

At embodiment 3610, module 3320 may include one or more analysis unitsthat are configured to provide for polypeptide analysis. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or moreanalysis units 120 that are configured to provide for polypeptideanalysis. In some embodiments, microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredfor utilization of numerous methods for the analysis of polypeptidesthat are allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured toanalyze one or more polypeptides through use of one or moreelectrophoretic methods. Examples of such electrophoretic methodsinclude, but are not limited to, isoelectric focusing, denaturing gelelectrophoresis, native gel electrophoresis, agarose gelelectrophoresis, gradient gel electrophoresis, and the like.

In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured toanalyze one or more polypeptides through use of one or morechromatographic methods. Examples of such chromatographic methodsinclude, but are not limited to, gel filtration chromatography,ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and the like.

In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured foranalysis of one or more polypeptides through use of degradative methods.For example, in some embodiments, one or more polypeptides may besubjected to proteolytic digestion with one or more proteases. Thedegradative products may then be analyzed through use of numerousmethods that may include, but are not limited to, gel electrophoresis,gel chromatography, isoelectric focusing, spectroscopic methods, and thelike. Accordingly, in some embodiments, such methods may be used toconfirm the presence and/or absence of one or more allergen indicators106 within one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, degradativemethods may be used in combination with immunological based methods. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may beproteolytically digested, subjected to electrophoresis, and then probedwith antibodies and/or aptamers that are specific for one or moreallergen indicators 106 to determine if the one or more allergenindicators 106 are present within the sample 102.

In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured foranalysis of one or more polypeptides through use of microcantilevers.For example, in some embodiments, one or more polypeptide binders may becoupled to a cantilever such that one or more polypeptides that bind, orare bound, by the polypeptide binder will become associated with themicrocantilever. Such configurations provide for detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured foranalysis of one or more polypeptides through use of polypeptideinteraction. For example, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108may include an array of polypeptide binders (e.g., antibodies, aptamers,enzymatic substrates, enzymatic products, or the like) that areimmobilized on one or more conductive substrates. Binding of one or morepolypeptides to the polypeptide binders will complete an electricalcircuit such that interaction may be detected through measurement ofelectrical current. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured for utilization of immunological methods forpolypeptide analysis. Examples of such immunological methods include,but are not limited to, sandwich assays, use of antibody arrays,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, immunodiffusion, and the like. Insome embodiments, aptamers may be utilized in place of antibodies or incombination with antibodies with regard to immunological methods.

Accordingly, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured innumerous ways to provide for analysis of one or more allergen indicators106 that may include one or more polypeptides.

FIG. 37 illustrates alternative embodiments of microfluidic chips 3300of FIG. 33. FIG. 37 illustrates example embodiments of module 3320.Additional embodiments may include an embodiment 3702, an embodiment3704, and/or an embodiment 3706.

At embodiment 3702, module 3320 may include one or more analysis unitsthat are configured to provide for enzymatic analysis. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or moreanalysis units 120 that are configured to provide for enzymaticanalysis. In some embodiments, microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredfor utilization of numerous methods for the analysis of enzyme activitythat is associated with one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, enzyme activity may include activity that isdirectly associated with one or more allergen indicators 106. Forexample, in some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 exhibit enzymeactivity (e.g., Derf1: dust mite cysteine protease; Derf18w: dust mite60k chitinase; Horv17: barley beta-amylase; Fraa3: strawberry lipidtransfer protein; Kiwi: Actc1 cysteine protease; and the like).Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to analyze one ormore samples 102 for enzyme activity associated with one or moreallergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to present one or moresubstrates to one or more samples 102 such that enzyme activity withinthe one or more samples 102 may be detected through analysis of productsresulting from enzyme activity. In some embodiments, enzyme substratesmay be selected that produce a detectable signal when they are actedupon by one or more allergen indicator 106 associated enzymes. Forexample, protease substrates may be used that increase in fluorescenceupon being cleaved by an allergen indicator 106 associated protease.Numerous types of substrates may be used to analyze enzyme activity.

In some embodiments, enzyme activity may include activity that isindirectly associated with one or more allergen indicators 106. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze the activity of one or more enzymes that becomeassociated with one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto analyze the activity of one or more enzymes that become associatedwith one or more allergen indicators 106 through binding (e.g., enzymeactivity coupled to an antibody that binds to an allergen indicator106).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize enzymatic analysis in combination with otheranalysis methods. For example, in some embodiments, enzymatic analysismay be combined with the use of an H-filter. In some embodiments, one ormore samples 102 may be incubated with one or more substrates in areaction mixture such that one or more products of enzymatic activitymay be separated from the reaction mixture through use of an H-filter.An example of such a product may be a detectable label having a higherdiffusion constant than the substrate to which it was originallycoupled. Accordingly, cleavage of the detectable label from thesubstrate by the enzymatic activity of an allergen indicator 106 mayincrease diffusion of the detectable label and thereby provide forseparation of the detectable label through use of an H-filter.

Microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to utilize numerous methods toanalyze enzymatic activity.

At embodiment 3704, module 3320 may include one or more analysis unitsthat are configured to provide for reagent mixing. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more analysisunits 120 that are configured to provide for reagent mixing. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or more mixingchambers. In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include oneor more mixing chambers that are configured to mix one or more reagents.In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or moremixing chambers that are configured to mix one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or more mixingchambers that are configured to mix one or more samples 102 with one ormore reagents. In some embodiments, one or more mixing chambers may beconfigured for use of sonication. In some embodiments, one or moremixing chambers may be configured for use of magnetic mixing. Forexample, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include amixing chamber which includes one or more ferrous mixing members andelectromagnetics which are configured such that motion may be impartedto the one or more ferrous mixing members. In some embodiments, amicrofluidic chip 108 may include one or more mixing chambers thatinclude two or more electromagnets positioned around the one or moremixing chambers and one or more ferrous members positioned within theone or more mixing chambers and between the electromagnetics.Accordingly, mixing of one or more materials within the one or moremixing chambers may be facilitated by alternating current between theelectromagnets positioned around the mixing chamber. In someembodiments, a mixing chamber may include an elastomeric material thatincludes a ferrous material (e.g., an elastomeric-ferrous material) suchthat movement of the elastomeric-ferrous material may be facilitatedthrough use of one or more magnets, such as electromagnets. Microfluidicchips 108 may include mixing chambers that are configured in numerousways.

At embodiment 3706, module 3320 may include one or more analysis unitsthat are configured to provide for centrifugal separation. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or moreanalysis units 120 that are configured to provide for centrifugalseparation. A microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to utilizenumerous types of centrifugal separation.

In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured tooperably associate with a centrifuge. For example, in some embodiments,a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured for centrifugation within acentrifuge (e.g., such as those made by Sorvall, Beckman, Drucker, andthe like). In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may beconfigured to fit within a centrifuge rotor (e.g., such as those made bySorvall, IEC, and the like). In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip108 may be configured to include one or more centrifugation units 118.In some embodiments, such a centrifugation unit 118 may include a rotorchamber that may be detachably associated with a centrifuge drive thatis external to the microfluidic chip 108. In some embodiments, such acentrifugation unit 118 may include a rotor that is operably associatedwith a centrifuge drive that is included within the microfluidic chip108. For example, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 mayinclude a centrifugation unit 118 that includes one or moreelectromagnets that are configured to be in magnetic association with arotor chamber that includes ferrous material that is configured tomagnetically couple with the one or more electromagnets. Accordingly, insuch embodiments, the rotor chamber may be rotated by application ofelectrical current to the one or more electromagnets. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or more rotorchambers that are physically coupled to one or more centrifuge drives(e.g., physically coupled through a drive shaft and/or belt).

Such centrifugation units 118 may be configured in numerous ways. Forexample, in some embodiments, centrifugation units 118 may be configuredto provide for gradients, such as density gradients and/or velocitygradients. In some embodiments, centrifugation units 118 may beconfigured to spin one or more samples 102 through a chromatographiccolumn (e.g., a spin column). Accordingly, centrifugation units 118 maybe configured in numerous ways.

At embodiment 3708, module 3320 may include. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more analysis units 120that are calibrated for an individual. In some embodiments, one or moreanalysis units 120 may be constructed for a specific individual. Forexample, in some embodiments, an individual may be allergic to shellfishand walnuts. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108may include one or more analysis units 120 that are configured toanalyze one or more samples 102 for shellfish and walnut associatedallergen indicators 106. Analysis units 120 may be configured to analyzenumerous types of samples 102 and allergen indicators 106.

FIG. 38 illustrates alternative embodiments of microfluidic chips 3300of FIG. 33. FIG. 38 illustrates example embodiments of module 3330.Additional embodiments may include an embodiment 3802, an embodiment3804, an embodiment 3806, an embodiment 3808, and/or an embodiment 3810.

At embodiment 3802, module 3330 may include one or more display unitsthat include one or more active display units. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more display units 124that include one or more active display units 124. Numerous activedisplay units 124 are known and include, but are not limited to,quarter-video graphics array (QVGA), video graphics array (VGA), supervideo graphics array (SVGA), extended graphics array (XGA), wideextended graphics array (WXGA), super extended graphics array (SXGA),ultra extended graphics array (UXGA), wide super extended graphics array(WSXGA), wide ultra extended graphics array (WUXGA).

At embodiment 3804, module 3330 may include one or more display unitsthat include one or more passive display units. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more display units 124that include one or more passive display units 124. In some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may include one or more liquid crystaldisplays (LCD). Methods to construct passive displays have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,807,967; 4,729,636: 4,436,378;4,257,041; herein incorporated by reference).

At embodiment 3806, module 3330 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergens withinthe one or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may include one or more display units 124 that may indicate apresence or an absence of one or more allergen indicators 106 within theone or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one or more display units124 may use a colorimetric message to indicate a presence or an absenceof one or more allergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102.For example, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 maydisplay a green light if one or more allergen indicators 106 are notfound within one or more samples 102 and a red light if one or moreallergen indicators 106 are found within one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, one or more display units 124 may use a pictographicmessage to indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergenindicators 106 within one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may display a smiley face ifone or more allergen indicators 106 are not found within one or moresamples 102 and a frowny face if one or more allergen indicators 106 arefound within one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may use a typographical message to indicate a presenceor an absence of one or more allergen indicators 106 within one or moresamples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or more display units124 may display an “Allergen Not Present” message if one or moreallergen indicators 106 are not found within one or more samples 102 andan “Allergen Present” message if one or more allergen indicators 106 arefound within one or more samples 102. Such messages may be displayed innumerous languages. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124may display one or more messages in multiple formats. For example, insome embodiments, one or more messages may be displayed in colored text.

At embodiment 3808, module 3330 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate an identity of one or more allergens within the one ormore samples. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may include one or more display units 124 that indicate an identity ofone or more allergens 104 within the one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may be operably associatedwith one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configured to identifyone or more allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may be configured to display the identityof one or more allergens 104 that are present and/or absent from one ormore samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, a display unit 124may be configured to indicate a presence or an absence ofbeta-lactoglobulin in a food product.

At embodiment 3810, module 3330 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate one or more concentrations of one or more allergens withinthe one or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may include one or more display units 124 that may indicateone or more concentrations of one or more allergens 104 within the oneor more samples 102. Concentration may be displayed in numerous formats.For example, in some embodiments, concentration may be expressednumerically (e.g., mass allergen indicator 106 per volume sample 102(e.g., milligrams per milliliter), mass allergen indicator 106 per masssample 102 (e.g., milligrams per milligram of sample), parts permillion, and the like). In some embodiments, concentration may beexpressed graphically. For example, in some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may include a display having a gray scale on which theconcentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 that are presentwithin one or more samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., higherconcentrations of one or more allergens 104 may be displayed as darkgray while lower concentrations of one or more allergens 104 may bedisplayed as light gray). In some embodiments, one or more display units124 may include a display having a color scale on which theconcentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 that are presentwithin one or more samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., lowconcentrations of one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicatedby a green light, intermediate concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 may be indicated by a yellow light, high concentrationsof one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicated by a red light).In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may be calibrated toan individual. For example, in such embodiments, an individual may usethe display to obtain an immediate reading that will indicate if a foodproduct contains a dangerous level of one or more allergens 104.

At embodiment 3812, module 3330 may include. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more display units 124that are calibrated for an individual. In some embodiments, one or ormore display units 124 may be calibrated to display whether one or moreallergens 104, and/or allergen indicators 106, that are specific to anindividual are present or absent within one or more samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may beconfigured-to display whether one or more samples 102 contain shellfishassociated allergens 104 for an individual known to be allergic toshellfish. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may becalibrated to indicate safe and/or unsafe concentrations of one or moreallergens 104 within one or more samples 102 for an individual.

FIG. 39 illustrates microfluidic chip 3900 that may be configured foranalysis of one or more allergen indicators 106. In FIG. 39, discussionand explanation may be provided with respect to use of one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 within the above-described example of FIG. 1,and/or with respect to other examples and contexts. However, it shouldbe understood that the microfluidic chip 108 may be configured in anumber of other environments and contexts, and/or utilized withinmodified versions of FIG. 1. Also, although the microfluidic chip 108 ispresented in the configuration(s) illustrated, it should be understoodthat the microfluidic chip 108 may be configured in numerousorientations.

The microfluidic chip 3900 includes module 3910 that includes one ormore accepting units that are configured to accept one or more samplesassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more accepting units 110that are configured to accept the one or more samples 102 associatedwith one or more food products. In some embodiments, module 3910 mayinclude one or more accepting units 110 that are configured to acceptone or more samples 102 associated with cod, Atlantic salmon, domesticcattle milk, chicken, shrimp, squid, snail, abalone, frog, orientalmustard, rapeseed, cabbage, turnip, barley, rye, wheat, corn, rice,celery, carrot, hazelnut, strawberry, apple, pear, avocado, apricot,sweet cherry, European plum, almond, peach, asparagus, saffron crocus,lettuce, grape, banana, pineapple, lemon, sweet orange, litchi, yellowmustard, soybean, mung bean, peanut, lentil, pea, kiwi, bell pepper,tomato, potato, Brazil nut, black walnut, English walnut, cashew, castorbean, sesame, muskmelon, Chinese-date, anacardium occidentale, apiumgraveolens, daucus carota, citrus sinensis, glycine max, lens culinaris,pisum sativum, lycopersicon esculentum, fragaria ananassa, malusdomestica, prunus avium, prunus persica, or substantially anycombination thereof.

The microfluidic chip 3900 includes module 3920 that includes one ormore analysis units that are configured for analysis of one or moreallergen indicators associated with the one or more food products. Insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one ormore analysis units 120 that are configured for analysis of one or moreallergen indicators 106 associated with the one or more food products.In some embodiments, module 3920 may include one or more analysis units120 configured for analysis of one or more allergens 104 that mayinclude Gadc1; Sals1; Bosd4, Bosd5, Bosd6, Bosd7, Bosd8; Gald1, Gald2,Gald3, Gald4, Gald5; Mete1; Pena1, Peni1; Penm1, Penm2; Todp1; Helas1;Halm1; Rane1, Rane2; Braj1; Bran1; Brao3; Brar1, Brar2; Horv15, Horv16,Horv17, Horv21; Secc20; Tria18, Tria19, Tria25, Tria26; Zeam14, Zeam25;Orys1; Apig1, Apig4, Apig5; Dauc1, Dauc4; Cora1.04, Cora2, Cora8; Fraa1,Fraa3, Fraa4; Mald1, Mald2, Mald3, Mald4; Pyrc1, Pyrc4, Pyrc5; Persa1;Pruar1, Pruar3; Pruav1, Pruav2, Pruav3, Pruav4; Prud3; Prudu4; Prup3,Prup4; Aspao1; Cros1, Cros2; Lacs1; Vitv1; Musxp1; Anac1, Anac2; Cit13;Cits1, Cits2, Cits3; Litc1; Sina1; Glym1, Glym2, Glym3, Glym4; Vigr1;Arah1, Arah2, Arah3, Arah4, Arah5, Arah6, Arah7, Arah8; Lenc1, Lenc2;Piss1, Piss2; Actc1, Actc2; Capa1w, Capa2; Lyce1, Lyce2, Lyce3; Solat1,Solat2, Solat3, Solat4; Bere1, Bere2; Jugn1, Jugn2; Jugr1, Jugr2, Jugr3;Anao1, Anao2, Anao3; Ricc1; Sesi1, Sesi2, Sesi3, Sesi4, Sesi5, Sesi6;Cucm1, Cucm2, Cucm3; Zizm1; Anao1.0101, Anao1.0102; Apig1.0101,Apig1.0201; Dauc1.0101, Dauc1.0102, Dauc1.0103, Dauc1.0104, Dauc1.0105,Dauc1.0201; Cits3.0101, Cits3.0102; Glym1.0101, Glym1.0102, Glym3.0101,Glym3.0102; Lenc1.0101, Lenc1.0102, Lenc1.0103; Piss1.0101, Piss1.0102;Lyce2.0101, Lyce2.0102; Fraa3.0101, Fraa3.0102, Fraa3.0201, Fraa3.0202,Fraa3.0203, Fraa3.0204, Fraa3.0301; Mald1.0101, Mald1.0102, Mald1.0103,Mald1.0104, Mald1.0105, Mald1.0106, Mald1.0107, Mald1.0108, Mald1.0109,Mald1.0201, Mald1.0202, Mald1.0203, Mald1.0204, Mald1.0205, Mald1.0206,Mald1.0207, Mald1.0208, Mald1.0301, Mald1.0302, Mald1.0303, Mald1.0304,Mald1.0401, Mald1.0402, Mald1.0403, Mald3.0101w, Mald3.0102w,Mald3.0201w, Mald3.0202w, Mald3.0203w, Mald4.0101, Mald4.0102,Mald4.0201, Mald4.0202, Mald4.0301, Mald4.0302; Pruav1.0101,Pruav1.0201, Pruav1.0202, Pruav1.0203; Prup4.0101, Prup4.0201, orsubstantially any combination thereof. In some embodiments, module 3920may include one or more analysis units that are configured to analyzeone or more food allergen associated polynucleotides. In someembodiments, module 3920 may include one or more analysis units that areconfigured to analyze one or more food allergen associated polypeptides.In some embodiments, module 3920 may include.

The microfluidic chip 3900 may optionally include module 3930 thatincludes one or more display units that are operably associated with theone or more analysis units. In some embodiments, module 3930 may includeone or more display units that include one or more active display units.In some embodiments, module 3930 may include one or more display unitsthat include one or more passive display units. In some embodiments,module 3930 may include one or more display units that indicate apresence or an absence of one or more allergens within the one or moresamples. In some embodiments, module 3930 may include one or moredisplay units that indicate an identity of one or more allergens withinthe one or more samples. In some embodiments, module 3930 may includeone or more display units that indicate one or more concentrations ofone or more allergens within the one or more samples. In someembodiments, module 3930 may include.

FIG. 40 illustrates alternative embodiments of microfluidic chips 3900of FIG. 39. FIG. 40 illustrates example embodiments of module 3910.Additional embodiments may include an embodiment 4002.

At embodiment 4002, module 3910 may include one or more accepting unitsthat are configured to accept the one or more samples associated withcod, Atlantic salmon, domestic cattle milk, chicken, shrimp, squid,snail, abalone, frog, oriental mustard, rapeseed, cabbage, turnip,barley, rye, wheat, corn, rice, celery, carrot, hazelnut, strawberry,apple, pear, avocado, apricot, sweet cherry, European plum, almond,peach, asparagus, saffron crocus, lettuce, grape, banana, pineapple,lemon, sweet orange, litchi, yellow mustard, soybean, mung bean, peanut,lentil, pea, kiwi, bell pepper, tomato, potato, Brazil nut, blackwalnut, English walnut, cashew, castor bean, sesame, muskmelon,Chinese-date, anacardium occidentale, apium graveolens, daucus carota,citrus sinensis, glycine max, lens culinaris, pisum sativum,lycopersicon esculentum, fragaria ananassa, malus domestica, prunusavium, or prunus persica. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may include one or more accepting units 110 that areconfigured to accept one or more samples 102 associated with cod,Atlantic salmon, domestic cattle milk, chicken, shrimp, squid, snail,abalone, frog, oriental mustard, rapeseed, cabbage, turnip, barley, rye,wheat, corn, rice, celery, carrot, hazelnut, strawberry, apple, pear,avocado, apricot, sweet cherry, European plum, almond, peach, asparagus,saffron crocus, lettuce, grape, banana, pineapple, lemon, sweet orange,litchi, yellow mustard, soybean, mung bean, peanut, lentil, pea, kiwi,bell pepper, tomato, potato, Brazil nut, black walnut, English walnut,cashew, castor bean, sesame, muskmelon, Chinese-date, anacardiumoccidentale, apium graveolens, daucus carota, citrus sinensis, glycinemax, lens culinaris, pisum sativum, lycopersicon esculentum, fragariaananassa, malus domestica, prunus avium, prunus persica, orsubstantially any combination thereof.

FIG. 41 illustrates alternative embodiments of microfluidic chips 3900of FIG. 39. FIG. 41 illustrates example embodiments of module 3920.Additional embodiments may include an embodiment 4102.

At embodiment 4102, module 3920 may include one or more analysis unitsconfigured for analysis of one or more allergens that include Gadc1;Sals1; Bosd4, Bosd5, Bosd6, Bosd7, Bosd8; Gald1, Gald2, Gald3, Gald4,Gald5; Mete1; Pena1, Peni1; Penm1, Penm2; Todp1; Helas1; Halm1; Rane1,Rane2; Braj1; Bran1; Brao3; Brar1, Brar2; Horv15, Horv16, Horv17,Horv21; Secc20; Tria18, Tria19, Tria25, Tria26; Zeam14, Zeam25; Orys1;Apig1, Apig4, Apig5; Dauc1, Dauc4; Cora1.04, Cora2, Cora8; Fraa1, Fraa3,Fraa4; Mald1, Mald2, Mald3, Mald4; Pyrc1, Pyrc4, Pyrc5; Persa1; Pruar1,Pruar3; Pruav1, Pruav2, Pruav3, Pruav4; Prud3; Prudu4; Prup3, Prup4;Aspao1; Cros1, Cros2; Lacs1; Vitv1; Musxp1; Anac1, Anac2; Cit13; Cits1,Cits2, Cits3; Litc1; Sina1; Glym1, Glym2, Glym3, Glym4; Vigr1; Arah1,Arah2, Arah3, Arah4, Arah5, Arah6, Arah7, Arah8; Lenc1, Lenc2; Piss1,Piss2; Actc1, Actc2; Capa1w, Capa2; Lyce1, Lyce2, Lyce3; Solat1, Solat2,Solat3, Solat4; Bere1, Bere2; Jugn1, Jugn2; Jugr1, Jugr2, Jugr3; Anao1,Anao2, Anao3; Ricc1; Sesi1, Sesi2, Sesi3, Sesi4, Sesi5, Sesi6; Cucm1,Cucm2, Cucm3; Zizm1; Anao1.0101, Anao1.0102; Apig1.0101, Apig1.0201;Dauc1.0101, Dauc1.0102, Dauc1.0103, Dauc1.0104, Dauc1.0105, Dauc1.0201;Cits3.0101, Cits3.0102; Glym1.0101, Glym1.0102, Glym3.0101, Glym3.0102;Lenc1.0101, Lenc1.0102, Lenc1.0103; Piss1.0101, Piss1.0102; Lyce2.0101,Lyce2.0102; Fraa3.0101, Fraa3.0102, Fraa3.0201, Fraa3.0202, Fraa3.0203,Fraa3.0204, Fraa3.0301; Mald1.0101, Mald1.0102, Mald1.0103, Mald1.0104,Mald1.0105, Mald1.0106, Mald1.0107, Mald1.0108, Mald1.0109, Mald1.0201,Mald1.0202, Mald1.0203, Mald1.0204, Mald1.0205, Mald1.0206, Mald1.0207,Mald1.0208, Mald1.0301, Mald1.0302, Mald1.0303, Mald1.0304, Mald1.0401,Mald1.0402, Mald1.0403, Mald3.0101w, Mald3.0102w, Mald3.0201w,Mald3.0202w, Mald3.0203w, Mald4.0101, Mald4.0102, Mald4.0201,Mald4.0202, Mald4.0301, Mald4.0302; Pruav1.0101, Pruav1.0201,Pruav1.0202, Pruav1.0203; Prup4.0101, or Prup4.0201. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or moreanalysis units 120 that are configured to analyze one or more allergenindicators 106 that may include Gadc1; Sals1; Bosd4, Bosd5, Bosd6,Bosd7, Bosd8; Gald1, Gald2, Gald3, Gald4, Gald5; Mete1; Pena1, Peni1;Penm1, Penm2; Todp1; Helas1; Halm1; Rane1, Rane2; Braj1; Bran1; Brao3;Brar1, Brar2; Horv15, Horv16, Horv17, Horv21; Secc20; Tria18, Tria19,Tria25, Tria26; Zeam14, Zeam25; Orys1; Apig1, Apig4, Apig5; Dauc1,Dauc4; Cora1.04, Cora2, Cora8; Fraa1, Fraa3, Fraa4; Mald1, Mald2, Mald3,Mald4; Pyrc1, Pyrc4, Pyrc5; Persa1; Pruar1, Pruar3; Pruav1, Pruav2,Pruav3, Pruav4; Prud3; Prudu4; Prup3, Prup4; Aspao1; Cros1, Cros2;Lacs1; Vitv1; Musxp1; Anac1, Anac2; Cit13; Cits1, Cits2, Cits3; Litc1;Sina1; Glym1, Glym2, Glym3, Glym4; Vigr1; Arah1, Arah2, Arah3, Arah4,Arah5, Arah6, Arah7, Arah8; Lenc1, Lenc2; Piss1, Piss2; Actc1, Actc2;Capa1w, Capa2; Lyce1, Lyce2, Lyce3; Solat1, Solat2, Solat3, Solat4;Bere1, Bere2; Jugn1, Jugn2; Jugr1, Jugr2, Jugr3; Anao1, Anao2, Anao3;Ricc1; Sesi1, Sesi2, Sesi3, Sesi4, Sesi5, Sesi6; Cucm1, Cucm2, Cucm3;Zizm1; Anao1.0101, Anao1.0102; Apig1.0101, Apig1.0201; Dauc1.0101,Dauc1.0102, Dauc1.0103, Dauc1.0104, Dauc1.0105, Dauc1.0201; Cits3.0101,Cits3.0102; Glym1.0101, Glym1.0102, Glym3.0101, Glym3.0102; Lenc1.0101,Lenc1.0102, Lenc1.0103; Piss1.0101, Piss1.0102; Lyce2.0101, Lyce2.0102;Fraa3.0101, Fraa3.0102, Fraa3.0201, Fraa3.0202, Fraa3.0203, Fraa3.0204,Fraa3.0301; Mald1.0101, Mald1.0102, Mald1.0103, Mald1.0104, Mald1.0105,Mald1.0106, Mald1.0107, Mald1.0108, Mald1.0109, Mald1.0201, Mald1.0202,Mald1.0203, Mald1.0204, Mald1.0205, Mald1.0206, Mald1.0207, Mald1.0208,Mald1.0301, Mald1.0302, Mald1.0303, Mald1.0304, Mald1.0401, Mald1.0402,Mald1.0403, Mald3.0101w, Mald3.0102w, Mald3.0201w, Mald3.0202w,Mald3.0203w, Mald4.0101, Mald4.0102, Mald4.0201, Mald4.0202, Mald4.0301,Mald4.0302; Pruav1.0101, Pruav1.0201, Pruav1.0202, Pruav1.0203;Prup4.0101, Prup4.0201, or substantially any combination thereof.

FIG. 42 illustrates alternative embodiments of microfluidic chips 3900of FIG. 39. FIG. 42 illustrates example embodiments of module 3920.Additional embodiments may include an embodiment 4202 and/or anembodiment 4204.

At embodiment 4202, module 3920 may include one or more analysis unitsthat are configured to analyze one or more food allergen associatedpolynucleotides. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may include one or more analysis units 120 that are configured toanalyze one or more food allergen 104 associated polynucleotides.Examples of such food allergen 104 associated polynucleotides include,but are not limited to, polynucleotides and/or portions of one or morepolynucleotides that have a nucleic acid sequence and/or that encode anamino acid sequence that corresponds to, but is not limited to, one ormore of the following accession numbers: X97824, M18780, X14712, M73993,X60688, U08008, AF479772, Y14855, AJ315959, AJ414730, P80208, CAA46782,P81729, AJ404845, X12928, P19656, AJ890020, U31771, Z48967, AF129423,P81943, AF456482, AF327622, AF329829, DR027057, AJ243427, AF05730,AF129424, AF071477, Z78202, U93165, U66076, U32440, AF221501, AF129425,AY081850, AY081852, P81402, AY898658, P80274, AF377948, AF377949,D14059, AY049013, A57106, AY792956, X60043, L34402, L77197, AF093541,AF086821, AF059616, AF092846, AF091737, AY328088, P00785, AJ297410,AJ417552, AJ417553, U81996, P15476, P16348, P20347, P30941, P04403,M17146, AY221641, AY102930, AY102931, U66866, AF066055, AF453947,AY081853, P01089, AF240005, AF091841, AF240006, AAG23840, AAD42942,AF091842, D32206, AY271295, P83834, AY839230, or substantially anycombination thereof.

At embodiment 4204, module 3920 may include one or more analysis unitsthat are configured to analyze one or more food allergen associatedpolypeptides. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may include one or more analysis units 120 that are configured toanalyze one or more food allergen 104 associated polypeptides. Examplesof such food allergen 104 associated polypeptides include, but are notlimited to, polypeptides and/or portions of one or more polypeptidesthat have an amino acid sequence that corresponds to, but is not limitedto, and/or a polypeptide that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequencecorresponding to one or more of the following accession numbers: X97824,M18780, X14712, M73993, X60688, U08008, AF479772, Y14855, AJ315959,AJ414730, P80208, CAA46782, P81729, AJ404845, X12928, P19656, AJ890020,U31771, Z48967, AF129423, P81943, AF456482, AF327622, AF329829,DR027057, AJ243427, AF05730, AF129424, AF071477, Z78202, U93165, U66076,U32440, AF221501, AF129425, AY081850, AY081852, P81402, AY898658,P80274, AF377948, AF377949, D14059, AY049013, A57106, AY792956, X60043,L34402, L77197, AF093541, AF086821, AF059616, AF092846, AF091737,AY328088, P00785, AJ297410, AJ417552, AJ417553, U81996, P15476, P16348,P20347, P30941, P04403, M17146, AY221641, AY102930, AY102931, U66866,AF066055, AF453947, AY081853, P01089, AF240005, AF091841, AF240006,AAG23840, AAD42942, AF091842, D32206, AY271295, P83834, AY839230, orsubstantially any combination thereof.

At embodiment 4206, module 3920 may include. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more analysis units 120that are calibrated for an individual. In some embodiments, one or moreanalysis units 120 may be constructed for a specific individual. Forexample, in some embodiments, an individual may be allergic to shellfishand walnuts. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108may include one or more analysis units 120 that are configured toanalyze one or more samples 102 for shellfish and walnut associatedallergen indicators 106. Analysis units 120 may be configured to analyzenumerous types of samples 102 and allergen indicators 106.

FIG. 43 illustrates alternative embodiments of microfluidic chips 3900of FIG. 39. FIG. 43 illustrates example embodiments of module 3930.Additional embodiments may include an embodiment 4302, an embodiment4304, an embodiment 4306, an embodiment 4308, and/or an embodiment 4310.

At embodiment 4302, module 3930 may include one or more display unitsthat include one or more active display units. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more display units 124that include one or more active display units 124. Numerous activedisplay units 124 are known and include, but are not limited to,quarter-video graphics array (QVGA), video graphics array (VGA), supervideo graphics array (SVGA), extended graphics array (XGA), wideextended graphics array (WXGA), super extended graphics array (SXGA),ultra extended graphics array (UXGA), wide super extended graphics array(WSXGA), wide ultra extended graphics array (WUXGA).

At embodiment 4304, module 3930 may include one or more display unitsthat include one or more passive display units. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more display units 124that include one or more passive display units 124. In some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may include one or more liquid crystaldisplays (LCD). Methods to construct passive displays have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,807,967; 4,729,636: 4,436,378;4,257,041; herein incorporated by reference).

At embodiment 4306, module 3930 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergens withinthe one or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may include one or more display units 124 that may indicate apresence or an absence of one or more allergens 104 within the one ormore samples 102. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 mayuse a colorimetric message to indicate a presence or an absence of oneor more allergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may displaya green light if one or more allergen indicators 106 are not foundwithin one or more samples 102 and a red light if one or more allergenindicators 106 are found within one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may use a pictographicmessage to indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergenindicators 106 within one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may display a smiley face ifone or more allergen indicators 106 are not found within one or moresamples 102 and a frowny face if one or more allergen indicators 106 arefound within one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may use a typographical message to indicate a presenceor an absence of one or more allergen indicators 106 within one or moresamples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or more display units124 may display an “Allergen Not Present” message if one or moreallergen indicators 106 are not found within one or more samples 102 andan “Allergen Present” message if one or more allergen indicators 106 arefound within one or more samples 102. Such messages may be displayed innumerous languages. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124may display one or more messages in multiple formats. For example, insome embodiments, one or more messages may be displayed in colored text.

At embodiment 4308, module 3930 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate an identity of one or more allergens within the one ormore samples. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may include one or more display units 124 that indicate an identity ofone or more allergens 104 within the one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may be operably associatedwith one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configured to identifyone or more allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may be configured to display the identityof one or more allergens 104 that are present and/or absent from one ormore samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, a display unit 124may be configured to indicate a presence or an absence ofbeta-lactoglobulin in a food product.

At embodiment 4310, module 3930 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate one or more concentrations of one or more allergens withinthe one or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may include one or more display units 124 that may indicateone or more concentrations of one or more allergens 104 within the oneor more samples 102. Concentration may be displayed in numerous formats.For example, in some embodiments, concentration may be expressednumerically (e.g., mass allergen indicator 106 per volume sample 102(e.g., milligrams per milliliter), mass allergen indicator 106 per masssample 102 (e.g., milligrams per milligram of sample), parts permillion, and the like). In some embodiments, concentration may beexpressed graphically. For example, in some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may include a display having a gray scale on which theconcentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 that are presentwithin one or more samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., higherconcentrations of one or more allergens 104 may be displayed as darkgray while lower concentrations of one or more allergens 104 may bedisplayed as light gray). In some embodiments, one or more display units124 may include a display having a color scale on which theconcentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 that are presentwithin one or more samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., lowconcentrations of one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicatedby a green light, intermediate concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 may be indicated by a yellow light, high concentrationsof one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicated by a red light).In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may be calibrated toan individual. For example, in such embodiments, an individual may usethe display to obtain an immediate reading that will indicate if a foodproduct contains a dangerous level of one or more allergens 104.

At embodiment 4312, module 3930 may include. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more display units 124that are calibrated for an individual. In some embodiments, one or ormore display units 124 may be calibrated to display whether one or moreallergens 104, and/or allergen indicators 106, that are specific to anindividual are present or absent within one or more samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may beconfigured to display whether one or more samples 102 contain shellfishassociated allergens 104 for an individual known to be allergic toshellfish. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may becalibrated to indicate safe and/or unsafe concentrations of one or moreallergens 104 within one or more samples 102 for an individual.

FIG. 44 illustrates microfluidic chips 4400 that may be configured foranalysis of one or more allergens 104. In FIG. 44, discussion andexplanation may be provided with respect to use of one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 within the above-described example of FIG. 1,and/or with respect to other examples and contexts. However, it shouldbe understood that the microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in anumber of other environments and contexts, and/or utilized withinmodified versions of FIG. 1. Also, although the microfluidic chips 108are presented in the configuration(s) illustrated, it should beunderstood that the microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerousorientations.

The microfluidic chip 4400 includes module 4410 that includes one ormore accepting units configured to accept one or more samples. In someembodiments, module 4410 may include one or more accepting unitsconfigured to accept the one or more samples that include one or moreliquids. In some embodiments, module 4410 may include one or moreaccepting units configured to accept the one or more samples thatinclude one or more solids. In some embodiments, module 4410 may includeone or more accepting units configured to accept the one or more samplesthat include one or more gases. In some embodiments, module 4410 mayinclude one or more accepting units configured to accept the one or moresamples that include one or more food products. In some embodiments,module 4410 may include one or more accepting units configured to acceptthe one or more samples that are associated with one or more weeds,grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals,chemicals, autoallergens, or human autoallergens.

The microfluidic chip 4400 includes module 4420 that includes one ormore reagent inputs configured to accept one or more reagents. In someembodiments, module 4420 may include one or more connectors configuredto operably associate with one or more reagent delivery units. In someembodiments, module 4420 may include one or more connectors configuredto operably associate with one or more leur lock connectors. In someembodiments, module 4420 may include one or more connectors configuredto operably associate with one or more threaded connectors. In someembodiments, module 4420 may include one or more septa configured toaccept one or more needles.

The microfluidic chip 4400 includes module 4430 that includes one ormore analysis units configured for analysis of the one or more samplesfor one or more allergen indicators. In some embodiments, module 4430may include one or more analysis units configured for analysis of theone or more allergen indicators through use of polynucleotideinteraction, protein interaction, peptide interaction, antibodyinteraction, chemical interaction, diffusion, filtration,chromatography, aptamer interaction, electrical conductivity,isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay, or competitionassay. In some embodiments, module 4430 may include one or more analysisunits configured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicatorsthat are associated with one or more food products. In some embodiments,module 4430 may include one or more analysis units configured foranalysis of the one or more allergen indicators that are associated withone or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi,insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or humanautoallergens. In some embodiments, module 4430 may include one or moreanalysis units configured for polynucleotide extraction. In someembodiments, module 4430 may include one or more analysis unitsconfigured for polypeptide extraction. In some embodiments, module 4430may include one or more analysis units configured for chemicalextraction. In some embodiments, module 4430 may include one or moreanalysis units that include one or more H-filters. In some embodiments,module 4430 may include one or more analysis units that are configuredto provide for polynucleotide analysis. In some embodiments, module 4430may include one or more analysis units that are configured to providefor one or more analysis methods that include polynucleotideamplification, polynucleotide ligation, polynucleotide interaction, orpolynucleotide degradation. In some embodiments, module 4430 may includeone or more analysis units that are configured to provide forpolypeptide analysis. In some embodiments, module 4430 may include oneor more analysis units that are configured to provide for enzymaticanalysis. In some embodiments, module 4430 may include one or moreanalysis units that are configured to provide for reagent mixing. Insome embodiments, module 4430 may include one or more analysis unitsthat are configured to provide for centrifugal separation. In someembodiments, module 4430 may include.

The microfluidic chip 4400 may optionally include module 4440 thatincludes one or more display units that are operably associated with theone or more analysis units. In some embodiments, module 4440 may includeone or more display units that are passive display units. In someembodiments, module 4440 may include one or more display units that areactive display units. In some embodiments, module 4440 may include oneor more display units that indicate a presence or an absence of one ormore allergens within the one or more samples. In some embodiments,module 4440 may include one or more display units that indicate anidentity of one or more allergens present within the one or moresamples. In some embodiments, module 4440 may include one or moredisplay units that indicate one or more concentrations of one or moreallergens within the one or more samples. In some embodiments, module4440 may include.

FIG. 45 illustrates alternative embodiments of microfluidic chip 4400 ofFIG. 44. FIG. 45 illustrates example embodiments of module 4410.Additional embodiments may include an embodiment 4502, an embodiment4504, an embodiment 4506, an embodiment 4508, and/or an embodiment 4510.

At embodiment 4502, module 4410 may include one or more accepting unitsconfigured to accept the one or more samples that include one or moreliquids. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 mayinclude one or more accepting units 110 configured to accept the one ormore samples 105 that include one or more liquids. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more lancets. Suchlancets may be configured to provide for collection of one or moresamples 102 that include a fluid. In some embodiments, a microfluidicchip 108 may include one or more septa through which a needle may bepassed to deliver a fluid sample 102 to the microfluidic chip 108. Insome embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or more leurlock connectors to which one or more syringes may be coupled to deliverone or more fluid samples 102 to the microfluidic chip 108. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to operablyassociate with one or more detection units 122 that are configured todeliver one or more liquid samples 102 to the microfluidic chip 108. Insome embodiments, an accepting unit 110 may be configured to extractliquids from one or more samples 102. For example, in some embodiments,an accepting unit 110 may include a space into which a sample 102 may becrushed such that the liquid portion of the sample 102 is available forprocessing by the microfluidic chip 108. In some embodiments, anaccepting unit 110 may include one or more sonicators that facilitaterelease of the liquid portion from a sample 102 to make it available toa microfluidic chip 108. Microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toaccept numerous types of liquids. Examples of such liquids include, butare not limited to, beverages, water, food products, solvents, and thelike. In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured toaccept one or more solvents that include one or more dissolved metalsamples 102. For example, metal may be contacted with a solvent toobtain a sample 102 of the metal. The solvent may then be delivered to amicrofluidic chip 108 for processing and/or analysis. Accordingly,microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways such that theymay accept one or more samples 102 that include a liquid.

At embodiment 4504, module 4410 may include one or more accepting unitsconfigured to accept the one or more samples that include one or moresolids. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 mayinclude one or more accepting units 110 configured to accept the one ormore samples that include one or more solids. In some embodiments, suchaccepting units 110 may be configured to suspend a solid sample 102 in afluid. In some embodiments, such accepting units 110 may be configuredto crush a sample 102 into smaller particles. For example, in someembodiments, an accepting unit 110 may accept a solid sample 102. Thesample 102 may be ground into smaller particles to facilitate detectionof one or more allergen indicators 106 that may be present within thesample 102. In some embodiments, an accepting unit 110 may include oneor more sonicators that break the sample 102 into smaller particles tofacilitate detection of one or more allergen indicators 106 that may bepresent within the sample 102. For example, in some embodiments, solidspores may be broken into smaller-particles to provide for detection ofone or more polynucleotides that are associated with the spores. In someembodiments, an accepting unit 110 may be configured to accept one ormore samples 102 that include metal. For example, in some embodiments,an accepting unit 110 may be configured to accept a metal sample 102(e.g., from a piece of jewelry). In such embodiments, a microfluidicchip 108 may be configured to dissolve the metal sample 102 in asuitable solvent. For example, the metal sample 102 may be dissolved inhydrochloric acid media and then tin may be extracted from thehydrochloric acid with 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexylester in toluene. The extracted tin may then be detected through use ofan ion-specific electrode. Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured in numerous ways such that they may accept one or moresamples 102 that include a liquid.

At embodiment 4506, module 4410 may include one or more accepting unitsconfigured to accept the one or more samples that include one or moregases. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 mayinclude one or more accepting units 110 configured to accept the one ormore samples that include one or more gases. For example, in someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or more fans thatblow and/or draw gas into the microfluidic chip 108. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or more bubblechambers through which one or more gases pass. In some embodiments, suchbubble chambers may be configured to include one or more fluids (e.g.,solvents) that may be used to selectively retain (e.g., extract) one ormore allergen indicators 106 from one or more gas samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, diesel exhaust particles may be extractedfrom one or more gas samples 102 by bubbling the gas samples 102 througha solvent (e.g., methylene chloride, aqueous HCl, and the like). In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or moreelectrostatic filters through which one or more gases pass. Suchelectrostatic filters may be configured to capture numerous types ofallergen indicators 106. Examples of such allergen indicators 106include, but are not limited to, dust, lint, dander, pollen, spores, andthe like. In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include oneor more filters through which one or more gases pass. Such filters maybe configured to capture allergen indicators 106 according to numerousproperties, such as size, hydrophobicity, charge, and the like.

At embodiment 4508, module 4410 may include one or more accepting unitsconfigured to accept the one or more samples that include one or morefood products. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may include one or more accepting units 110 configured to accept the oneor more samples 102 that include one or more food products. In someembodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may be configured to acceptone or more food samples 102 that are liquid, such as beverages, soups,sauces, and the like. For example, in some embodiments, one or moreaccepting units 110 may include one or more lancets that may be insertedinto the food product to withdraw one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may include one or moresepta that may be configured to operably associate with a syringe or thelike. In some embodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may beconfigured to accept one or more food samples 102 that are solids, suchas meats, cheeses, nuts, vegetables, fruits, and the like. In someembodiments, one or more accepting units 110 may include one or moremechanisms that can facilitate processing of the one or more samples102. Examples of such mechanisms include, but are not limited to,grinders, sonicators, treatment of the one or more samples 102 withdegredative enzymes (e.g., protease, nuclease, lipase, collagenase, andthe like), strainers, filters, centrifugation chambers, and the like.

At embodiment 4510, module 4410 may include one or more accepting unitsconfigured to accept the one or more samples that are associated withone or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi,insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or humanautoallergens. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may include one or more accepting units 110 configured to accept the oneor more samples 102 that are associated with one or more weeds, grasses,trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals,chemicals, autoallergens, human autoallergens, or substantially anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, one or more accepting units110 may include one or more mechanisms that can facilitate processing ofthe one or more samples 102. Examples of such mechanisms include, butare not limited to, grinders, sonicators, treatment of the one or moresamples 102 with degredative enzymes (e.g., protease, nuclease, lipase,collagenase, and the like), strainers, filters, centrifugation chambers,and the like.

FIG. 46 illustrates alternative embodiments of microfluidic chips 4400of FIG. 44. FIG. 46 illustrates example embodiments of module 4420.Additional embodiments may include an embodiment 4602, an embodiment4604, an embodiment 4606, and/or an embodiment 4608.

At embodiment 4602, module 4420 may include one or more connectorsconfigured to operably associate with one or more reagent deliveryunits. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 mayinclude one or more connectors configured to operably associate with oneor more reagent delivery units 116. In some embodiments, the one or moreconnectors are configured to permanently connect with one or morereagent delivery units 116. In some embodiments, the one or moreconnectors are configured to detachably connect with one or more reagentdelivery units 116. A microfluidics chip 108 may include numerous typesof connectors that may operably associate with one or more reagentdelivery units 116, one or more reservoirs, one or more accepting units110, or substantially any combination thereof.

At embodiment 4604, module 4420 may include one or more connectorsconfigured to operably associate with one or more leur lock connectors.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include oneor more connectors configured to operably associate with one or moreleur lock connectors. In some embodiments, the one or more leur lockconnectors may be configured to connect with one or more syringes. Insome embodiments, the one or more leur lock connectors may be configuredto connect with tubing. In some embodiments, the one or more leur lockconnectors may be configured to connect with one or more needles. Insome embodiments, such leur lock connectors may be configured to acceptone or more samples 102. In some embodiments, such leur lock connectorsmay be configured to connect with one or more reagent delivery units116. In some embodiments, such leur lock connectors may be configured toconnect with one or more reservoirs.

At embodiment 4606, module 4420 may include one or more connectorsconfigured to operably associate with one or more threaded connectors.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include oneor more connectors configured to operably associate with one or morethreaded connectors. In some embodiments, the one or more threadedconnectors may be configured to connect with one or more syringes. Insome embodiments, the one or more threaded connectors may be configuredto connect with tubing. In some embodiments, the one or more threadedconnectors may be configured to connect with one or more needles. Insome embodiments, such threaded connectors may be configured to acceptone or more samples 102. In some embodiments, such threaded connectorsmay be configured to connect with one or more reagent delivery units116. In some embodiments, such threaded connectors may be configured toconnect with one or more reservoirs.

At embodiment 4608, module 4420 may include one or more septa configuredto accept one or more needles. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may include one or more septa configured toaccept one or more needles. In some embodiments, such septa may beconfigured to accept one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, suchsepta may be configured to connect with one or more reagent deliveryunits 116. In some embodiments, such septa may be configured to connectwith one or more reservoirs.

FIG. 47 illustrates alternative embodiments of microfluidic chips 4400of FIG. 44. FIG. 47 illustrates example embodiments of module 4430.Additional embodiments may include an embodiment 4702, an embodiment4704, an embodiment 4706, an embodiment 4708, and/or an embodiment 4710.

At embodiment 4702, module 4430 may include one or more analysis unitsconfigured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicators throughuse of polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction, peptideinteraction, antibody interaction, chemical interaction, diffusion,filtration, chromatography, aptamer interaction, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay, orcompetition assay. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may include one or more analysis units 120 configured for analysisof the one or more allergen indicators 106 through use of polynucleotideinteraction, protein interaction, peptide interaction, antibodyinteraction, chemical interaction, diffusion, filtration,chromatography, aptamer interaction, electrical conductivity,isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis, immunoassay, competition assay,or substantially any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofpolynucleotide interaction. Numerous methods based on polynucleotideinteraction may be used. Examples of such methods include, but are notlimited to, those based on polynucleotide hybridization, polynucleotideligation, polynucleotide amplification, polynucleotide degradation, andthe like. Methods that utilize intercalation dyes, FRET analysis,capacitive DNA detection, and nucleic acid amplification have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and 6,960,437; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, fluorescence resonanceenergy transfer, fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electrontransfer, electrical conductivity, and the like may be used to analyzepolynucleotide interaction. Such methods are known and have beendescribed (e.g., Jarvius, DNA Tools and Microfluidic Systems forMolecular Analysis, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of UppsalaDissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 161, ACTA UNIVERSITATISUPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2006, ISBN: 91-554-6616-8; Singh-Zocchi et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem.,75:3941-3945 (2003); Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137(2003); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,958,216; 5,093,268; 6,090,545; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or morepolynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube are combinedwith one or more samples 102, and/or one or more partially purifiedpolynucleotides obtained from one or more samples 102. The one or morepolynucleotides that include one or more carbon nanotubes are allowed tohybridize with one or more polynucleotides that may be present withinthe one or more samples 102. The one or more carbon nanotubes may beexcited (e.g., with an electron beam and/or a ultraviolet laser) and theemission spectra of the excited nanotubes may be correlated withhybridization of the one or more polynucleotides that include at leastone carbon nanotube with one or more polynucleotides that are includedwithin the one or more samples 102. Methods to utilize carbon nanotubesas probes for nucleic acid interaction have been described (e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 6,821,730; herein incorporated by reference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of proteininteraction. Numerous methods based on protein interaction may be used.In some embodiments, protein interaction may be used to immobilize oneor more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, proteininteraction may be used to separate one or more allergen indicators 106from one or more samples 102. Examples of such methods include, but arenot limited to, those based on ligand binding, protein-protein binding,protein cross-linking, use of green fluorescent protein, phage display,the two-hybrid system, protein arrays, fiber optic evanescent wavesensors, chromatographic techniques, fluorescence resonance energytransfer, regulation of pH to control protein assembly and/oroligomerization, and the like. For example, tropomyosin is a majormuscle protein in crustaceans that is thought to be a major shrimpallergen 104: Tropomyosin is associated with the well knownactin-troponin-myosin complex. Calcium ion binding to troponin enablestroponin to bind tropomyosin and shift it from the binding sites ofmyosin on the actin proteins. Without the presence of Calcium ion,troponin is no longer able to bind to tropomyosin, and tropomyosin againblocks the binding sites of myosin on the actin proteins. Tropomyosinalso binds to the calcium-binding protein calcyclin (Nelson et al.,Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 1:253-259 (2002) and Liou and Chen,European Journal of Biochemistry, 270:3092-3100 (2003)). Accordingly,protein interactions may be used to separate tropomyosin (allergenindicator 106) from one or more samples 102. Similar methods may be usedwith numerous proteins. Methods that may be used to construct proteinarrays have been described (e.g., Warren et al., Anal. Chem.,76:4082-4092 (2004) and Walter et al., Trends Mol. Med., 8:250-253(2002), U.S. Pat. No. 6,780,582; herein incorporated by reference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of peptideinteraction. Peptides are generally described as being polypeptides thatinclude less than one hundred amino acids. For example, peptides includedipeptides, tripeptides, and the like. In some embodiments, peptides mayinclude from two to one hundred amino acids. In some embodiments,peptides may include from two to fifty amino acids. In some embodiments,peptides may include from two to one twenty amino acids. In someembodiments, peptides may include from ten to one hundred amino acids.In some embodiments, peptides may include from ten to fifty amino acids.Accordingly, peptides can include numerous numbers of amino acids.Numerous methods based on peptide interaction may be used. In someembodiments, peptide interaction may be used to immobilize one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, peptide interaction may beused to separate one or more allergen indicators 106 from one or moresamples 102. Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to,those based on ligand binding, peptide-protein binding, peptide-peptidebinding, peptide-polynucleotide binding, peptide cross-linking, use ofgreen fluorescent protein, phage display, the two-hybrid system, proteinarrays, peptide arrays, fiber optic evanescent wave sensors,chromatographic techniques, fluorescence resonance energy transfer,regulation of pH to control peptide and/or protein assembly and/oroligomerization, and the like. Accordingly, virtually any technique thatmay be used to analyze proteins may be utilized for the analysis ofpeptides. In some embodiments, high-speed capillary electrophoresis maybe used to detect binding through use of fluorescently labeledphosphopeptides as affinity probes (Yang et al., Anal. Chem.,10.1021/ac061936e (2006)). Methods to immobilize proteins and peptideshave been reported (Taylor, Protein Immobilization: Fundamentals andApplications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1991)).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of antibodyinteraction. Antibodies may be raised that will bind to numerousallergen indicators 106 through use of known methods (e.g., Harlow andLane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1988)). Antibodies may be configured innumerous ways within one or more microfluidic chips 108 to process oneor more allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments,antibodies may be coupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108.One or more samples 102 may be passed over the antibodies to facilitatebinding of one or more allergen indicators 106 to the one or moreantibodies to form one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106complexes. A labeled detector antibody that binds to the allergenindicator 106 (or the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex) may thenbe passed over the one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexessuch that the labeled detector antibody will label the allergenindicator 106 (or the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex). Numerouslabels may be used that include, but are not limited to, enzymes,fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spin labels, redox labels,and the like. In other embodiments, antibodies may be coupled to asubstrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or more samples 102 may bepassed over the antibodies to facilitate binding of one or more allergenindicators 106 to the one or more antibodies to form one or moreantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Such binding provides fordetection of the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex through use ofmethods that include, but are not limited to, surface plasmon resonance,conductivity, and the like (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, antibodies may becoupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108 to provide for acompetition assay. One or more samples 102 may be mixed with one or morereagent mixtures that include one or more labeled allergen indicators106. The mixture may then be passed over the antibodies to facilitatebinding of allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 and labeledallergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture to the antibodies; Theunlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 will compete withthe labeled allergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture for bindingto the antibodies. Accordingly, the amount of label bound to theantibodies will vary in accordance with the concentration of unlabeledallergen indicators 106 in the sample 102. In some embodiments, antibodyinteraction may be used in association with microcantilevers to processone or more allergen indicators 106. Methods to constructmicrocantilevers are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,141,385; 6,935,165;6,926,864; 6,763,705; 6,523,392; 6,325,904; herein incorporated byreference). In some embodiments, one or more antibodies may be used inconjunction with one or more aptamers to process one or more samples102. Accordingly, in some embodiments, aptamers and antibodies may beused interchangeably to process one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of chemicalinteraction. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured to utilize chemical extraction to process one or moresamples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102may be mixed with a reagent mixture that includes one or more solventsin which the one or more allergen indicators 106 are soluble.Accordingly, the solvent phase containing the one or more allergenindicators 106 may be separated from the sample phase to provide fordetection of the one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixed with a reagent mixturethat includes one or more chemicals that cause precipitation of one ormore allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, the sample phase may bewashed away from the one or more precipitated allergen indicators 106 toprovide for detection of the one or more allergen indicators 106.Accordingly, reagent mixtures that include numerous types of chemicalsthat interact with one or more allergen indicators 106 may be used.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of diffusion.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more fluid samples 102 through use of anH-filter. For example, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured toinclude a channel through which a fluid sample 102 and a second fluidflow such that the fluid sample 102 and the second fluid undergoparallel flow through the channel without significant mixing of thesample fluid and the second fluid. As the fluid sample 102 and thesecond fluid flow through the channel, one or more allergen indicators106 in the fluid sample 102 may diffuse through the fluid sample 102into the second fluid. Accordingly, such diffusion provides for theseparation of the one or more allergen indicators 106 from the sample102. Methods to construct H-filters have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,742,661; 6,409,832; 6,007,775; 5,974,867; 5,971,158; 5,948,684;5,932,100; 5,716,852; herein incorporated by reference). In someembodiments, diffusion based methods may be combined with immunoassaybased methods to process and detect one or more allergen indicators 106.Methods to conduct microscale diffusion immunoassays have been described(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,213; herein incorporated by reference).Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous waysto process one or more allergen indicators 106 through use of diffusion.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of filtration.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to include one or more filters that have a molecular weightcut-off. For example, a filter may allow molecules of low molecularweight to pass through the filter while disallowing molecules of highmolecular weight to pass through the filter. Accordingly, one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are contained within a sample 102 may beallowed to pass through a filter while larger molecules contained withinthe sample 102 are disallowed from passing through the filter.Accordingly, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may includetwo or more filters that selectively retain, or allow passage, of one ormore allergen indicators 106 through the filters. Such configurationsprovide for selective separation of one or more allergen indicators 106from one or more samples 102. Membranes and filters having numerousmolecular weight cut-offs are commercially available (e.g., Millipore,Billerica, Mass.). In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to provide for dialysis of one or more samples102. For example, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may beconfigured to contain one or more samples 102 in one or more samplechambers that are separated from one or more dialysis chambers by asemi-permeable membrane. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are able to pass through the semi-permeablemembrane may be collected in the dialysis chamber. In other embodiments,one or more allergen indicators 106 may be retained in the one or moresample chambers while other sample 102 components may be separated fromthe one or more allergen indicators 106 by their passage through thesemi-permeable membrane into the dialysis chamber. Accordingly, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include two or moredialysis chambers for selective separation of one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. Semi-permeable membranesand dialysis tubing is available from numerous commercial sources (e.g.,Millipore, Billerica, Mass.; Pierce, Rockford, Ill.; Sigma-Aldrich, St.Louis, Mo.). Methods that may be used for microfiltration have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,210; herein incorporated byreference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofchromatography. Numerous chromatographic methods may be used to processone or more samples 102. Examples of such chromatographic methodsinclude, but are not limited to, ion-exchange chromatography, affinitychromatography, gel filtration chromatography, hydroxyapatitechromatography, gas chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, thinlayer chromatography, capillary chromatography, size exclusionchromatography, hydrophobic interaction media, and the like. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of one or more chromatographic methods. Insome embodiments, chromatographic methods may be used to process one ormore samples 102 for one or more allergen indicators 106 that includeone or more polynucleotides. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore samples 102 may be applied to a chromatographic media to which theone or more polynucleotides bind. The remaining components of the sample102 may be washed from the chromatographic media. The one or morepolynucleotides may then be eluted from chromatographic media in a morepurified state. Similar methods may be used to process one or moresamples 102 for one or more allergen indicators 106 that include one ormore proteins or polypeptides (e.g., Mondal and Gupta, Biomol. Eng.,23:59-76 (2006)). Chromatography media able to separate numerous typesof molecules is commercially available (e.g., Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.;Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.; Pfizer, New York, N.Y.; Millipore, Billerica,Mass.; GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of aptamerinteraction. In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may includepolynucleotides (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid; ribonucleic acid; andderivatives of polynucleotides that may include polynucleotides thatinclude modified bases, polynucleotides in which the phosphodiester bondis replaced by a different type of bond, or many other types of modifiedpolynucleotides). In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may includepeptide aptamers. Methods to prepare and use aptamers have beendescribed (e.g., Collett et al., Methods, 37:4-15 (2005); Collet et al.,Anal. Biochem., 338:113-123 (2005); Cox et al., Nucleic Acids Res.,30:20 e108 (2002); Kirby et al., Anal. Chem., 76:4066-4075 (2004);Ulrich, Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., 173:305-326 (2006); Baines and Colas,Drug Discovery Today, 11:334-341 (2006); Guthrie et al., Methods,38:324-330 (2006); Geyer et al., Chapter 13: Selection of Genetic Agentsfrom Random Peptide Aptamer Expression Libraries, Methods in Enzymology,Academic Press, pg. 171-208 (2000); U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,630; hereinincorporated by reference). Aptamers may be configured in numerous wayswithin one or more microfluidic chips 108 to process one or moreallergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, aptamers maybe coupled to a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or moresamples 102 may be passed over the aptamers to facilitate binding of oneor more allergen indicators 106 to the one or more aptamers to form oneor more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Labeled detectorantibodies and/or aptamers that bind to the allergen indicator 106 (orthe aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex) may then be passed over theone or more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that thelabeled detector antibodies and/or aptamers will label the allergenindicator 106 (or the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex). Numerouslabels may be used that include, but are not limited to, enzymes,fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spin labels, redox labels,and the like. In other embodiments, aptamers may be coupled to asubstrate within a microfluidic chip 108. One or more samples 102 may bepassed over the aptamers to facilitate binding of one or more allergenindicators 106 to the one or more aptamers to form one or moreaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Such binding provides fordetection of the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex through use ofmethods that include, but are not limited to, surface plasmon resonance,conductivity, and the like (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, aptamers may be coupledto a substrate within a microfluidic chip 108 to provide for acompetition assay. One or more samples 102 may be mixed with one or morereagent mixtures that include one or more labeled allergen indicators106. The mixture may then be passed over the aptamers to facilitatebinding of allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 and labeledallergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture to the aptamers. Theunlabeled allergen indicators 106 in the sample 102 will compete withthe labeled allergen indicators 106 in the reagent mixture for bindingto the aptamers. Accordingly, the amount of label bound to the aptamerswill vary in accordance with the concentration of unlabeled allergenindicators 106 in the sample 102. In some embodiments, aptamerinteraction may be used in association with microcantilevers to processone or more allergen indicators 106. Methods to constructmicrocantilevers are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,141,385; 6,935,165;6,926,864; 6,763,705; 6,523,392; 6,325,904; herein incorporated byreference). In some embodiments, one or more aptamers may be used inconjunction with one or more antibodies to process one or more samples102. In some embodiments, aptamers and antibodies may be usedinterchangeably to process one or more samples 102. Accordingly, in someembodiments, methods and/or systems for processing and/or detectingallergen indicators 106 may utilize antibodies and aptamersinterchangeably and/or in combination.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of electricalconductivity. In some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may beprocessed though use of magnetism. For example, in some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be combined with one or more taggedpolynucleotides that are tagged with a ferrous material, such as aferrous bead. The tagged polynucleotides and the polynucleotides in theone or more samples 102 may be incubated to provide hybridized complexesof the tagged polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides.Hybridization will serve to couple one or more ferrous beads to thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 that hybridize with the taggedpolynucleotides. Accordingly, the mixture may be passed over anelectromagnet to immobilize the hybridized complexes. Other componentsin the sample 102 may then be washed away from the hybridized complexes.In some embodiments, a chamber containing the magnetically immobilizedhybridized complexes may be heated to release the sample polynucleotidesfrom the magnetically immobilized tagged polynucleotides. The samplepolynucleotides may then be collected in a more purified state. In otherembodiments, similar methods may be used in conjunction with antibodies,aptamers, peptides, ligands, and the like. Accordingly, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways to utilizemagnetism to process one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be processed though use of eddy currents. Eddycurrent separation uses the principles of electromagnetic induction inconducting materials to separate non-ferrous metals by their differentelectric conductivities. An electrical charge is induced into aconductor by changes in magnetic flux cutting through it. Movingpermanent magnets passing a conductor generates the change in magneticflux. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to include a magnetic rotor such that whenconducting particles move through the changing flux of the magneticrotor, a spiraling current and resulting magnetic field are induced. Themagnetic field of the conducting particles may interact with themagnetic field of the magnetic rotor to impart kinetic energy to theconducting particles. The kinetic energy imparted to the conductingparticles may then be used to direct movement of the conductingparticles. Accordingly, non-ferrous particles, such as metallic beads,may be utilized to process one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be combined with one or moretagged polynucleotides that are tagged with a non-ferrous material, suchas an aluminum bead. The tagged polynucleotides and the polynucleotidesin the one or more samples 102 may be incubated to provide hybridizedcomplexes of the tagged polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides.Hybridization will serve to couple one or more ferrous beads to thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 that hybridize with the taggedpolynucleotides. Accordingly, the mixture may be passed through amagnetic field to impart kinetic energy to the non-ferrous bead. Thiskinetic energy may then be used to separate the hybridized complex. Inother embodiments, similar methods may be used in conjunction withantibodies, aptamers, peptides, ligands, and the like. Accordingly, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways toutilize eddy currents to process one or more samples 102. One or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerous ways to utilizeelectrical conductivity to process one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of isoelectricfocusing. Methods have been described that may be used to constructcapillary isoelectric focusing systems (e.g., Herr et al., Investigationof a miniaturized capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) system using afull-field detection approach, Mechanical Engineering Department,Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Wu and Pawliszyn, Journal ofMicrocolumn Separations, 4:419-422 (1992); Kilar and Hjerten,Electrophoresis, 10:23-29 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,150,813; 7,070,682;6,730,516; herein incorporated by reference). Such systems may bemodified to provide for the processing of one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofelectrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofone-dimensional electrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of two-dimensional electrophoresis. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one ormore samples 102 through use of gradient gel electrophoresis. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess one or more samples 102 through use electrophoresis underdenaturing conditions. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples 102 throughuse electrophoresis under native conditions. One or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to utilize numerous electrophoretic methods.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoassay. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 maybe configured to process one or more samples 102 through use of enzymelinked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of radioimmuno assay (RIA). In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 through use of enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In someembodiments, such methods may utilize antibodies (e.g., monoclonalantibodies, polyclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, single-chainantibodies, and the like), aptamers, or substantially any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, a labeled antibody and/or aptamer may beused within an immunoassay. In some embodiments, a labeled ligand towhich the antibody and/or aptamer binds may be used within animmunoassay. Numerous types of labels may be utilized. Examples of suchlabels include, but are not limited to, radioactive labels, fluorescentlabels, enzyme labels, spin labels, magnetic labels, gold labels,colorimetric labels, redox labels, and the like. Numerous immunoassaysare known and may be configured for processing one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to process one or more samples 102 through use of one or morecompetition assays. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofone or more polynucleotide based competition assays. One or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to include one or morepolynucleotides coupled to a substrate, such as a polynucleotide array.The one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be further configured so thata sample 102 and/or substantially purified polynucleotides obtained fromone or more samples 102, may be mixed with one or more reagent mixturesthat include one or more labeled polynucleotides to form an analysismixture. This analysis mixture is then passed over the substrate suchthat the labeled polynucleotides and the sample polynucleotides areallowed to hybridize to the polynucleotides that are immobilized on thesubstrate. The sample polynucleotides and the labeled polynucleotideswill compete for binding to the polynucleotides that are coupled on thesubstrate. Accordingly, the presence and/or concentration of thepolynucleotides in the sample 102 can be determined through detection ofthe label (e.g., the concentration of the polynucleotides in the sample102 will be inversely related to the amount of label that is bound tothe substrate). Numerous labels may be used that include, but are notlimited to, enzymes, fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spinlabels, redox labels, and the like. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to include one or moreantibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are coupled to asubstrate. The one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be furtherconfigured so that a sample 102 and/or substantially purified samplepolypeptides and/or sample peptides obtained from one or more samples102, may be mixed with one or more reagent mixtures that include one ormore labeled polypeptides and/or labeled peptides to form an analysismixture. This analysis mixture can then be passed over the substratesuch that the labeled polypeptides and/or labeled peptides and thesample polypeptides and/or sample peptides are allowed to bind to theantibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are immobilized onthe substrate. The sample polypeptides and/or sample peptides and thelabeled polypeptides and/or sample peptides will compete for binding tothe antibodies, proteins, peptides, and/or aptamers that are coupled onthe substrate. Accordingly, the presence and/or concentration of thesample polypeptides and/or sample peptides in the sample 102 can bedetermined through detection of the label (e.g., the concentration ofthe sample polypeptides and/or sample peptides in the sample 102 will beinversely related to the amount of label that is bound to thesubstrate). Numerous labels may be used that include, but are notlimited to, enzymes, fluorescent molecules, radioactive labels, spinlabels, redox labels, and the like. Microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize numerous types of competition assays.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize numerous processing methods. For example, in someembodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be precipitatedwith salt, dialyzed, and then applied to a chromatographic column.

At embodiment 4704, module 4430 may include one or more analysis unitsconfigured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more analysis units 120configured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicators 106 thatare associated with one or more food products. Numerous food associatedallergen indicators 106 have been referenced herein and have beendescribed (e.g., Allergen Nomenclature: International Union ofImmunological Societies Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee, List ofallergens and Allergen Nomenclature: International Union ofImmunological Societies Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee, List ofisoallergens and variants). Examples of such food associated allergenindicators 106 include, but are not limited to, polynucleotides,polypeptides, carbohydrates, lipids, polysaccharides (e.g., chitin),oils, shell components, glycoproteins, and the like.

At embodiment 4706, module 4430 may include one or more analysis unitsconfigured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals,molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, orhuman autoallergens. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may include one or more analysis units 120 configured for analysisof the one or more allergen indicators 106 that are associated with oneor more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects,rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, human autoallergens, orsubstantially any combination thereof.

At embodiment 4708, module 4430 may include one or more analysis unitsconfigured for polynucleotide extraction. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more analysis units 120configured for polynucleotide extraction. Microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for utilization of numerous methods to extract oneor more polynucleotides from one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for utilization of chemical methods to extract oneor more polynucleotides from one or more samples 102. For example, amicrofluidic chip 108 may be configured to utilize alkaline lysis (e.g.,miniprep procedure) to extract polynucleotides from one or more samples102. In such examples, a microfluidic chip 108 may include a chamberwhere one or more samples 102 may be combined with a lysis buffer (e.g.,sodium hydroxide/sodium dodecyl sulfate) to solubilize the one or moresamples 102. The solubilized samples 102 may then be combined with anagent that precipitates the sodium dodecyl sulfate (e.g., potassiumacetate) and the microfluidic chip 108 may be centrifuged through use ofa centrifugation unit 118. The supernatant may then be transferred toanother chamber where it may be chemically extracted (e.g.,phenol/chloroform). The supernatant may then be transferred to anotherchamber and combined with an agent to precipitate polynucleotidespresent within the supernatant (e.g., alcohol). The microfluidic chip108 may then be centrifuged to pellet any polynucleotides and then thesupernatant may be drawn off and the pellet resuspended to facilitateanalysis of the polynucleotides.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for extraction of one or more polynucleotides fromone or more samples 102 through use of magnetic extraction. For example,in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include oneor more chambers where one or more samples 102 that may include one ormore sample polynucleotides may be mixed with extraction polynucleotidesthat are associated with one or more ferrous tags. Hybridization of theextraction polynucleotides with the sample polynucleotides willassociate the one or more ferrous tags with the one or more samplepolynucleotides. The hybridized polynucleotides may then be subjected toa magnetic field to separate the one or more sample polynucleotides fromthe one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for the use of magnetism for extraction of one ormore polynucleotides from one or more samples 102. In some embodiments,magnetic and/or ferrous tags may be used in combination with ferrousfluid and/or magnetic fluid to extract one or more polynucleotides fromone or more samples 102. In some embodiments, ferrous fluids and/ormagnetic fluids may be used in combination with one or more H-filters toextract polynucleotides from one or more samples 102. For example, insome embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to includean H-filter where a sample fluid that includes one or more ferroustagged polynucleotides may flow next to a magnetic fluid such that theone or more ferrous tagged polynucleotides migrate into the ferrousfluid to facilitate extraction of the one or more polynucleotides. Insome embodiments, eddy currents may be used to extract one or morepolynucleotides from one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more polynucleotides that are associated with anon-ferrous metallic tag (e.g., an aluminum bead) may be passed througha magnetic field such that kinetic energy is imparted to the non-ferrousmetallic tagged polynucleotides to facilitate their extraction from theone or more samples 102. In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108may be configured to include an H-filter where a sample fluid thatincludes one or more polynucleotides that are associated with one ormore non-ferrous metallic tags may flow next to an extraction fluid suchthat passage of the one or more non-ferrous metallic taggedpolynucleotides through a magnetic field will facilitate migration ofthe tagged polynucleotides into the adjoining extraction fluid.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize immobilized polynucleotides for extraction of oneor more polynucleotides that correspond to one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be incubated with one or moreimmobilized polynucleotides (e.g., a polynucleotide array) that includenucleotide sequences that correspond to one or more allergen indicators106. The one or more samples 102 may then be incubated under conditionsthat allow hybridization of one or more polynucleotides within the oneor more samples 102 with the one or more immobilized polynucleotides.The immobilized polynucleotides may then be washed to extractpolynucleotides that correspond to allergen indicators 106 from the oneor more samples 102. Microfluidic chips 108 may be configured innumerous ways to utilize polynucleotide hybridization to extractallergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured for extraction of polynucleotides that correspond to one ormore allergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102 through use ofnumerous polynucleotide conjugates. Such polynucleotide conjugatesinclude, but are not limited to, polynucleotides that include one ormore nucleotide sequences that correspond to one or more allergenindicators 106 that are associated with an immobilization tag. Examplesof such immobilization tags include, but are not limited to, avidin,biotin, streptavidin, antibodies, aptamers, and the like. Accordingly,in some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixed with one ormore polynucleotide conjugates such that the polynucleotide conjugatesmay hybridize with one or more allergen indicators 106 that are includedwithin the one or more samples 102. The mixture may then be contactedwith one or more immobilization tag binders that are linked to asubstrate such that the one or more allergen indicators 106 becomeimmobilized. The immobilized polynucleotides may then be washed toextract polynucleotides that correspond to allergen indicators 106 fromthe one or more samples 102. Microfluidic chips 108 may be configured innumerous ways to utilize polynucleotide conjugates to extract allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize chromatographic methods for extraction ofpolynucleotides that correspond to one or more allergen indicators 106from one or more samples 102. Numerous methods are known and have beendescribed that may be used to extract one or more polynucleotides fromone or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize two or more methods to extract one or morepolynucleotides from one or more samples 102.

At embodiment 4710, module 4430 may include one or more analysis unitsconfigured for polypeptide extraction. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may include one or more analysis units 120configured for polypeptide extraction. Microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for utilization of numerous methods to extract oneor more polypeptides from one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for utilization of chemical methods to extract oneor more polypeptides from one or more samples 102. For example, amicrofluidic chip 108 may be configured to utilize salt precipitation toextract polypeptides from one or more samples 102. In such examples, amicrofluidic chip 108 may include a chamber where one or more samples102 may be combined with one or more salts (e.g., ammonium sulfate). Themicrofluidic chip 108 may be centrifuged through use of a centrifugationunit 118 to produce a pellet that includes one or more polypeptides. Thesupernatant may then be removed and the pellet may be resuspended. Theresuspended pellet containing the one or more precipitatedpolynucleotides may be transferred to another chamber of themicrofluidic chip 108 where the salt mixture may be dialyzed to reducethe salt concentration.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for extraction of one or more polypeptides fromone or more samples 102 through use of magnetic extraction. For example,in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include oneor more chambers where one or more samples 102 that may include one ormore sample polypeptides may be mixed with one or more polypeptidebinders that are associated with one or more ferrous tags. Binding ofthe polypeptide binders with the sample polypeptides will associate theone or more ferrous tags with the one or more sample polypeptides. Thepolypeptides may then be subjected to a magnetic field to separate theone or more sample polypeptides from the one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for the use of magnetism for extraction of one ormore polypeptides from one or more samples 102. In some embodiments,magnetic and/or ferrous tags may be used in combination with ferrousfluid and/or magnetic fluid to extract one or more polypeptides from oneor more samples 102. In some embodiments, ferrous fluids and/or magneticfluids may be used in combination with one or more H-filters to extractpolypeptides from one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to include anH-filter where a sample fluid that includes one or more ferrous taggedpolypeptides may flow next to a magnetic fluid such that the one or moreferrous tagged polypeptides migrate into the ferrous fluid to facilitateextraction of the one or more polypeptides. In some embodiments, eddycurrents may be used to extract one or more polypeptides from one ormore samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or morepolypeptides that are associated with a non-ferrous metallic tag (e.g.,an aluminum bead) may be passed through a magnetic field such thatkinetic energy is imparted to the non-ferrous metallic taggedpolypeptides to facilitate their extraction from the one or more samples102. In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured toinclude an H-filter where a sample fluid that includes one or morepolypeptides that are associated with one or more non-ferrous metallictags may flow next to an extraction fluid such that passage of the oneor more non-ferrous metallic tagged polypeptides through a magneticfield will facilitate migration of the tagged polypeptides into theadjoining extraction fluid.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize immobilized polypeptide binders for extraction ofone or more polypeptides that correspond to one or more allergenindicators 106 from one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more samples 102 may be incubated with one or moreimmobilized polypeptide binders (e.g., antibodies, aptamers, substrates,polypeptides, peptides, polynucleotides, and-the like). The one or moresamples 102 may then be incubated under conditions that allow binding ofone or more polypeptides within the one or more samples 102 with the oneor more immobilized polypeptide binders. The immobilized polypeptidesmay then be washed to extract polypeptides that correspond to allergenindicators 106 from the one or more samples 102. Microfluidic chips 108may be configured in numerous ways to utilize polypeptide binding toextract allergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured for extraction of polypeptides that correspond to one or moreallergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102 through use ofnumerous polypeptide conjugates. Such polypeptide conjugates include,but are not limited to, polypeptides that bind to one or more allergenindicators 106 and that are associated with an immobilization tag.Examples of such immobilization tags include, but are not limited to,avidin, biotin, streptavidin, antibodies, aptamers, and the like.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixedwith one or more polypeptide conjugates such that the polypeptideconjugates may bind with one or more allergen indicators 106 that areincluded within the one or more samples 102. The mixture may then becontacted with one or more immobilization tag binders that are linked toa substrate such that the one or more allergen indicators 106 becomeimmobilized. The immobilized polypeptides may then be washed to extractpolypeptides that correspond to allergen indicators 106 from the one ormore samples 102. Microfluidic chips 108 may be configured in numerousways to utilize polypeptide conjugates to extract allergen indicators106 from one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize chromatographic methods for extraction ofpolypeptides that correspond to one or more allergen indicators 106 fromone or more samples 102. Numerous methods are known and have beendescribed that may be used to extract one or more polypeptides from oneor more samples 102.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize two or more methods to extract one or morepolypeptides from one or more samples 102.

FIG. 48 illustrates alternative embodiments of microfluidic chips 4400of FIG. 44. FIG. 48 illustrates example embodiments of module 4430.Additional embodiments may include an embodiment 4802, an embodiment4804, an embodiment 4806, an embodiment 4808, and/or an embodiment 4810.

At embodiment 4802, module 4430 may include one or more analysis unitsconfigured for chemical extraction. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may include one or more analysis units 120configured for chemical extraction. Such microfluidic chips 108 may beused to extract one or more allergen indicators 106 from one or moresamples 102. Microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for useof numerous types of chemical extraction methods. Examples of suchextraction methods include, but are not limited to, solvent extraction,acid extraction, base extraction, salt extraction, pH based extraction,and the like. Examples of allergen indicators 106 that may be extractedinclude, but are not limited to, metals, polynucleotides, polypeptides,carbohydrates, lipids, polysaccharides (e.g., chitin), oils,glycoproteins, and the like.

At embodiment 4804, module 4430 may include one or more analysis unitsthat include one or more H-filters. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may include one or more analysis units thatinclude one or more H-filters. Methods to construct H-filters have beendescribed (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,742,661; 6,409,832; 6,007,775;5,974,867; 5,971,158; 5,948,684; 5,932,100; 5,716,852; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, H-filters may beconfigured to provide for immunodiffusion assays. In some embodiments,H-filters may be configured to provide for immunoseparation of one ormore allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, H-filters may beconfigured to provide for diffusion based separation of one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, H-filters may beconfigured for use with one or more ferrofluids and/or magnetic fluids.In some embodiments, two or more H-filters may be coupled to each otherin series. In some embodiments, H-filters may be operably coupled withone or more magnets. Accordingly, one or more microfluidic chips 108 mayinclude one or more H-filters that are configured in numerous ways.

At embodiment 4806, module 4430 may include one or more analysis unitsthat are configured to provide for polynucleotide analysis. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or moreanalysis units 120 that are configured to provide for polynucleotideanalysis. In some embodiments, one or more analysis units 120 may beconfigured to detect one or more polynucleotides. Microfluidic chips 108may be configured to provide for the use of numerous methods fordetection of one or more polynucleotides. Examples of such methodsinclude, but are not limited to, those based on polynucleotidehybridization, polynucleotide ligation, polynucleotide amplification,polynucleotide degradation, and the like. Methods that utilizeintercalation dyes, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, capacitivedeoxyribonucleic acid detection, and nucleic acid amplification havebeen described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and 6,960,437; hereinincorporated by reference). Such methods may be adapted to provide fordetection of one or more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments,fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electron transfer, electricalconductivity, and the like may be used to analyze polynucleotideinteraction. Such methods are known and have been described (e.g.,Jarvius, DNA Tools and Microfluidic Systems for Molecular Analysis,Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from theFaculty of Medicine 161, ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2006,ISBN: 91-554-6616-8; Singh-Zocchi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,100:7605-7610 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem., 75:3941-3945 (2003); Fanet al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137 (2003); U.S. Pat. Nos.6,958,216; 5,093,268; 6,090,545; herein incorporated by reference). Insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto provide for hybridization of one or more polynucleotides that includeat least one carbon nanotube with one or more samples 102, and/or one ormore partially purified polynucleotides obtained from one or moresamples 102. The one or more carbon nanotubes may be excited (e.g., withan electron beam and/or a ultraviolet laser) and the emission spectra ofthe excited nanotubes may be correlated with hybridization of the one ormore polynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube with oneor more polynucleotides that are included within the one or more samples102. Methods to utilize carbon nanotubes as probes for nucleic acidinteraction have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,730; hereinincorporated by reference). Microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprovide for use of numerous other methods based on polynucleotidedetection for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide foranalysis of two or more polynucleotides.

At embodiment 4808, module 4430 may include one or more analysis unitsthat are configured to provide for one or more analysis methods thatinclude polynucleotide amplification, polynucleotide ligation,polynucleotide interaction, or polynucleotide degradation. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or moreanalysis units 120 that are configured to provide for one or moreanalysis methods that include polynucleotide amplification,polynucleotide ligation, polynucleotide interaction, polynucleotidedegradation, or substantially any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for analysis of one or more allergen indicators106 through use of polynucleotide amplification. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide forpolynucleotide amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In someembodiments, PCR primers may be selected that hybridize topolynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, suchpolynucleotides may be amplified. In some embodiments, PCR primers maybe selected that include conductive end-groups such that the amplifiedPCR product may interact with two or more electrodes to bridge theelectrodes and complete an electrical circuit. Accordingly, use of suchprimers provides for detection of the pcr products through use ofelectrical conductance. In some embodiments, primers that includeconductive end-groups may be selected such that the primers themselvesare inadequate to complete an electrical circuit and therefore willexhibit minimal background. In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108may be configured to provide for polynucleotide amplification in thepresence of altered nucleotides that will be incorporated into the PCRproduct. Accordingly, incorporation of such altered nucleotides into aPCR product may provide for detection of the PCR product. Examples ofsuch altered nucleotides include, but are not limited to, alexa fluorlabeled nucleotides, aminonaphthalenesulfonate labeled nucleotides,biotin labeled nucleotides, biotin labeled AMP, biotin labeled ddNTP,biotin labeled dNTP, BODIPY labeled nucleotides, caged nucleotides,coumarin labeled nucleotides, Cy3 labeled nucleotides, Cy5 labelednucleotides, digoxigenin labeled nucleotides, digoxigenin labeled dUTP,fluorescein labeled nucleotides, R110 labeled nucleotides, R6G labelednucleotides, rhodamine green labeled nucleotides, rhodamine labelednucleotides, ROX labeled nucleotides, Texas red labeled nucleotides,tetramethylrhodamine labeled nucleotides, trinitrophenyl labelednucleotides, and the like. Methods to conduct PCR amplification areknown and have been described (Belgrader et al., Biosensors &Bioelectronics, 14:849-852 (2000); Khandurina et al., AnalyticalChemistry, 72:2995-3000 (2000); and Lagally et al., AnalyticalChemistry, 73:565-570 (2001)).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for analysis of one or more allergen indicators106 through use of polynucleotide ligation. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for ligasechain reaction (LCR). Reaction conditions that may be used to conductligase chain reaction have been described (e.g., O'Connor et al.,Thorax, 55:955-957 (2000); Tooley et al., Can. J. Plant Pathol.,24:294-301 (2002) and Ching et al., J. Clin. Microbiol., 33:3111-3114(1995)). In some embodiments, LCR primers may be selected that includeconductive end-groups such that the ligated LCR product may interactwith two or more electrodes to bridge the electrodes and complete anelectrical circuit. Accordingly, LCR may be used to provide fordetection of one or more allergen indicators 106. LCR primers may beselected that include numerous types of end-groups. Examples of suchend-groups include, but are not limited to, immobilization tags,detectable labels, and the like. In some embodiments, such end-groupsmay be used to facilitate detection of one or more allergen indicators106.

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for analysis of one or more samples 102 throughuse of polynucleotide interaction. Microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for the use of numerous methods based onpolynucleotide interaction. Methods that utilize intercalation dyes,FRET analysis, and capacitive DNA detection have been described (e.g.,U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and 6,960,437; herein incorporated byreference). In some embodiments, microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for fluorescence resonance energy transfer,fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electron transfer, electricalconductivity, and the like. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for utilization ofone or more polynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube ashas been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,730; herein incorporatedby reference).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for analysis of one or more samples 102 throughuse of polynucleotide degradation. For example, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to provide for restriction digestion of oneor more polynucleotides. Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to provide for extraction of polynucleotides that areallergen indicators 106 from one or more samples 102, digest thepolynucleotides with restriction enzymes, and then subject thepolynucleotide fragments to electrophoretic analysis.

At embodiment 4810, module 4430 may include one or more analysis unitsthat are configured to provide for polypeptide analysis. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or moreanalysis units 120 that are configured to provide for polypeptideanalysis. In some embodiments, microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredfor utilization of numerous methods for the analysis of polypeptidesthat are allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured toanalyze one or more polypeptides through use of one or moreelectrophoretic methods. Examples of such electrophoretic methodsinclude, but are not limited to, isoelectric focusing, denaturing gelelectrophoresis, native gel electrophoresis, agarose gelelectrophoresis, gradient gel electrophoresis, and the like.

In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured toanalyze one or more polypeptides through use of one or morechromatographic methods. Examples of such chromatographic methodsinclude, but are not limited to, gel filtration chromatography,ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and the like.

In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured foranalysis of one or more polypeptides through use of degradative methods.For example, in some embodiments, one or more polypeptides may besubjected to proteolytic digestion with one or more proteases. Thedegradative products may then be analyzed through use of numerousmethods that may include, but are not limited to, gel electrophoresis,gel chromatography, isoelectric focusing, spectroscopic methods, and thelike. Accordingly, in some embodiments, such methods may be used toconfirm the presence and/or absence of one or more allergen indicators106 within one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, degradativemethods may be used in combination with immunological based methods. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may beproteolytically digested, subjected to electrophoresis, and then probedwith antibodies and/or aptamers that are specific for one or moreallergen indicators 106 to determine if the one or more allergenindicators 106 are present within the sample 102.

In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured foranalysis of one or more polypeptides through use of microcantilevers.For example, in some embodiments, one or more polypeptide binders may becoupled to a cantilever such that one or more polypeptides that bind, orare bound, by the polypeptide binder will become associated with themicrocantilever. Such configurations provide for detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102.

In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured foranalysis of one or more polypeptides through use of polypeptideinteraction. For example, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108may include an array of polypeptide binders (e.g., antibodies, aptamers,enzymatic substrates, enzymatic products, or the like) that areimmobilized on one or more conductive substrates. Binding of one or morepolypeptides to the polypeptide binders will complete an electricalcircuit such that interaction may be detected through measurement ofelectrical current. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured for utilization of immunological methods forpolypeptide analysis. Examples of such immunological methods include,but are not limited to, sandwich assays, use of antibody arrays,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, immunodiffusion, and the like. Insome embodiments, aptamers may be utilized in place of antibodies or incombination with antibodies with regard to immunological methods.

Accordingly, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured innumerous ways to provide for analysis of one or more allergen indicators106 that may include one or more polypeptides.

FIG. 49 illustrates alternative embodiments of microfluidic chips 4400of FIG. 44. FIG. 49 illustrates example embodiments of module 4430.Additional embodiments may include an embodiment 4902, an embodiment4904, and/or an embodiment 4906.

At embodiment 4902, module 4430 may include one or more analysis unitsthat are configured to provide for enzymatic analysis. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or moreanalysis units 120 that are configured to provide for enzymaticanalysis. In some embodiments, microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredfor utilization of numerous methods for the analysis of enzyme activitythat is associated with one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, enzyme activity may include activity that isdirectly associated with one or more allergen indicators 106. Forexample, in some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 exhibit enzymeactivity (e.g., Derf1: dust mite cysteine protease; Derf18w: dust mite60k chitinase; Horv17: barley beta-amylase; Fraa3: strawberry lipidtransfer protein; Kiwi: Actc1 cysteine protease; and the like).Accordingly, microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to analyze one ormore samples 102 for enzyme activity associated with one or moreallergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to present one or moresubstrates to one or more samples 102 such that enzyme activity withinthe one or more samples 102 may be detected through analysis of productsresulting from enzyme activity. In some embodiments, enzyme substratesmay be selected that produce a detectable signal when they are actedupon by one or more allergen indicator 106 associated enzymes. Forexample, protease substrates may be used that increase in fluorescenceupon being cleaved by an allergen indicator 106 associated protease.Numerous types of substrates may be used to analyze enzyme activity.

In some embodiments, enzyme activity may include activity that isindirectly associated with one or more allergen indicators 106. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to analyze the activity of one or more enzymes that becomeassociated with one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto analyze the activity of one or more enzymes that become associatedwith one or more allergen indicators 106 through binding (e.g., enzymeactivity coupled to an antibody that binds to an allergen indicator106).

In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to utilize enzymatic analysis in combination with otheranalysis methods. For example, in some embodiments, enzymatic analysismay be combined with the use of an H-filter. In some embodiments, one ormore samples 102 may be incubated with one or more substrates in areaction mixture such that one or more products of enzymatic activitymay be separated from the reaction mixture through use of an H-filter.An example of such a product may be a detectable label having a higherdiffusion constant than the substrate to which it was originallycoupled. Accordingly, cleavage of the detectable label from thesubstrate by the enzymatic activity of an allergen indicator 106 mayincrease diffusion of the detectable label and thereby provide forseparation of the detectable label through use of an H-filter.

Microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to utilize numerous methods toanalyze enzymatic activity.

At embodiment 4904, module 4430 may include one or more analysis unitsthat are configured to provide for reagent mixing. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more analysisunits 120 that are configured to provide for reagent mixing. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or more mixingchambers. In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include oneor more mixing chambers that are configured to mix one or more reagents.In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or moremixing chambers that are configured to mix one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or more mixingchambers that are configured to mix one or more samples 102 with one ormore reagents. In some embodiments, one or more mixing chambers may beconfigured for use of sonication. In some embodiments, one or moremixing chambers may be configured for use of magnetic mixing. Forexample, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include amixing chamber which includes one or more ferrous mixing members andelectromagnetics which are configured such that motion may be impartedto the one or more ferrous mixing members. In some embodiments, amicrofluidic chip 108 may include one or more mixing chambers thatinclude two or more electromagnets positioned around the one or moremixing chambers and one or more ferrous members positioned within theone or more mixing chambers and between the electromagnetics.Accordingly, mixing of one or more materials within the one or moremixing chambers may be facilitated by alternating current between theelectromagnets positioned around the mixing chamber. In someembodiments, a mixing chamber may include an elastomeric material thatincludes a ferrous material (e.g., an elastomeric-ferrous material) suchthat movement of the elastomeric-ferrous material may be facilitatedthrough use of one or more magnets, such as electromagnets. Microfluidicchips 108 may include mixing chambers that are configured in numerousways.

At embodiment 4906, module 4430 may include one or more analysis unitsthat are configured to provide for centrifugal separation. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include one or moreanalysis units 120 that are configured to provide for centrifugalseparation. A microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to utilizenumerous types of centrifugal separation.

In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured tooperably associate with a centrifuge. For example, in some embodiments,a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured for centrifugation within acentrifuge (e.g., such as those made by Sorvall, Beckman, Drucker, andthe like). In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may beconfigured to fit within a centrifuge rotor (e.g., such as those made bySorvall, IEC, and the like). In some embodiments, a microfluidic chip108 may be configured to include one or more centrifugation units 118.In some embodiments, such a centrifugation unit 118 may include a rotorchamber that may be detachably associated with a centrifuge drive thatis external to the microfluidic chip 108. In some embodiments, such acentrifugation unit 118 may include a rotor that is operably associatedwith a centrifuge drive that is included within the microfluidic chip108. For example, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 mayinclude a centrifugation unit 118 that includes one or moreelectromagnets that are configured to be in magnetic association with arotor chamber that includes ferrous material that is configured tomagnetically couple with the one or more electromagnets. Accordingly, insuch embodiments, the rotor chamber may be rotated by application ofelectrical current to the one or more electromagnets. In someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may include one or more rotorchambers that are physically coupled to one or more centrifuge drives(e.g., physically coupled through a drive shaft and/or belt).

Such centrifugation units 118 may be configured in numerous ways. Forexample, in some embodiments, centrifugation units 118 may be configuredto provide for gradients, such as density gradients and/or velocitygradients. In some embodiments, centrifugation units 118 may beconfigured to spin one or more samples 102 through a chromatographiccolumn (e.g., a spin column). Accordingly, centrifugation units 118 maybe configured in numerous ways.

At embodiment 4908, module 4430 may include. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more analysis units 120that are calibrated for an individual. In some embodiments, one or moreanalysis units 120 may be constructed for a specific individual. Forexample, in some embodiments, an individual may be allergic to shellfishand walnuts. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a microfluidic chip 108may include one or more analysis units 120 that are configured toanalyze one or more samples 102 for shellfish and walnut associatedallergen indicators 106. Analysis units 120 may be configured to analyzenumerous types of samples 102 and allergen indicators 106.

FIG. 50 illustrates alternative embodiments of microfluidic chips 4400of FIG. 44. FIG. 50 illustrates example embodiments of module 4440.Additional embodiments may include an embodiment 5002, an embodiment5004, an embodiment 5006, an embodiment 5008, and/or an embodiment 5010.

At embodiment 5002, module 4440 may include one or more display unitsthat are passive display units. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may include one or more display units 124 thatare passive display units 124. In some embodiments, one or more displayunits 124 may include one or more liquid crystal displays (LCD). Methodsto construct passive displays have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.4,807,967; 4,729,636: 4,436,378; 4,257,041; herein incorporated byreference).

At embodiment 5004, module 4440 may include one or more display unitsthat are active display units. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may include one or more display units 124 thatare active display units 124. Numerous active display units 124 areknown and include, but are not limited to, quarter-video graphics array(QVGA), video graphics array (VGA), super video graphics array (SVGA),extended graphics array (XGA), wide extended graphics array (WXGA),super extended graphics array (SXGA), ultra extended graphics array(UXGA), wide super extended graphics array (WSXGA), wide ultra extendedgraphics array (WUXGA).

At embodiment 5006, module 4440 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergens withinthe one or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may include one or more display units 124 that indicate apresence or an absence of one or more allergens 104 within the one ormore samples 102. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 mayuse a colorimetric message to indicate a presence or an absence of oneor more allergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may displaya green light if one or more allergen indicators 106 are not foundwithin one or more samples 102 and a red light if one or more allergenindicators 106 are found within one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may use a pictographicmessage to indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergenindicators 106 within one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may display a smiley face ifone or more allergen indicators 106 are not found within one or moresamples 102 and a frowny face if one or more allergen indicators 106 arefound within one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may use a typographical message to indicate a presenceor an absence of one or more allergen indicators 106 within one or moresamples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or more display units124 may display an “Allergen Not Present” message if one or moreallergen indicators 106 are not found within one or more samples 102 andan “Allergen Present” message if one or more allergen indicators 106 arefound within one or more samples 102. Such messages may be displayed innumerous languages. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124may display one or more messages in multiple formats. For example, insome embodiments, one or more messages may be displayed in colored text.

At embodiment 5008, module 4440 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate an identity of one or more allergens present within theone or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may include one or more display units 124 that indicate an identityof one or more allergens 104 present within the one or more samples 102.In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may be operablyassociated with one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configuredto identify one or more allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may be configured to displaythe identity of one or more allergens 104 that are present and/or absentfrom one or more samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, adisplay unit 124 may be configured to indicate a presence or an absenceof beta-lactoglobulin in a food product.

At embodiment 5010, module 4440 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate one or more concentrations of one or more allergens withinthe one or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may include one or more display units 124 that may indicateone or more concentrations of one or more allergens 104 within the oneor more samples 102. Concentration may be displayed in numerous formats.For example, in some embodiments, concentration may be expressednumerically (e.g., mass allergen indicator 106 per volume sample 102(e.g., milligrams per milliliter), mass allergen indicator 106 per masssample 102 (e.g., milligrams per milligram of sample), parts permillion, and the like). In some embodiments, concentration may beexpressed graphically. For example, in some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may include a display having a gray scale on which theconcentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 that are presentwithin one or more samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., higherconcentrations of one or more allergens 104 may be displayed as darkgray while lower concentrations of one or more allergens 104 may bedisplayed as light gray). In some embodiments, one or more display units124 may include a display having a color scale on which theconcentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 that are presentwithin one or more samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., lowconcentrations of one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicatedby a green light, intermediate concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 may be indicated by a yellow light, high concentrationsof one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicated by a red light).In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may be calibrated toan individual. For example, in such embodiments, an individual may usethe display to obtain an immediate reading that will indicate if a foodproduct contains a dangerous level of one or more allergens 104.

At embodiment 5012, module 4440 may include. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include one or more display units 124that are calibrated for an individual. In some embodiments, one or ormore display units 124 may be calibrated to display whether one or moreallergens 104, and/or allergen indicators 106, that are specific to anindividual are present or absent within one or more samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may beconfigured to display whether one or more samples 102 contain shellfishassociated allergens 104 for an individual known to be allergic toshellfish. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may becalibrated to indicate safe and/or unsafe concentrations of one or moreallergens 104 within one or more samples 102 for an individual.

IV. Devices for Analysis of One or More Allergens

FIG. 51 illustrates devices 5100 that may be configured for analysis ofone or more allergens 104. In FIG. 51, discussion and explanation may beprovided with respect to use of one or more devices within theabove-described example of FIG. 1, and/or with respect to other examplesand contexts. However, it should be understood that the devices may beconfigured in a number of other environments and contexts, and/orutilized within modified versions of FIG. 1. Also, although the devicesare presented in the configuration(s) illustrated, it should beunderstood that the devices may be configured in numerous orientations.

The device 5100 includes module 5110 that includes one or more detectionunits configured to detachably connect to one or more microfluidic chipsand configured to detect one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more allergens. In some embodiments, module 5110may include one or more detection units configured to detect the one ormore allergen indicators that are associated with the one or moreallergens that are airborne. In some embodiments, module 5110 mayinclude one or more detection units configured to detect the one or moreallergen indicators that are associated with one or more food products.In some embodiments, module 5110 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals,molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, orhuman autoallergens. In some embodiments, module 5110 may include.

The device 5100 may optionally include module 5120 that includes one ormore display units operably associated with the one or more detectionunits. In some embodiments, module 5120 may include one or more displayunits that are passive display units. In some embodiments, module 5120may include one or more display units that are active display units. Insome embodiments, module 5120 may include one or more display units thatindicate a presence or an absence of the one or more allergens withinone or more samples. In some embodiments, module 5120 may include one ormore display units that indicate an identity of the one or moreallergens present within one or more samples. In some embodiments,module 5120 may include one or more display units that indicate one ormore concentrations of the one or more allergens within one or moresamples. In some embodiments, module 5120 may include.

FIG. 52 illustrates alternative embodiments of devices 5100 of FIG. 51.FIG. 52 illustrates example embodiments of module 5110. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 5202, an embodiment 5204, anembodiment 5206, and/or an embodiment 5208.

At embodiment 5202, module 5110 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with the one or more allergens that are airborne. In someembodiments, one or more devices may include one or more detection units122 configured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with the one or more allergens 104 that are airborne.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to operably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips108 and to detect one or more airborne allergens 104. For example, insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto allow one or more air samples 102 to contact the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 such that one or more allergen indicators 106included within the one or more air samples 102 are retained by the oneor more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, the one or more airsamples 102 may be passed through a filter on which one or more airborneallergen indicators 106 are collected. The collected airborne allergenindicators 106 may then be washed from the filter and caused to passover an antibody array to which the one or more airborne allergenindicators 106 become immobilized. The immobilized airborne allergenindicators 106 may then be detected through numerous methods thatinclude, but are not limited to, electrical conductivity, immunoassaybased methods, and the like. Accordingly, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect the one or more airborne allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe configured to operably associate with one or more microfluidic chips108 such that the one or more detection units 122 facilitate air flowthrough the one or more microfluidic chips 108 to provide for airsampling. For example, in some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may include one or more fans to push and/or pull air through one ormore operably associated microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments,one or more detection units 122 may include one or more bellows to pushand/or pull air through one or more operably associated microfluidicchips 108. Detection units 122 may be configured in numerous ways toprovide for detection of one or more airborne allergen indicators 106.

At embodiment 5204, module 5110 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, one ormore devices may include one or more detection units 122 configured todetect one or more allergen indicators 106 that are associated with oneor more food products. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to provide for detection of one or moreallergens 104 that are associated with one or more food products.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to operably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips108 and to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more food products. Such allergen indicators 106have been described herein and within additional sources (e.g., AllergenNomenclature: International Union of Immunological Societies AllergenNomenclature Sub-Committee, List of allergens and Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of isoallergens and variants). Numerous methods maybe used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more food products. Such methods have beendescribed herein. In addition, other detection methods that have beendescribed may be modified to provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or more foodproducts. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more polynucleotides, one or morepolypeptides, one or more portions of one or more polynucleotides,and/or one or more portions of one or more polypeptides that have anucleic acid sequence and/or an amino acid sequence that corresponds to,but is not limited to, one or more of the following accession numbers:X97824, M18780, X14712, M73993, X60688, U08008, AF479772, Y14855,AJ315959, AJ414730, P80208, CAA46782, P81729, AJ404845, X12928, P19656,AJ890020, U31771, Z48967, AF129423, P81943, AF456482, AF327622,AF329829, DR027057, AJ243427, AF05730, AF129424, AF071477, Z78202,U93165, U66076, U32440, AF221501, AF129425, AY081850, AY081852, P81402,AY898658, P80274, AF377948, AF377949, D14059, AY049013, A57106,AY792956, X60043, L34402, L77197, AF093541, AF086821, AF059616,AF092846, AF091737, AY328088, P00785, AJ297410, AJ417552, AJ417553,U81996, P15476, P16348, P20347, P30941, P04403, M17146, AY221641,AY102930, AY102931, U66866, AF066055, AF453947, AY081853, P01089,AF240005, AF091841, AF240006, AAG23840, AAD42942, AF091842, D32206,AY271295, P83834, AY839230, or substantially any combination thereof.

At embodiment 5206, module 5110 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals,molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, orhuman autoallergens. In some embodiments, one or more devices mayinclude one or more detection units 122 configured to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or more weeds,grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals,chemicals, autoallergens, human autoallergens, or substantially anycombination thereof. Numerous allergen indicators 106 are known to beassociated with weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi,insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or humanautoallergens. Such allergen indicators 106 have been described hereinand within additional sources (e.g., Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of allergens and Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of isoallergens and variants). Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess one or more samples 102 and provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, an allergen indicator 106may be an allergenic particle. For example, in some embodiments, anallergen indicator 106 may include a complete pollen particle, such as apollen particle, a spore, a flake of dander, and the like. In someembodiments, an allergen indicator 106 may be a portion of an allergenicparticle. For example, in some embodiments, an allergen indicator 106may include a portion of a pollen particle (e.g., polynucleotides,sporoderm, and the like). In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106may include polynucleotides that are associated with one or moreallergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may includefragments of polynucleotides that are associated with one or moreallergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may includepolypeptides, peptides, and/or proteins that are associated with one ormore allergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 mayinclude polysaccharides that are associated with one or more allergens104. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to provide for detection of one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe configured to operably associate with one or more such microfluidicchips 108 and configured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.Numerous detection methods may be used to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Such methods have been described herein. In addition,detection methods that have been described may be modified to providefor detection of one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured to detectand determine a concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106that are included within a sample 102. For example, in some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide fordetection of one or more polynucleotides that are allergen indicators106 through detection of electrical current produced upon hybridizationof the one or more polynucleotides. Accordingly, in such embodiments,the one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to produce anelectrical current that is relative to polynucleotide concentration toprovide for determination of polynucleotide concentration within one ormore samples 102. Numerous configurations may be used in associationwith one or more allergen indicators 106 to provide for determination ofallergen 104 concentration. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for identificationof one or more allergens 104. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include immobilized polynucleotides thatselectively hybridize to one or more polynucleotides that are associatedwith a known allergen indicator 106. Accordingly, hybridization of oneor more polynucleotides with the one or more immobilized polynucleotidesindicates that a sample 102 includes one or more allergen indicators 106that correspond to one or more known allergens 104. Accordingly, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to operably associate withsuch microfluidic chips 108 to provide for specific detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, microfluidic chips108 and/or detection units 122 may be configured to determine theidentity and concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 thatare included within one or more samples 102.

At embodiment 5208, module 5110 may include. In some embodiments, one ormore devices may include one or more detection units 122 that arecalibrated for an individual. In some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be calibrated to detect one or more specific allergens 104and/or allergen indicators 106 that produce an allergic response by anindividual. For example, in some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be calibrated to detect peanuts and/or peanut associatedproducts for an individual who is allergic to peanuts. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be calibrated to detectdifferent concentrations of allergen indicators 106. For example, insome embodiments, an individual may produce an allergic response ifexposed to an allergen 104 at a concentration that is above a certainlevel. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a detection unit 122 may becalibrated to detect one or more concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 that produce an allergic response within an individual.

FIG. 53 illustrates alternative embodiments of devices 5100 of FIG. 51.FIG. 53 illustrates example embodiments of module 5120. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 5302, an embodiment 5304, anembodiment 5306, an embodiment 5308, an embodiment 5310, and/or anembodiment 5312.

At embodiment 5302, module 5120 may include one or more display unitsthat are passive display units. In some embodiments, one or more devicesmay include one or more display units 124 that are passive display units124. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may include oneor more liquid crystal displays (LCD). Methods to construct passivedisplays have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,807,967; 4,729,636:4,436,378; 4,257,041; herein incorporated by reference).

At embodiment 5304, module 5120 may include one or more display unitsthat are active display units. In some embodiments, one or more devicesmay include one or more display units 124 that are active display units124. Numerous active display units 124 are known and include, but arenot limited to, quarter-video graphics array (QVGA), video graphicsarray (VGA), super video graphics array (SVGA), extended graphics array(XGA), wide extended graphics array (WXGA), super extended graphicsarray (SXGA), ultra extended graphics array (UXGA), wide super extendedgraphics array (WSXGA), wide ultra extended graphics array (WUXGA).

At embodiment 5306, module 5120 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate a presence or an absence of the one or more allergenswithin one or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more devices mayinclude one or more display units 124 that indicate a presence or anabsence of one or more allergens 104 within one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, one or more display units 124 may use a colorimetricmessage to indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergenindicators 106 within one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may display a green light ifone or more allergen indicators 106 are not found within one or moresamples 102 and a red light if one or more allergen indicators 106 arefound within one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may use a pictographic message to indicate a presenceor an absence of one or more allergen indicators 106 within one or moresamples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or more display units124 may display a smiley face if one or more allergen indicators 106 arenot found within one or more samples 102 and a frowny face if one ormore allergen indicators 106 are found within one or more samples 102.In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may use atypographical message to indicate a presence or an absence of one ormore allergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may displayan “Allergen Not Present” message if one or more allergen indicators 106are not found within one or more samples 102 and an “Allergen Present”message if one or more allergen indicators 106 are found within one ormore samples 102. Such messages may be displayed in numerous languages.In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may display one ormore messages in multiple formats. For example, in some embodiments, oneor more messages may be displayed in colored text.

At embodiment 5308, module 5120 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate an identity of the one or more allergens present withinone or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more devices mayinclude one or more display units 124 that indicate an identity of oneor more allergens 104 present within the one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, one or more display units 124 may be operablyassociated with one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configuredto identify one or more allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may be configured to displaythe identity of one or more allergens 104 that are present and/or absentfrom one or more samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, adisplay unit 124 may be configured to indicate a presence or an absenceof beta-lactoglobulin in a food product.

At embodiment 5310, module 5120 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate one or more concentrations of the one or more allergenswithin one or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more devices mayinclude one or more display units 124 that indicate one or moreconcentrations of one or more allergens 104 within the one or moresamples 102. Concentration may be displayed in numerous formats. Forexample, in some embodiments, concentration may be expressed numerically(e.g., mass allergen indicator 106 per volume sample 102 (e.g.,milligrams per milliliter), mass allergen indicator 106 per mass sample102 (e.g., milligrams per milligram of sample), parts per million, andthe like). In some embodiments, concentration may be expressedgraphically. For example, in some embodiments, one or more display units124 may include a display having a gray scale on which the concentrationof one or more allergen indicators 106 that are present within one ormore samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., higher concentrations of one ormore allergens 104 may be displayed as dark gray while lowerconcentrations of one or more allergens 104 may be displayed as lightgray). In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may include adisplay having a color scale on which the concentration of one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are present within one or more samples 102may be indicated (e.g., low concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 may be indicated by a green light, intermediateconcentrations of one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicatedby a yellow light, high concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 may be indicated by a red light). In some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may be calibrated to an individual. Forexample, in such embodiments, an individual may use the display toobtain an immediate reading that will indicate if a food productcontains a dangerous level of one or more allergens 104.

At embodiment 5312, module 5120 may include. In some embodiments, one ormore devices may include one or more display units 124 that arecalibrated for an individual. In some embodiments, one or or moredisplay units 124 may be calibrated to display whether one or moreallergens 104, and/or allergen indicators 106, that are specific to anindividual are present or absent within one or more samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may beconfigured to display whether one or more samples 102 contain shellfishassociated allergens 104 for an individual known to be allergic toshellfish. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may becalibrated to indicate safe and/or unsafe concentrations of one or moreallergens 104 within one or more samples 102 for an individual.

FIG. 54 illustrates devices 5400 that may be configured for analysis ofone or more allergens 104. In FIG. 54, discussion and explanation may beprovided with respect to use of one or more devices within theabove-described example of FIG. 1, and/or with respect to other examplesand contexts. However, it should be understood that the devices may beconfigured in a number of other environments and contexts, and/orutilized within modified versions of FIG. 1. Also, although the devicesare presented in the configuration(s) illustrated, it should beunderstood that the devices may be configured in numerous orientations.

The device 5400 includes module 5410 that includes one or more reagentdelivery units that are configured to operably associate with one ormore microfluidic chips and provide one or more reagents to the one ormore microfluidic chips. In some embodiments, module 5410 may includeone or more reagent delivery units configured for detachable connectionto the one or more microfluidic chips. In some embodiments, module 5410may include one or more reagent reservoirs. In some embodiments, module5410 may include one or more waste reservoirs. In some embodiments,module 5410 may include one or more reagent delivery units physicallycoupled to the one or more detection units. In some embodiments, module5410 may include one or more reagent delivery units that include one ormore pumps.

The device 5400 includes module 5420 that includes one or more detectionunits configured to detachably associate with the one or moremicrofluidic chips and configured to detect one or more allergenindicators. In some embodiments; module 5420 may include one or moredetection units configured to detect the one or more allergen indicatorsthat are associated with one or more allergens that are airborne. Insome embodiments, module 5420 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, module5420 may include one or more detection units configured to detect theone or more allergen indicators that are associated with one or moreweeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers,metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or human autoallergens. In someembodiments, module 5420 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators with at leastone technique that includes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescenceresonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera,or immunoassay. In some embodiments, module 5420 may include.

The device 5400 includes module 5430 that includes one or more displayunits that are operably associated with the one or more detection units.In some embodiments, module 5430 may include one or more display unitsthat are passive display units. In some embodiments, module 5430 mayinclude one or more display units that are active display units. In someembodiments, module 5430 may include one or more display units thatindicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergens within one ormore samples. In some embodiments, module 5430 may include one or moredisplay units that indicate an identity of one or more allergens presentwithin one or more samples. In some embodiments, module 5430 may includeone or more display units that indicate one or more concentrations ofone or more allergens within one or more samples. In some embodiments,module 5430 may include.

FIG. 55 illustrates alternative embodiments of devices 5400 of FIG. 54.FIG. 55 illustrates example embodiments of module 5410. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 5502, an embodiment 5504, anembodiment 5506, an embodiment 5508, and/or an embodiment 5510.

At embodiment 5502, module 5410 may include one or more reagent deliveryunits configured for detachable connection to the one or moremicrofluidic chips. In some embodiments, one or more devices may includeone or more reagent delivery units 116 configured for detachableconnection to the one or more microfluidic chips. In some embodiments,one or more devices may be configured for detachable connection to oneor more microfluidic chips 108 that are configured to process and/orprovide for detection of the same type of allergen indicator 106. Insome embodiments, one or more devices may be configured for detachableconnection to one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configured toprocess and/or provide for detection of numerous different types ofallergen indicators 106. Reagent delivery units 116 may be configured todeliver one or more types of reagents to one or more microfluidic chips108. In some embodiments, such reagents may be utilized to process oneor more samples 102. In some embodiments, such reagents may be utilizedto detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Examples of such reagentsinclude, but are not limited to, solvents, water, tags, labels,antibodies, aptamers, polynucleotides, and the like. In someembodiments, one or more reagent delivery units 116 may includeconnectors that may be coupled to one or more microfluidic chips 108 toprovide for delivery of one or more reagents to the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Examples of such connectors include, but are notlimited to, leur lock fittings, needles, fluid connectors, and the like.In some embodiments, a reagent delivery unit 116 may include one or morepumps. In some embodiments, a reagent delivery unit 116 may includenumerous reservoirs that may include numerous types of reagents.Accordingly, in some embodiments, a reagent delivery unit 116 may beconfigured to detachably connect with numerous types of microfluidicchips 108 that are configured to process and/or provide for detection ofnumerous types of allergen indicators 106.

At embodiment 5504, module 5410 may include one or more reagentreservoirs. In some embodiments, one or more devices may be configuredto include one or more reagent reservoirs. In some embodiments, the oneor more reagent reservoirs may be configured to contain reagents thatmay be used to process and/or detect a single type of allergen indicator106. In some embodiments, the one or more reagent reservoirs may beconfigured to contain reagents that may be used to process and/or detectnumerous types of allergen indicators 106.

At embodiment 5506, module 5410 may include one or more wastereservoirs. In some embodiments, one or more devices may be configuredto include one or more waste reservoirs.

At embodiment 5508, module 5410 may include one or more reagent deliveryunits physically coupled to the one or more detection units. In someembodiments, one or more devices may be configured to include one ormore reagent delivery units 116 physically coupled to the one or moredetection units 122. In some embodiments, one or more reagent deliveryunits 116 may be coupled to one or more detection units 122 such thatthe one or more detection units 122 act to control the one or morereagent delivery units 116. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may control delivery of one or more reagentsduring processing and/or detection of one or more allergen indicators106.

At embodiment 5510, module 5410 may include one or more reagent deliveryunits that include one or more pumps. In some embodiments, one or moredevices may be configured to include one or more reagent delivery units116 that include one or more pumps. Numerous types of pumps may beassociated with a delivery unit.

FIG. 56 illustrates alternative embodiments of devices 5400 of FIG. 54.FIG. 56 illustrates example embodiments of module 5420. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 5602, an embodiment 5604, anembodiment 5606, an embodiment 5608, and/or an embodiment 5610.

At embodiment 5602, module 5420 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more allergens that are airborne. In someembodiments, one or more devices may include one or more detection units122 configured to detect the one or more allergen indicators 106 thatare associated with one or more allergens 104 that are airborne.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to operably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips108 and to detect one or more airborne allergens 104. For example, insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto allow one or more air samples 102 to contact the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 such that one or more allergen indicators 106included within the one or more air samples 102 are retained by the oneor more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, the one or more airsamples 102 may be passed through a filter on which one or more airborneallergen indicators 106 are collected. The collected airborne allergenindicators 106 may then be washed from the filter and caused to passover an antibody array to which the one or more airborne allergenindicators 106 become immobilized. The immobilized airborne allergenindicators 106 may then be detected through numerous methods thatinclude, but are not limited to, electrical conductivity, immunoassaybased methods, and the like. Accordingly, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect the one or more airborne allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe configured to operably associate with one or more microfluidic chips108 such that the one or more detection units 122 facilitate air flowthrough the one or more microfluidic chips 108 to provide for airsampling. For example, in some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may include one or more fans to push and/or pull air through one ormore operably associated microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments,one or more detection units 122 may include one or more bellows to pushand/or pull air through one or more operably associated microfluidicchips 108. Detection units 122 may be configured in numerous ways toprovide for detection of one or more airborne allergen indicators 106.

At embodiment 5604, module 5420 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, one ormore devices may include one or more detection units 122 configured todetect the one or more allergen indicators 106 that are associated withone or more food products. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to provide for detection of one or moreallergens 104 that are associated with one or more food products.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to operably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips108 and to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more food products. Such allergen indicators 106have been described herein and within additional sources (e.g., AllergenNomenclature: International Union of Immunological Societies AllergenNomenclature Sub-Committee, List of allergens and Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of isoallergens and variants). Numerous methods maybe used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more food products. Such methods have beendescribed herein. In addition, other detection methods that have beendescribed may be modified to provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or more foodproducts. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more polynucleotides, one or morepolypeptides, one or more portions of one or more polynucleotides,and/or one or more portions of one or more polypeptides that have anucleic acid sequence and/or an amino acid sequence that corresponds to,but is not limited to, one or more of the following accession numbers:X97824, M18780, X14712, M73993, X60688, U08008, AF479772, Y14855,AJ315959, AJ414730, P80208, CAA46782, P81729, AJ404845, X12928, P19656,AJ890020, U31771, Z48967, AF129423, P81943, AF456482, AF327622,AF329829, DR027057, AJ243427, AF05730, AF129424, AF071477, Z78202,U93165, U66076, U32440, AF221501, AF129425, AY081850, AY081852, P81402,AY898658, P80274, AF377948, AF377949, D14059, AY049013, A57106,AY792956, X60043, L34402, L77197, AF093541, AF086821, AF059616,AF092846, AF091737, AY328088, P00785, AJ297410, AJ417552, AJ417553,U81996, P15476, P16348, P20347, P30941, P04403, M17146, AY221641,AY102930, AY102931, U66866, AF066055, AF453947, AY081853, P01089,AF240005, AF091841, AF240006, AAG23840, AAD42942, AF091842, D32206,AY271295, P83834, AY839230, or substantially any combination thereof.

At embodiment 5606, module 5420 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals,molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, orhuman autoallergens. In some embodiments, one or more devices mayinclude one or more detection units 122 configured to detect the one ormore allergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or more weeds,grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals,chemicals, autoallergens, human autoallergens, or substantially anycombination thereof. Numerous allergen indicators 106 are known to beassociated with weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi,insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or humanautoallergens. Such allergen indicators 106 have been described hereinand within additional sources (e.g., Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of allergens and Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of isoallergens and variants). Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess one or more samples 102 and provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, an allergen indicator 106may be an allergenic particle. For example, in some embodiments, anallergen indicator 106 may include a complete pollen particle, such as apollen particle, a spore, a flake of dander, and the like. In someembodiments, an allergen indicator 106 may be a portion of an allergenicparticle. For example, in some embodiments, an allergen indicator 106may include a portion of a pollen particle (e.g., polynucleotides,sporoderm, and the like). In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106may include polynucleotides that are associated with one or moreallergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may includefragments of polynucleotides that are associated with one or moreallergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may includepolypeptides, peptides, and/or proteins that are associated with one ormore allergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 mayinclude polysaccharides that are associated with one or more allergens104. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to provide for detection of one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe configured to operably associate with one or more such microfluidicchips 108 and configured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.Numerous detection methods may be used to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Such methods have been described herein. In addition,detection methods that have been described may be modified to providefor detection of one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured to detectand determine a concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106that are included within a sample 102. For example, in some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide fordetection of one or more polynucleotides that are allergen indicators106 through detection of electrical current produced upon hybridizationof the one or more polynucleotides. Accordingly, in such embodiments,the one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to produce anelectrical current that is relative to polynucleotide concentration toprovide for determination of polynucleotide concentration within one ormore samples 102. Numerous configurations may be used in associationwith one or more allergen indicators 106 to provide for determination ofallergen 104 concentration. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for identificationof one or more allergens 104. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include immobilized polynucleotides thatselectively hybridize to one or more polynucleotides that are associatedwith a known allergen indicator 106. Accordingly, hybridization of oneor more polynucleotides with the one or more immobilized polynucleotidesindicates that a sample 102 includes one or more allergen indicators 106that correspond to one or more known allergens 104. Accordingly, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to operably associate withsuch microfluidic chips 108 to provide for specific detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, microfluidic chips108 and/or detection units 122 may be configured to determine theidentity and concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 thatare included within one or more samples 102.

At embodiment 5608, module 5420 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators with at leastone technique that includes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection,polynucleotide detection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescenceresonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electricalconductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera,or immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or more devices may include oneor more detection units 122 configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 with at least one technique that includes spectroscopy,electrochemical detection, polynucleotide detection, fluorescenceanisotropy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer,enzyme assay, electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing,chromatography, immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding,filtration, electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera, immunoassay, orsubstantially any combination thereof. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 that have been processed by one or more microfluidicchips 108. For example, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may include a window (e.g., a quartz window, a cuvette analog,and/or the like) through which one or more detection units 122 maydetermine if one or more allergen indicators 106 are present ordetermine the concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106. Insuch embodiments, numerous techniques may be used to detect the one ormore allergen indicators 106, such as visible light spectroscopy,ultraviolet light spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, fluorescencespectroscopy, and the like. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may include circuitry and/or electro-mechanicalmechanisms to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 present withinone or more microfluidic chips 108 through a window in the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. In-some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples 102 throughuse of surface plasmon resonance. In some embodiments, the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may include one or more antibodies, aptamers,proteins, peptides, polynucleotides, and the like, that are bound to asubstrate (e.g., a metal film) within the one or more microfluidic chips108. In some embodiments, such microfluidic chips 108 may include aprism through which one or more detection units 122 may shine light todetect one or more allergen indicators 106 that interact with the one ormore antibodies, aptamers, proteins, peptides, polynucleotides, and thelike, that are bound to a substrate. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may include an exposed substrate surface that isconfigured to operably associate with one or more prisms that areincluded within one or more detection units 122. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include a nuclear magneticresonance (NMR) probe. In such embodiments, the microfluidic chips 108may be configured to associate with one or more detection units 122 thataccept the NMR probe and are configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of NMR spectroscopy. Accordingly,microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122 may be configured innumerous ways to associate with each other to provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of spectroscopy. Numerous types of spectroscopic methods maybe used. Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to,ultraviolet spectroscopy, visible light spectroscopy, infraredspectroscopy, x-ray spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, massspectroscopy, plasmon resonance (e.g., Cherif et al., ClinicalChemistry, 52:255-262 (2006) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching, fluorescence resonanceenergy transfer, intrinsic fluorescence, ligand fluorescence, and thelike.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrochemical detection. In some embodiments, one ormore polynucleotides may be detected through electrochemical detection.For example, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide that includes a redoxlabel, such as ferrocene is coupled to a gold electrode. The labeledpolynucleotide forms a stem-loop structure that can self-assemble onto agold electrode by means of facile gold-thiol chemistry. Hybridization ofa sample 102 polynucleotide induces a large conformational change in thesurface-confined polynucleotide structure, which in turn alters theelectron-transfer tunneling distance between the electrode and theredoxable label. The resulting change in electron transfer efficiencymay be measured by cyclic voltammetry (Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci., 100:9134-9137 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem., 75:3941-3945(2003); Singh-Zocchi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610(2003)). Such methods may be used to detect messenger ribonucleic acid,genomic deoxyribonucleic acid, and fragments thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of polynucleotide detection. In some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106 through use of polynucleotide detection.Numerous methods may be used to detect one or more polynucleotides.Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to, those based onpolynucleotide hybridization, polynucleotide ligation, polynucleotideamplification, polynucleotide degradation, and the like. Methods thatutilize intercalation dyes, fluorescence resonance energy transfer,capacitive deoxyribonucleic acid detection, and nucleic acidamplification have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and6,960,437; herein incorporated by reference). Such methods may beadapted to provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.In some embodiments, fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electrontransfer, electrical conductivity, and the like may be used to analyzepolynucleotide interaction. Such methods are known and have beendescribed (e.g., Jarvius, DNA Tools and Microfluidic Systems forMolecular Analysis, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of UppsalaDissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 161, ACTA UNIVERSITATISUPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2006, ISBN: 91-554-6616-8; Singh-Zocchi et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem.,75:3941-3945 (2003); Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137(2003); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,958,216; 5,093,268; 6,090,545; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or morepolynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube may becombined with one or more samples 102, and/or one or more partiallypurified polynucleotides obtained from one or more samples 102. The oneor more polynucleotides that include one or more carbon nanotubes areallowed to hybridize with one or more polynucleotides that may bepresent within the one or more samples 102. The one or more carbonnanotubes may be excited (e.g., with an electron beam and/or aultraviolet laser) and the emission spectra of the excited nanotubes maybe correlated with hybridization of the one or more polynucleotides thatinclude at least one carbon nanotube with one or more polynucleotidesthat are included within the one or more samples 102. Accordingly,polynucleotides that hybridize to one or more allergen indicators 106may include one or more carbon nanotubes. Methods to utilize carbonnanotubes as probes for nucleic acid interaction have been described(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,730; herein incorporated by reference).Numerous other methods based on polynucleotide detection may be used todetect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of fluorescence anisotropy. Fluorescence anisotropy is basedon measuring the steady state polarization of sample 102 fluorescenceimaged in a confocal arrangement. A linearly polarized laser excitationsource preferentially excites fluorescent target molecules withtransition moments aligned parallel to the incident polarization vector.The resultant fluorescence is collected and directed into two channelsthat measure the intensity of the fluorescence polarized both paralleland perpendicular to that of the excitation beam. With these twomeasurements, the fluorescence anisotropy, r, can be determined from theequation: r=(Intensity parallel−Intensity perpendicular)/(Intensityparallel+2(Intensity perpendicular)) where the I terms indicateintensity measurements parallel and perpendicular to the incidentpolarization. Fluorescence anisotropy detection of fluorescent moleculeshas been described. Accordingly, fluorescence anisotropy may be coupledto numerous fluorescent labels as have been described herein and as havebeen described.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET).Fluorescence resonance energy transfer refers to an energy transfermechanism between two fluorescent molecules. A fluorescent donor isexcited at its fluorescence excitation wavelength. This excited state isthen nonradiatively transferred to a second molecule, the fluorescentacceptor. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer may be used withinnumerous configurations to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.For example, in some embodiments, an antibody may be labeled with afluorescent donor and one or more allergen indicators 106 may be labeledwith a fluorescent acceptor. Accordingly, such labeled antibodies andallergen indicators 106 may be used within competition assays to detectthe presence and/or concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106in one or more samples 102. Numerous combinations of fluorescent donorsand fluorescent acceptors may be used to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to emit one or more wavelength of light to excite afluorescent donor and may be configured to detect one or more wavelengthof light emitted by the fluorescent acceptor. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured to acceptone or more microfluidic chips 108 that include a quartz window throughwhich fluorescent light may pass to provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106 through use of fluorescence resonance energytransfer. Accordingly, fluorescence resonance energy transfer may beused in conjunction with competition assays and/or numerous other typesof assays to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electron transfer. Electron transfer is the process bywhich an electron moves from an electron donor to an electron acceptorcausing the oxidation states of the electron donor and the electronacceptor to change. In some embodiments, electron transfer may occurwhen an electron is transferred from one or more electron donors to anelectrode. In some embodiments, electron transfer may be utilized withincompetition assays to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 mayinclude one or more polynucleotides that may be immobilized on one ormore electrodes. The immobilized polynucleotides may be incubated with areagent mixture that includes sample polynucleotides and polynucleotidesthat are tagged with an electron donor. Hybridization of the taggedpolynucleotides to the immobilized polynucleotides allows the electrondonor to transfer an electron to the electrode to produce a detectablesignal. Accordingly, a decrease in signal due to the presence of one ormore polynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106 in the reagentmixture indicates the presence of an allergen indicator 106 in thesample 102. Such methods may be used in conjunction withpolynucleotides, polypeptides, peptides, antibodies, aptamers, and thelike. One or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to utilizenumerous electron transfer based assays to provide for detection of oneor more allergen indicators 106 by a detection unit 122.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of one or more enzyme assays. Numerous enzyme assays may beused to provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.Examples of such enzyme assays include, but are not limited to,beta-galactosidase assays, peroxidase assays, catalase assays, alkalinephosphatase assays, and the like. In some embodiments, enzyme assays maybe configured such that an enzyme will catalyze a reaction involving anenzyme substrate that produces a fluorescent product. Accordingly, oneor more detection units 122 may be configured to detect fluorescenceresulting from the fluorescent product. Enzymes and florescent enzymesubstrates are known and are commercially available (e.g.,Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.). In some embodiments, enzyme assays maybe configured as binding assays that provide for detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include-a substrate towhich is coupled to one or more antibodies, aptamers, peptides,proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, and the like, that will interactwith one or more allergen indicators 106. One or more samples 102 may bepassed across the substrate such that one or more allergen indicators106 present within the one or more samples 102 will interact with theone or more antibodies, aptamers, peptides, proteins, polynucleotides,ligands, and the like, and be immobilized on the substrate. One or moreantibodies, aptamers, peptides, proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, andthe like, that are labeled with an enzyme may then be passed across thesubstrate such that the one or more labeled antibodies, aptamers,peptides, proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, and the like, will bind tothe one or more immobilized allergen indicators 106. An enzyme substratemay then be introduced to the one or more immobilized enzymes such thatthe enzymes are able to catalyze a reaction involving the enzymesubstrate to produce a fluorescent product. Such assays are oftenreferred to as sandwich assays. Accordingly, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect one or more products of enzyme catalysisto provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrical conductivity. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106through use of electrical conductivity. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more detection units 122 such that the one or more detection units122 can detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrical conductivity. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to include two or more electrodes that areeach coupled to one or more detector polynucleotides. Interaction of anallergen associated polynucleotide, such as hybridization, with twodetector polynucleotides that are coupled to two different electrodeswill complete an electrical circuit. This completed circuit will providefor the flow of a detectable electrical current between the twoelectrodes and thereby provide for detection of one or more allergenassociated polynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, the electrodes may be carbon nanotubes (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.6,958,216; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments,electrodes may include, but are not limited to, one or more conductivemetals, such as gold, copper, iron, silver, platinum, and the like; oneor more conductive alloys; one or more conductive ceramics; and thelike. In some embodiments, electrodes may be selected and configuredaccording to protocols typically used in the computer industry thatinclude, but are not limited to, photolithography, masking, printing,stamping, and the like. In some embodiments, other molecules andcomplexes that interact with one or more allergen indicators 106 may beused to detect the one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrical conductivity. Examples of such molecules and complexesinclude, but are not limited to, proteins, peptides, antibodies,aptamers, and the like. For example, in some embodiments, two or moreantibodies may be immobilized on one or more electrodes such thatcontact of the two or more antibodies with an allergen indicator 106,such as a spore, a pollen particle, a dander particle, and the like,will complete an electrical circuit and facilitate the production of adetectable electrical current. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include electricalconnectors that are able to operably associate with one or moredetection units 122 such that the detection units 122 may detect anelectrical current that is due to interaction of one or more allergenindicators 106 with two or more electrodes. In some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may include electrical connectors that providefor operable association of one or more microfluidic chips 108 with theone or more detection units 122. In some embodiments, the one or moredetectors are configured for detachable connection to one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122may be configured in numerous ways to process one or more samples 102and detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106through use of isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, nativeisoelectric focusing may be utilized to process and/or detect one ormore allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, denaturingisoelectric focusing may be utilized to process and/or detect one ormore allergen indicators 106. Methods to construct microfluidic channelsthat may be used for isoelectric focusing have been reported (e.g.,Macounova et al., Anal Chem., 73:1627-1633 (2001); Macounova et al.,Anal Chem., 72:3745-3751 (2000); Herr et al., Investigation of aminiaturized capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) system using afull-field detection approach, Mechanical Engineering Department,Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Wu and Pawliszyn, Journal ofMicrocolumn Separations, 4:419-422 (1992); Kilar and Hjerten,Electrophoresis, 10:23-29 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,150,813; 7,070,682;6,730,516; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 through use of methods that include isoelectric focusing. Insome embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more such microfluidic chips 108 suchthat the one or more detection units 122 can be used to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that have been focused within one or moremicrofluidic channels of the one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured toinclude one or more CCD cameras that can be used to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be configured to include one or more spectrometers thatcan be used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Numeroustypes of spectrometers may be utilized to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 following isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, oneor more detection units 122 may be configured to utilize refractiveindex to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured tocombine one or more samples 102 with one or more reagent mixtures thatinclude one or more binding molecules and/or binding complexes that bindto one or more allergen indicators 106 that may be present within theone or more samples 102 to form an allergen indicator-bindingmolecule/binding complex. Examples of such binding molecules and/orbinding complexes that bind to one or more allergen indicators 106include, but are not limited to, antibodies, aptamers, peptides,proteins, polynucleotides, and the like. In some embodiments, anallergen indicator-binding molecule/binding complex may be processedthrough use of isoelectric focusing and then detected with one or moredetection units 122. In some embodiments, one or more binding moleculesand/or one or more binding complexes may include a label. Numerouslabels may be used and include, but are not limited to, radioactivelabels, fluorescent labels, colorimetric labels, spin labels,fluorescent labels, and the like. Accordingly, in some embodiments, anallergen indicator-binding molecule (labeled)/binding complex (labeled)may be processed through use of isoelectric focusing and then detectedwith one or more detection units 122 that are configured to detect theone or more labels. Microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122 maybe configured in numerous ways to process one or more samples 102 anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 though use of isoelectricfocusing.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of chromatographic methodology alone or in combination withadditional processing and/or detection methods. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators106 through use of chromatographic methods. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips 108 anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 that were processed throughuse of chromatographic methods. In some embodiments, the one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to operably associate with one ormore microfluidic chips 108 and supply solvents and other reagents tothe one or more microfluidic chips 108. For example, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include pumps andsolvent/buffer reservoirs that are configured to supply solvent/bufferflow through chromatographic media (e.g., a chromatographic column) thatis operably associated with one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more microfluidic chips 108 and beconfigured to utilize one or more methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Numerous types of chromatographic methods and media maybe used to process one or more samples 102 and provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106. Chromatographic methods include,but are not limited to, low pressure liquid chromatography, highpressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), microcapillary low pressureliquid chromatography, microcapillary high pressure liquidchromatography, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography,gel filtration chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, thin layerchromatography, paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and the like.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to include one or more high pressure microcapillary columns.Methods that may be used to prepare microcapillary HPLC columns (e.g.,columns with a 100 micrometer-500 micrometer inside diameter) have beendescribed (e.g., Davis et al., Methods, A Companion to Methods inEnzymology, 6: Micromethods for Protein Structure Analysis, ed. by JohnE. Shively, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, 304-314 (1994); Swiderek etal., Trace Structural Analysis of Proteins. Methods of Enzymology, ed.by Barry L. Karger & William S. Hancock, Spectrum, Publisher Services,271, Chap. 3, 68-86 (1996); Moritz and Simpson, J. Chromatogr.,599:119-130 (1992)). In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to include one or more affinity columns. Methodsto prepare affinity columns have been described. Briefly, a biotinylatedsite may be engineered into a polypeptide, peptide, aptamer, antibody,or the like. The biotinylated protein may then be incubated with avidincoated polystyrene beads and slurried in Tris buffer. The slurry maythen be packed into a capillary affinity column through use of highpressure packing. Affinity columns may be prepared that may include oneor more molecules and/or complexes that interact with one or moreallergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, one or moreaptamers that bind to one or more allergen indicators 106 may be used toconstruct an affinity column. Accordingly, numerous chromatographicmethods may be used alone, or in combination with additional methods, toprocess and detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Numerousdetection methods may be used in combination with numerous types ofchromatographic methods. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122may be configured to utilize numerous detection methods to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that are processed through use of one ormore chromatographic methods. Examples of such detection methodsinclude, but are not limited to, conductivity detection, use ofion-specific electrodes, refractive index detection, colorimetricdetection, radiological detection, detection by retention time,detection through use of elution conditions, spectroscopy, and the like.For example, in some embodiments, one or more chromatographic markersmay be added to one or more samples 102 prior to the samples 102 beingapplied to a chromatographic column. One or more detection units 122that are operably associated with the chromatographic column may beconfigured to detect the one or more chromatographic markers and use theelution time and/or position of the chromatographic markers as acalibration tool for use in detecting one or more allergen indicators106 if those allergen indicators 106 are eluted from the chromatographiccolumn. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to utilize one or more ion-specific electrodes to detect oneor more allergen indicators 106. For example, such electrodes may beused to detect allergen indicators 106 that include, but are not limitedto, metals (e.g., tin, silver, nickel, cobalt, chromate), nitrates,nitrites, sulfites, and the like. Such allergen indicators 106 are oftenassociated with food, beverages, clothing, jewelry, and the like.Accordingly, chromatographic methods may be used in combination withadditional methods and in combination with numerous types of detectionmethods.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoprecipitation. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of immunoprecipitation. In some embodiments,immunoprecipitation may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoprecipitation. For example, in some embodiments, one or moresamples 102 may be combined with one or more antibodies that bind to oneor more allergen indicators 106 to form one or more antibody-allergenindicator 106 complexes. An insoluble form of an antibody bindingconstituent, such as protein A (e.g., protein A-sepharose bead, proteinA-magnetic bead, protein A-ferrous bead, protein A-non-ferrous bead, andthe like), Protein G, a second antibody, an aptamer, and the like, maythen be mixed with the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex such thatthe insoluble antibody binding constituent binds to theantibody-allergen indicator 106 complex and provides for precipitationof the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex. Such complexes may beseparated from other sample 102 components to provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments,sample 102 components may be washed away from the precipitatedantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 that are configured for immunoprecipitationmay be operably associated with one or more centrifugation units 118 toassist in precipitating one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106complexes. In some embodiments, aptamers (polypeptide and/orpolynucleotide) may be used in combination with antibodies or in placeof antibodies. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofnumerous detection methods in combination with immunoprecipitation basedmethods.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoseparation. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of immunoseparation. In some embodiments,immunoseparation may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoseparation. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples102 may be combined with one or more antibodies that bind to one or moreallergen indicators 106 to form one or more antibody-allergen indicator106 complexes. An antibody binding constituent may be added that bindsto the antibody-allergen complex.

Examples of such antibody binding constituents that may be used alone orin combination include, but are not limited to, protein A (e.g., proteinA-sepharose bead, protein A-magnetic bead, protein A-ferrous bead,protein A-non-ferrous bead, and the like), Protein G, a second antibody,an aptamer, and the like. Such antibody binding constituents may bemixed with an antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex such that theantibody binding constituent binds to the antibody-allergen indicator106 complex and provides for separation of the antibody-allergenindicator 106 complex. In some embodiments, the antibody bindingconstituent may include a tag that allows the antibody bindingconstituent and complexes that include the antibody binding constituentto be separated from other components in one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, the antibody binding constituent may include a ferrousmaterial. Accordingly, antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes may beseparated from other sample 102 components through use of a magnet, suchas an electromagnet. In some embodiments, an antibody bindingconstituent may include a non-ferrous metal. Accordingly,antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes may be separated from othersample 102 components through use of an eddy current to direct movementof one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In someembodiments, two or more forms of an antibody binding constituents maybe used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, insome embodiments, a first antibody binding constituent may be coupled toa ferrous material and a second antibody binding constituent may becoupled to a non-ferrous material. Accordingly, the first antibodybinding constituent and the second antibody binding constituent may bemixed with antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that the firstantibody binding constituent and the second antibody binding constituentbind to antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes that include differentallergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in such embodiments, differentallergen indicators 106 from a single sample 102 and/or a combination ofsamples 102 may be separated through use of direct magnetic separationin combination with eddy current based separation. In some embodiments,one or more samples 102 may be combined with one or more antibodies thatbind to one or more allergen indicators 106 to form one or moreantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, the oneor more antibodies may include one or more tags that provide forseparation of the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Forexample, in some embodiments, an antibody may include a tag thatincludes one or more magnetic beads, a ferrous material, a non-ferrousmetal, an affinity tag, a size exclusion tag (e.g., a large bead that isexcluded from entry into chromatographic media such thatantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes pass through a chromatographiccolumn in the void volume), and the like. Accordingly, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of numerous detection methods in combinationwith immunoseparation based methods. In some embodiments, aptamers(polypeptide and/or polynucleotide) may be used in combination withantibodies or in place of antibodies.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of aptamer binding. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of aptamer binding. In some embodiments,aptamer binding may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofaptamer binding. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples102 may be combined with one or more aptamers that bind to one or moreallergen indicators 106 to form one or more aptamer-allergen indicator106 complexes. In some embodiments, aptamer binding constituents may beadded that bind to the aptamer-allergen complex. Numerous aptamerbinding constituents may be utilized. For example, in some embodiments,one or more aptamers may include one or more tags to which one or moreaptamer binding constituents may bind. Examples of such tags include,but are not limited to, biotin, avidin, streptavidin, histidine tags,nickel tags, ferrous tags, non-ferrous tags, and the like. In someembodiments, one or more tags may be conjugated with a label to providefor detection of one or more complexes. Examples of such tag-labelconjugates include, but are not limited to, Texas red conjugated avidin,alkaline phosphatase conjugated avidin, CY2 conjugated-avidin, CY3conjugated avidin, CY3.5 conjugated avidin, CY5 conjugated avidin, CY5.5conjugated avidin, fluorescein conjugated avidin, glucose oxidaseconjugated avidin, peroxidase conjugated avidin, rhodamine conjugatedavidin, agarose conjugated anti-protein A, alkaline phosphataseconjugated protein A, anti-protein A, fluorescein conjugated protein A,IRDye® 800 conjugated protein A, peroxidase conjugated protein A,sepharose protein A, alkaline phosphatase conjugated streptavidin, AMCAconjugated streptavidin, anti-streptavidin(Streptomyces avidinii)(rabbit) IgG Fraction, beta-galactosidase conjugated streptavidin, CY2conjugated streptavidin, CY3 conjugated streptavidin, CY3.5 conjugatedstreptavidin, CY5 conjugated streptavidin, CY5.5 conjugatedstreptavidin, fluorescein conjugated streptavidin, IRDye® 700DXconjugated streptavidin, IRDye® 800 conjugated streptavidin, IRDye®800CW conjugated streptavidin, peroxidase conjugated streptavidin,phycoerythrin conjugated streptavidin, rhodamine conjugatedstreptavidin, Texas red conjugated streptavidin, alkaline phosphataseconjugated biotin, anti-biotin (rabbit) IgG fraction, beta-galactosidaseconjugated biotin, glucose oxidase conjugated biotin, peroxidaseconjugated biotin, alkaline phosphatase conjugated protein G,anti-protein G (rabbit) Agarose conjugated, anti-protein G (Rabbit) IgGfraction, fluorescein conjugated protein G, IRDye® 800 conjugatedprotein G, peroxidase conjugated protein G, and the like. Many suchlabeled tags are commercially available (e.g., Rockland Immunochemicals,Inc., Gilbertsville, Pa.). Such labels may also be used in associationwith other methods to process and detect one or more allergen indicators106. Aptamer binding constituents may be mixed with an aptamer-allergenindicator 106 complex such that the aptamer binding constituent binds tothe aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex and provides for separationof the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex. In some embodiments, theaptamer binding constituent may include a tag that allows the aptamerbinding constituent and complexes that include the aptamer bindingconstituent to be separated from other components in one or more samples102. In some embodiments, the aptamer binding constituent may include aferrous material. Accordingly, aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexesmay be separated from other sample 102 components through use of amagnet, such as an electromagnet. In some embodiments, an aptamerbinding constituent may include a non-ferrous metal. Accordingly,aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes may be separated from othersample 102 components through use of an eddy current to direct movementof one or more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In someembodiments, two or more forms of aptamer binding constituents may beused to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in someembodiments, a first aptamer binding constituent may be coupled to aferrous material and a second aptamer binding constituent may be coupledto a non-ferrous material. Accordingly, the first aptamer bindingconstituent and the second aptamer binding constituent may be mixed withaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that the first aptamerbinding constituent and the second aptamer binding constituent bind toaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes that include different allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, in such embodiments, different allergenindicators 106 from a single sample 102 and/or a combination of samples102 may be separated through use of direct magnetic separation incombination with eddy current based separation. In some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be combined with one or more aptamers that bindto one or more allergen indicators 106 to form one or moreaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, the oneor more aptamer may include one or more tags that provide for separationof the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. For example, in someembodiments, an aptamer may include a tag that includes one or moremagnetic beads, a ferrous material, a non-ferrous metal, an affinitytag, a size exclusion tag (e.g., a large bead that is excluded fromentry into chromatographic media such that antibody-allergen indicator106 complexes pass through a chromatographic column in the void volume),and the like. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofnumerous detection methods in combination with aptamer binding basedmethods. In some embodiments, antibodies may be used in combination withaptamers or in place of aptamers.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of electrophoresis. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more detection units 122. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to operably associate withone or more microfluidic chips 108 and detect one or more allergenindicators 106 that were processed through use of electrophoresis.Numerous electrophoretic methods may be utilized to provide fordetection of one or more allergen indicators 106. Examples of suchelectrophoretic methods include, but are not limited to, capillaryelectrophoresis, one-dimensional electrophoresis, two-dimensionalelectrophoresis, native electrophoresis, denaturing electrophoresis,polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, agarose gel electrophoresis, and thelike. Numerous detection methods may be used in combination with one ormore electrophoretic methods to detect one or more allergen indicators106. In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may bedetected according to the position to which the one or more allergenindicators 106 migrate within an electrophoretic field (e.g., acapillary and/or a gel). In some embodiments, the position of one ormore allergen indicators 106 may be compared to one or more standards.For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixedwith one or more molecular weight markers prior to gel electrophoresis.The one or more samples 102, that include the one or more molecularweight markers, may be subjected to electrophoresis and then the gel maybe stained. In such embodiments, the molecular weight markers may beused as a reference to detect one or more allergen indicators 106present within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one ormore components that are known to be present within one or more samples102 may be used as a reference to detect one or more allergen indicators106 present within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, gelshift assays may be used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.For example, in some embodiments, a sample 102 (e.g., a single sample102 or combination of multiple samples 102) may be split into a firstsample 102 and a second sample 102. The first sample 102 may be mixedwith an antibody, aptamer, ligand, or other molecule and/or complex thatbinds to the one or more allergen indicators 106. The first and secondsamples 102 may then be subjected to electrophoresis. The gelscorresponding to the first sample 102 and the second sample 102 may thenbe analyzed to determine if one or more allergen indicators 106 arepresent within the one or more samples 102. Microfluidic chips 108 anddetection units 122 may be configured in numerous ways to process anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrophoresis.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of one or more charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 that include one or moreCCD cameras may be configured to operably associate with one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Such detection units 122 may be utilized incombination with numerous processing methods. Examples of such methodsinclude, but are not limited to, electrophoresis; competition assays;methods based on polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction,peptide interaction, antibody interaction, aptamer interaction,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, and the like. For example, insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto process one or more samples 102 through use of immunoprecipitation.In some embodiments, one or more antibodies may be conjugated to afluorescent label such that binding of one or more labeled antibodies toone or more allergen indicators 106 included within one or more samples102 will form a fluorescently labeled antibody-allergen indicator 106complex. One or more insoluble allergen indicator 106 bindingconstituents, such as a sepharose bead that includes an antibody oraptamer that binds to the one or more allergen indicators 106, may bebound to the fluorescently labeled antibody-allergen indicator 106complex and used to precipitate the complex. One or more detection units122 that include a CCD camera that is configured to detect fluorescentemission from the one or more fluorescent labels may be used to detectthe one or more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one ormore CCD cameras may be configured to utilize dark frame subtraction tocancel background and increase sensitivity of the camera. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include one or morefilters to select and/or filter wavelengths of energy that can bedetected by one or more CCD cameras (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,065;herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may include polarized lenses. One or more detectionunits 122 may be configured in numerous ways to utilize one or more CCDcameras to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to operably associate with one ormore such microfluidic chips 108 and to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 associated with the use of immunoassay. Numerous types ofdetection methods may be used in combination with immunoassay basedmethods. In some embodiments, a label may be used within one or moreimmunoassays that may be detected by one or more detection units 122.Examples of such labels include, but are not limited to, fluorescentlabels, spin labels, fluorescence resonance energy transfer labels,radiolabels, electrochemiluminescent labels (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.5,093,268; 6,090,545; herein incorporated by reference), and the like.In some embodiments, electrical conductivity may be used in combinationwith immunoassay based methods.

At embodiment 5610, module 5420 may include. In some embodiments, one ormore devices may include one or more detection units 122 that arecalibrated for an individual. In some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be calibrated to detect one or more specific allergens 104and/or allergen indicators 106 that produce an allergic response by anindividual. For example, in some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be calibrated to detect peanuts and/or peanut associatedproducts for an individual who is allergic to peanuts. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be calibrated to detectdifferent concentrations of allergen indicators 106. For example, insome embodiments, an individual may produce an allergic response ifexposed to an allergen 104 at a concentration that is above a certainlevel. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a detection unit 122 may becalibrated to detect one or more concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 that produce an allergic response within an individual.

FIG. 57 illustrates alternative embodiments of devices 5400 of FIG. 54.FIG. 57 illustrates example embodiments of module 5430. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 5702, an embodiment 5704, anembodiment 5706, an embodiment 5708, an embodiment 5710, and/or anembodiment 5712.

At embodiment 5702, module 5430 may include one or more display unitsthat are passive display units. In some embodiments, one or more devicesmay include one or more display units 124 that are passive display units124. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may include oneor more liquid crystal displays (LCD). Methods to construct passivedisplays have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,807,967; 4,729,636:4,436,378; 4,257,041; herein incorporated by reference).

At embodiment 5704, module 5430 may include one or more display unitsthat are active display units. In some embodiments, one or more devicesmay include one or more display units 124 that are active display units124. Numerous active display units 124 are known and include, but arenot limited to, quarter-video graphics array (QVGA), video graphicsarray (VGA), super video graphics array (SVGA), extended graphics array(XGA), wide extended graphics array (WXGA), super extended graphicsarray (SXGA), ultra extended graphics array (UXGA), wide super extendedgraphics array (WSXGA), wide ultra extended graphics array (WUXGA).

At embodiment 5706, module 5430 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergens withinone or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more devices mayinclude one or more display units 124 that indicate a presence or anabsence of one or more allergens 104 within one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, one or more display units 124 may use a colorimetricmessage to indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergenindicators 106 within one or more samples 102. For example, in someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may display a green light ifone or more allergen indicators 106 are not found within one or moresamples 102 and a red light if one or more allergen indicators 106 arefound within one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may use a pictographic message to indicate a presenceor an absence of one or more allergen indicators 106 within one or moresamples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or more display units124 may display a smiley face if one or more allergen indicators 106 arenot found within one or more samples 102 and a frowny face if one ormore allergen indicators 106 are found within one or more samples 102.In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may use atypographical message to indicate a presence or an absence of one ormore allergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may displayan “Allergen Not Present” message if one or more allergen indicators 106are not found within one or more samples 102 and an “Allergen Present”message if one or more allergen indicators 106 are found within one ormore samples 102. Such messages may be displayed in numerous languages.In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may display one ormore messages in multiple formats. For example, in some embodiments, oneor more messages may be displayed in colored text.

At embodiment 5708, module 5430 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate an identity of one or more allergens present within one ormore samples. In some embodiments, one or more devices may include oneor more display units 124 that indicate an identity of one or moreallergens 104 present within one or more samples 102. In someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may be operably associatedwith one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configured to identifyone or more allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may be configured to display the identityof one or more allergens 104 that are present and/or absent from one ormore samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, a display unit 124may be configured to indicate a presence or an absence ofbeta-lactoglobulin in a food product.

At embodiment 5710, module 5430 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate one or more concentrations of one or more allergens withinone or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more devices mayinclude one or more display units 124 that indicate one or moreconcentrations of one or more allergens 104 within one or more samples102. Concentration may be displayed in numerous formats. For example, insome embodiments, concentration may be expressed numerically (e.g., massallergen indicator 106 per volume sample 102 (e.g., milligrams permilliliter), mass allergen indicator 106 per mass sample 102 (e.g.,milligrams per milligram of sample), parts per million, and the like).In some embodiments, concentration may be expressed graphically. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may includea display having a gray scale on which the concentration of one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are present within one or more samples 102may be indicated (e.g., higher concentrations of one or more allergens104 may be displayed as dark gray while lower concentrations of one ormore allergens 104 may be displayed as light gray). In some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may include a display having a color scaleon which the concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 thatare present within one or more samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., lowconcentrations of one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicatedby a green light, intermediate concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 may be indicated by a yellow light, high concentrationsof one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicated by a red light).In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may be calibrated toan individual. For example, in such embodiments, an individual may usethe display to obtain an immediate reading that will indicate if a foodproduct contains a dangerous level of one or more allergens 104.

At embodiment 5712, module 5430 may include. In some embodiments, one ormore devices may include one or more display units 124 that arecalibrated for an individual. In some embodiments, one or or moredisplay units 124 may be calibrated to display whether one or moreallergens 104, and/or allergen indicators 106, that are specific to anindividual are present or absent within one or more samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may beconfigured to display whether one or more samples 102 contain shellfishassociated allergens 104 for an individual known to be allergic toshellfish. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may becalibrated to indicate safe and/or unsafe concentrations of one or moreallergens 104 within one or more samples 102 for an individual.

FIG. 58 illustrates devices 5800 that may be configured for analysis ofone or more allergens 104. In FIG. 58, discussion and explanation may beprovided with respect to use of one or more devices within theabove-described example of FIG. 1, and/or with respect to other examplesand contexts. However, it should be understood that the devices may beconfigured in a number of other environments and contexts, and/orutilized within modified versions of FIG. 1. Also, although the devicesare presented in the configuration(s) illustrated, it should beunderstood that the devices may be configured in numerous orientations.

The device 5800 includes module 5810 that includes one or morecentrifugation units that are configured to operably associate with oneor more microfluidic chips. In some embodiments, module 5810 may includeone or more centrifugation units configured to centrifuge the one ormore microfluidic chips that are operably associated with the one ormore centrifugation units. In some embodiments, module 5810 may includeone or more centrifugation units configured to provide forchromatographic separation of the one or more samples. In someembodiments, module 5810 may include one or more centrifugation unitsconfigured for polynucleotide extraction from the one or more samples.In some embodiments, module 5810 may include one or more centrifugationunits configured to provide for gradient centrifugation of the one ormore samples.

The device 5800 includes module 5820 that includes one or more detectionunits that are operably associated with the one or more centrifugationunits and configured to detect one or more allergen indicators withinone or more samples that are included within the one or moremicrofluidic chips. In some embodiments, module 5820 may include one ormore detection units configured to detect the one or more allergenindicators that are associated with one or more allergens that areairborne. In some embodiments, module 5820 may include one or moredetection units configured to detect the one or more allergen indicatorsthat are associated with one or more food products. In some embodiments,module 5820 may include one or more detection units configured to detectthe one or more allergen indicators that are associated with one or moreweeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers,metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or human autoallergens. In someembodiments, module 5820 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect one or more allergens with at least one techniquethat includes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection, polynucleotidedetection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescence resonance energytransfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electrical conductivity,isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera,or immunoassay. In some embodiments, module 5820 may include.

The device 5800 may optionally include module 5830 that includes one ormore display units that are operably associated with the one or moredetection units. In some embodiments, module 5830 may include one ormore display units that are passive display units. In some embodiments,module 5830 may include one or more display units that are activedisplay units. In some embodiments, module 5830 may include one or moredisplay units that indicate a presence or an absence of one or moreallergens within the one or more samples. In some embodiments, module5830 may include one or more display units that indicate an identity ofone or more allergens present within the one or more samples. In someembodiments, module 5830 may include one or more display units thatindicate one or more concentrations of one or more allergens within theone or more samples. In some embodiments, module 5830 may include.

The device 5800 may optionally include module 5840 that includes one ormore reservoir units configured to operably associate with the one ormore microfluidic chips. In some embodiments, module 5840 may includeone or more reservoir units that are configured for containing one ormore reagents. In some embodiments, module 5840 may include one or morereservoir units that are configured as one or more waste reservoirs.

FIG. 59 illustrates alternative embodiments of devices 5800 of FIG. 58.FIG. 59 illustrates example embodiments of module 5810. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 5902, an embodiment 5904, anembodiment 5906, and/or an embodiment 5908.

At embodiment 5902, module 5810 may include one or more centrifugationunits configured to centrifuge the one or more microfluidic chips thatare operably associated with the one or more centrifugation units. Insome embodiments, one or more devices may include one or morecentrifugation units 118 configured to centrifuge the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 that are operably associated with the one or morecentrifugation units 118. In some embodiments, one or morecentrifugation units 118 may be configured to detachably associate withone or more microfluidic chips 108. For example, in some embodiments, acentrifugation unit 118 may include one or more centrifuge drives thatare configured to detachably associate with one or more centrifugerotors that are included within one or more microfluidic chips 108. Insome embodiments, such centrifuge drives may magnetically couple withthe one or more centrifuge rotors. In some embodiments, such centrifugedrives may physically couple with the one or more centrifuge rotors. Insome embodiments, one or more centrifugation units 118 may be configuredto centrifuge an entire microfluidic chip 108. For example, in someembodiments, a microfluidic chip 108 may be configured to associate withone or more centrifugation units 118 such that the microfluidic chip 108is subjected to centrifugal force. In some embodiments, such amicrofluidic chip 108 may be configured in a manner that resembles acompact disc. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a centrifugation unit118 may be configured in a manner that resembles a compact disc player.

At embodiment 5904, module 5810 may include one or more centrifugationunits configured to provide for chromatographic separation of the one ormore samples. In some embodiments, one or more devices may include oneor more centrifugation units 118 configured to provide forchromatographic separation of the one or more samples 102. For example,in some embodiments, one or more centrifugation units 118 may beconfigured to centrifuge one or more samples 102 through one or morechromatographic columns that are associated with one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, such microfluidic chips 108may be coupled to one or more reagent reservoirs such that one or morefluids may be passed through one or more chromatographic columns throughuse of centrifugation. For example, in some embodiments, chromatographicseparation may be used to separate one or more polynucleotides from oneor more samples 102 through use of chromatographic media that isconfigured as a spin column.

At embodiment 5906, module 5810 may include one or more centrifugationunits configured for polynucleotide extraction from the one or moresamples. In some embodiments, one or more devices may include one ormore centrifugation units 118 configured to provide for polynucleotideextraction from the one or more samples 102. For example, a microfluidicchip 108 may be configured to utilize alkaline lysis (e.g., miniprepprocedure) to extract polynucleotides from one or more samples 102. Insuch examples, a microfluidic chip 108 may include a chamber where oneor more samples 102 may be combined with a lysis buffer (e.g., sodiumhydroxide/sodium dodecyl sulfate) to solubilize the one or more samples102. The solubilized samples 102 may then be combined with an agent thatprecipitates the sodium dodecyl sulfate (e.g., potassium acetate) andthe microfluidic chip 108 may be centrifuged through use of acentrifugation unit 118. The supernatant may then be transferred toanother chamber where it may be chemically extracted (e.g.,phenol/chloroform). The supernatant may then be transferred to anotherchamber and combined with an agent to precipitate polynucleotidespresent within the supernatant (e.g., alcohol). The microfluidic chip108 may then be centrifuged to pellet any polynucleotides and then thesupernatant may be drawn off and the pellet resuspended to facilitateanalysis of the polynucleotides. In some embodiments, one or moresamples 102 may be combined with a lysis buffer (e.g., sodiumhydroxide/sodium dodecyl sulfate) to solubilize the one or more samples102. The solubilized samples 102 may then be combined with an agent thatprecipitates the sodium dodecyl sulfate (e.g., potassium acetate) andthe microfluidic chip 108 may be centrifuged through use of acentrifugation unit 118. The supernatant may then be applied to achromatographic column. One or more wash buffers may then be centrifugedthrough the column to further separate the one or more polynucleotides.An elution buffer may then be centrifuged through the column to elutethe one or more polynucleotides from the column. The elution buffer thatincludes the one or more polynucleotides may be combined with an agent(e.g., alcohol) to precipitate any polynucleotides present within theelution buffer. The microfluidic chip 108 may then be centrifuged topellet any polynucleotides.

At embodiment 5908, module 5810 may include one or more centrifugationunits configured to provide for gradient centrifugation of the one ormore samples. In some embodiments, one or more devices may include oneor more centrifugation units 118 configured to provide for gradientcentrifugation of the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, oneor more centrifugation units 118 may be configured to provide fordensity gradient centrifugation. In some embodiments, one or morecentrifugation units 118 may be configured to provide for velocitygradient centrifugation.

FIG. 60 illustrates alternative embodiments of devices 5800 of FIG. 58.FIG. 60 illustrates example embodiments of module 5820. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 6002, an embodiment 6004, anembodiment 6006, an embodiment 6008, and/or an embodiment 6010.

At embodiment 6002, module 5820 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more allergens that are airborne. In someembodiments, one or more devices may include one or more detection units122 configured to detect the one or more allergen indicators 106 thatare associated with one or more allergens 104 that are airborne.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to operably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips108 and to detect one or more airborne allergens 104. For example, insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto allow one or more air samples 102 to contact the one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 such that one or more allergen indicators 106included within the one or more air samples 102 are retained by the oneor more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, the one or more airsamples 102 may be passed through a filter on which one or more airborneallergen indicators 106 are collected. The collected airborne allergenindicators 106 may then be washed from the filter and caused to passover an antibody array to which the one or more airborne allergenindicators 106 become immobilized. The immobilized airborne allergenindicators 106 may then be detected through numerous methods thatinclude, but are not limited to, electrical conductivity, immunoassaybased methods, and the like. Accordingly, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect the one or more airborne allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe configured to operably associate with one or more microfluidic chips108 such that the one or more detection units 122 facilitate air flowthrough the one or more microfluidic chips 108 to provide for airsampling. For example, in some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may include one or more fans to push and/or pull air through one ormore operably associated microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments,one or more detection units 122 may include one or more bellows to pushand/or pull air through-one or more operably associated microfluidicchips 108. Detection units 122 may be configured in numerous ways toprovide for detection of one or more airborne allergen indicators 106.

At embodiment 6004, module 5820 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more food products. In some embodiments, one ormore devices may include one or more detection units 122 configured todetect the one or more allergen indicators 106 that are associated withone or more food products. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to provide for detection of one or moreallergens 104 that are associated with one or more food products.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to operably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips108 and to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more food products. Such allergen indicators 106have been described herein and within additional sources (e.g., AllergenNomenclature: International Union of Immunological Societies AllergenNomenclature Sub-Committee, List of allergens and Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of isoallergens and variants). Numerous methods maybe used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 that areassociated with one or more food products. Such methods have beendescribed herein. In addition, other detection methods that have beendescribed may be modified to provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or more foodproducts. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more polynucleotides, one or morepolypeptides, one or more portions of one or more polynucleotides,and/or one or more portions of one or more polypeptides that have anucleic acid sequence and/or an amino acid sequence that corresponds to,but is not limited to, one or more of the following accession numbers:X97824, M18780, X14712, M73993, X60688, U08008, AF479772, Y14855,AJ315959, AJ414730, P80208, CAA46782, P81729, AJ404845, X12928, P19656,AJ890020, U31771, Z48967, AF129423, P81943, AF456482, AF327622,AF329829, DR027057, AJ243427, AF05730, AF129424, AF071477, Z78202,U93165, U66076, U32440, AF221501, AF129425, AY081850, AY081852, P81402,AY898658, P80274, AF377948, AF377949, D14059, AY049013, A57106,AY792956, X60043, L34402, L77197, AF093541, AF086821, AF059616,AF092846, AF091737, AY328088, P00785, AJ297410, AJ417552, AJ417553,U81996, P15476, P16348, P20347, P30941, P04403, M17146, AY221641,AY102930, AY102931, U66866, AF066055, AF453947, AY081853, P01089,AF240005, AF091841, AF240006, AAG23840, AAD42942, AF091842, D32206,AY271295, P83834, AY839230, or substantially any combination thererof.

At embodiment 6006, module 5820 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals,molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, orhuman autoallergens. In some embodiments, one or more devices mayinclude one or more detection units 122 configured to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are associated with one or more weeds,grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi, insects, rubbers, metals,chemicals, autoallergens, human autoallergens, or substantially anycombination thereof. Numerous allergen indicators 106 are known to beassociated with weeds, grasses, trees, mites, animals, molds, fungi,insects, rubbers, metals, chemicals, autoallergens, or humanautoallergens. Such allergen indicators 106 have been described hereinand within additional sources (e.g., Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of allergens and Allergen Nomenclature:International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen NomenclatureSub-Committee, List of isoallergens and variants). Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured toprocess one or more samples 102 and provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, an allergen indicator 106may be an allergenic particle. For example, in some embodiments, anallergen indicator 106 may include a complete pollen particle, such as apollen particle, a spore, a flake of dander, and the like. In someembodiments, an allergen indicator 106 may be a portion of an allergenicparticle. For example, in some embodiments, an allergen indicator 106may include a portion of a pollen particle (e.g., polynucleotides,sporoderm, and the like). In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106may include polynucleotides that are associated with one or moreallergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may includefragments of polynucleotides that are associated with one or moreallergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 may includepolypeptides, peptides, and/or proteins that are associated with one ormore allergens 104. In some embodiments, allergen indicators 106 mayinclude polysaccharides that are associated with one or more allergens104. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to provide for detection of one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 maybe configured to operably associate with one or more such microfluidicchips 108 and configured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.Numerous detection methods may be used to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Such methods have been described herein. In addition,detection methods that have been described may be modified to providefor detection of one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured to detectand determine a concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106that are included within a sample 102. For example, in some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide fordetection of one or more polynucleotides that are allergen indicators106 through detection of electrical current produced upon hybridizationof the one or more polynucleotides. Accordingly, in such embodiments,the one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to produce anelectrical current that is relative to polynucleotide concentration toprovide for determination of polynucleotide concentration within one ormore samples 102. Numerous configurations may be used in associationwith one or more allergen indicators 106 to provide for determination ofallergen 104 concentration. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to provide for identificationof one or more allergens 104. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may include immobilized polynucleotides thatselectively hybridize to one or more polynucleotides that are associatedwith a known allergen indicator 106. Accordingly, hybridization of oneor more polynucleotides with the one or more immobilized polynucleotidesindicates that a sample 102 includes one or more allergen indicators 106that correspond to one or more known allergens 104. Accordingly, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to operably associate withsuch microfluidic chips 108 to provide for specific detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, microfluidic chips108 and/or detection units 122 may be configured to determine theidentity and concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106 thatare included within one or more samples 102.

At embodiment 6008, module 5820 may include one or more detection unitsconfigured to detect one or more allergens with at least one techniquethat includes spectroscopy, electrochemical detection, polynucleotidedetection, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescence resonance energytransfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay, electrical conductivity,isoelectric focusing, chromatography, immunoprecipitation,immunoseparation, aptamer binding, electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera,or immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or more devices may include oneor more detection units 122 configured to detect one or-more allergenswith at least one technique that includes spectroscopy, electrochemicaldetection, polynucleotide detection, fluorescence anisotropy,fluorescence resonance energy transfer, electron transfer, enzyme assay,electrical conductivity, isoelectric focusing, chromatography,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, aptamer binding, filtration,electrophoresis, use of a CCD camera, immunoassay, or substantially anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 thathave been processed by one or more microfluidic chips 108. For example,in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include awindow (e.g., a quartz window, a cuvette analog, and/or the like)through which one or more detection units 122 may determine if one ormore allergen indicators 106 are present or determine the concentrationof one or more allergen indicators 106. In such embodiments, numeroustechniques may be used to detect the one or more allergen indicators106, such as visible light spectroscopy, ultraviolet light spectroscopy,infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and the like.Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 mayinclude circuitry and/or electro-mechanical mechanisms to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 present within one or more microfluidicchips 108 through a window in the one or more microfluidic chips 108. Insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto process one or more samples 102 through use of surface plasmonresonance. In some embodiments, the one or more microfluidic chips. 108may include one or more antibodies, aptamers, proteins, peptides,polynucleotides, and the like, that are bound to a substrate (e.g., ametal film) within the one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, such microfluidic chips 108 may include a prism throughwhich one or more detection units 122 may shine light to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that interact with the one or moreantibodies, aptamers, proteins, peptides, polynucleotides, and the like,that are bound to a substrate. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may include an exposed substrate surface that isconfigured to operably associate with one or more prisms that areincluded within one or more detection units 122. In some embodiments,one or more microfluidic chips 108 may include a nuclear magneticresonance (NMR) probe. In such embodiments, the microfluidic chips 108may be configured to associate with one or more detection units 122 thataccept the NMR probe and are configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of NMR spectroscopy. Accordingly,microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122 may be configured innumerous ways to associate with each other to provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of spectroscopy. Numerous types of spectroscopic methods maybe used. Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to,ultraviolet spectroscopy, visible light spectroscopy, infraredspectroscopy, x-ray spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, massspectroscopy, plasmon resonance (e.g., Cherif et al., ClinicalChemistry, 52:255-262 (2006) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,989; hereinincorporated by reference), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching, fluorescence resonanceenergy transfer, intrinsic fluorescence, ligand fluorescence, and thelike.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrochemical detection. In some embodiments, one ormore polynucleotides may be detected through electrochemical detection.For example, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide that includes a redoxlabel, such as ferrocene is coupled to a gold electrode. The labeledpolynucleotide forms a stem-loop structure that can self-assemble onto agold electrode by means of facile gold-thiol chemistry. Hybridization ofa sample 102 polynucleotide induces a large conformational change in thesurface-confined polynucleotide structure, which in turn alters theelectron-transfer tunneling distance between the electrode and theredoxable label. The resulting change in electron transfer efficiencymay be measured by cyclic voltammetry (Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci., 100:9134-9137 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem., 75:3941-3945(2003); Singh-Zocchi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610(2003)). Such methods may be used to detect messenger ribonucleic acid,genomic deoxyribonucleic acid, and fragments thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of polynucleotide detection. In some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106 through use of polynucleotide detection.Numerous methods may be used to detect one or more polynucleotides.Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to, those based onpolynucleotide hybridization, polynucleotide ligation, polynucleotideamplification, polynucleotide degradation, and the like. Methods thatutilize intercalation dyes, fluorescence resonance energy transfer,capacitive deoxyribonucleic acid detection, and nucleic acidamplification have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,910 and6,960,437; herein incorporated by reference). Such methods may beadapted to provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.In some embodiments, fluorescence quenching, molecular beacons, electrontransfer, electrical conductivity, and the like may be used to analyzepolynucleotide interaction. Such methods are known and have beendescribed (e.g., Jarvius, DNA Tools and Microfluidic Systems forMolecular Analysis, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of UppsalaDissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 161, ACTA UNIVERSITATISUPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2006, ISBN: 91-554-6616-8; Singh-Zocchi et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:7605-7610 (2003); Wang et al., Anal. Chem.,75:3941-3945 (2003); Fan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100:9134-9137(2003); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,958,216; 5,093,268; 6,090,545; hereinincorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or morepolynucleotides that include at least one carbon nanotube may becombined with one or more samples 102, and/or one or more partiallypurified polynucleotides obtained from one or more samples 102. The oneor more polynucleotides that include one or more carbon nanotubes areallowed to hybridize with one or more polynucleotides that may bepresent within the one or more samples 102. The one or more carbonnanotubes may be excited (e.g., with an electron beam and/or aultraviolet laser) and the emission spectra of the excited nanotubes maybe correlated with hybridization of the one or more polynucleotides thatinclude at least one carbon nanotube with one or more polynucleotidesthat are included within the one or more samples 102. Accordingly,polynucleotides that hybridize to one or more allergen indicators 106may include one or more carbon nanotubes. Methods to utilize carbonnanotubes as probes for nucleic acid interaction have been described(e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,730; herein incorporated by reference).Numerous other methods based on polynucleotide detection may be used todetect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of fluorescence anisotropy. Fluorescence anisotropy is basedon measuring the steady state polarization of sample 102 fluorescenceimaged in a confocal arrangement. A linearly polarized laser excitationsource preferentially excites fluorescent target molecules withtransition moments aligned parallel to the incident polarization vector.The resultant fluorescence is collected and directed into two channelsthat measure the intensity of the fluorescence polarized both paralleland perpendicular to that of the excitation beam. With these twomeasurements, the fluorescence anisotropy, r, can be determined from theequation: r=(Intensity parallel−Intensity perpendicular)/(Intensityparallel+2(Intensity perpendicular)) where the I terms indicateintensity measurements parallel and perpendicular to the incidentpolarization. Fluorescence anisotropy detection of fluorescent moleculeshas been described. Accordingly, fluorescence anisotropy may be coupledto numerous fluorescent labels as have been described herein and as havebeen described.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET).Fluorescence resonance energy transfer refers to an energy transfermechanism between two fluorescent molecules. A fluorescent donor isexcited at its fluorescence excitation wavelength. This excited state isthen nonradiatively transferred to a second molecule, the fluorescentacceptor. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer may be used withinnumerous configurations to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.For example, in some embodiments, an antibody may be labeled with afluorescent donor and one or more allergen indicators 106 may be labeledwith a fluorescent acceptor. Accordingly, such labeled antibodies andallergen indicators 106 may be used within competition assays to detectthe presence and/or concentration of one or more allergen indicators 106in one or more samples 102. Numerous combinations of fluorescent donorsand fluorescent acceptors may be used to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to emit one or more wavelength of light to excite afluorescent donor and may be configured to detect one or more wavelengthof light emitted by the fluorescent acceptor. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured to acceptone or more microfluidic chips 108 that include a quartz window throughwhich fluorescent light may pass to provide for detection of one or moreallergen indicators 106 through use of fluorescence resonance energytransfer. Accordingly, fluorescence resonance energy transfer may beused in conjunction with competition assays and/or numerous other typesof assays to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electron transfer. Electron transfer is the process bywhich an electron moves from an electron donor to an electron acceptorcausing the oxidation states of the electron donor and the electronacceptor to change. In some embodiments, electron transfer may occurwhen an electron is transferred from one or more electron donors to anelectrode. In some embodiments, electron transfer may be utilized withincompetition assays to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 mayinclude one or more polynucleotides that may be immobilized on one ormore electrodes. The immobilized polynucleotides may be incubated with areagent mixture that includes sample polynucleotides and polynucleotidesthat are tagged with an electron donor. Hybridization of the taggedpolynucleotides to the immobilized polynucleotides allows the electrondonor to transfer an electron to the electrode to produce a detectablesignal. Accordingly, a decrease in signal due to the presence of one ormore polynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106 in the reagentmixture indicates the presence of an allergen indicator 106 in thesample 102. Such methods may be used in conjunction withpolynucleotides, polypeptides, peptides, antibodies, aptamers, and thelike. One or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to utilizenumerous electron transfer based assays to provide for detection of oneor more allergen indicators 106 by a detection unit 122.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of one or more enzyme assays. Numerous enzyme assays may beused to provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.Examples of such enzyme assays include, but are not limited to,beta-galactosidase assays, peroxidase assays, catalase assays, alkalinephosphatase assays, and the like. In some embodiments, enzyme assays maybe configured such that an enzyme will catalyze a reaction involving anenzyme substrate that produces a fluorescent product. Accordingly, oneor more detection units 122 may be configured to detect fluorescenceresulting from the fluorescent product. Enzymes and florescent enzymesubstrates are known and are commercially available (e.g.,Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.). In some embodiments, enzyme assays maybe configured as binding assays that provide for detection of one ormore allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include a substrate towhich is coupled to one or more antibodies, aptamers, peptides,proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, and the like, that will interactwith one or more allergen indicators 106. One or more samples 102 may bepassed across the substrate such that one or more allergen indicators106 present within the one or more samples 102 will interact with theone or more antibodies, aptamers, peptides, proteins, polynucleotides,ligands, and the like, and be immobilized on the substrate. One or moreantibodies, aptamers, peptides, proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, andthe like, that are labeled with an enzyme may then be passed across thesubstrate such that the one or more labeled antibodies, aptamers,peptides, proteins, polynucleotides, ligands, and the like, will bind tothe one or more immobilized allergen indicators 106. An enzyme substratemay then be introduced to the one or more immobilized enzymes such thatthe enzymes are able to catalyze a reaction involving the enzymesubstrate to produce a fluorescent product. Such assays are oftenreferred to as sandwich assays. Accordingly, one or more detection units122 may be configured to detect one or more products of enzyme catalysisto provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrical conductivity. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106through use of electrical conductivity. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more detection units 122 such that the one or more detection units122 can detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrical conductivity. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidicchips 108 may be configured to include two or more electrodes that areeach coupled to one or more detector polynucleotides. Interaction of anallergen associated polynucleotide, such as hybridization, with twodetector polynucleotides that are coupled to two different electrodeswill complete an electrical circuit. This completed circuit will providefor the flow of a detectable electrical current between the twoelectrodes and thereby provide for detection of one or more allergenassociated polynucleotides that are allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, the electrodes may be carbon nanotubes (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.6,958,216; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments,electrodes may include, but are not limited to, one or more conductivemetals, such as gold, copper, iron, silver, platinum, and the like; oneor more conductive alloys; one or more conductive ceramics; and thelike. In some embodiments, electrodes may be selected and configuredaccording to protocols typically used in the computer industry thatinclude, but are not limited to, photolithography, masking, printing,stamping, and the like. In some embodiments, other molecules andcomplexes that interact with one or more allergen indicators 106 may beused to detect the one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrical conductivity. Examples of such molecules and complexesinclude, but are not limited to, proteins, peptides, antibodies,aptamers, and the like. For example, in some embodiments, two or moreantibodies may be immobilized on one or more electrodes such thatcontact of the two or more antibodies with an allergen indicator 106,such as a spore, a pollen particle, a dander particle, and the like,will complete an electrical circuit and facilitate the production of adetectable electrical current. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to include electricalconnectors that are able to operably associate with one or moredetection units 122 such that the detection units 122 may detect anelectrical current that is due to interaction of one or more allergenindicators 106 with two or more electrodes. In some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may include electrical connectors that providefor operable association of one or more microfluidic chips 108 with theone or more detection units 122. In some embodiments, the one or moredetectors are configured for detachable connection to one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122may be configured in numerous ways to process one or more samples 102and detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators 106through use of isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, nativeisoelectric focusing may be utilized to process and/or detect one ormore allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, denaturingisoelectric focusing may be utilized to process and/or detect one ormore allergen indicators 106. Methods to construct microfluidic channelsthat may be used for isoelectric focusing have been reported (e.g.,Macounova et al., Anal Chem., 73:1627-1633 (2001); Macounova et al.,Anal Chem., 72:3745-3751 (2000); Herr et al., Investigation of aminiaturized capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) system using afull-field detection approach, Mechanical Engineering Department,Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Wu and Pawliszyn, Journal ofMicrocolumn Separations, 4:419-422 (1992); Kilar and Hjerten,Electrophoresis, 10:23-29 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,150,813; 7,070,682;6,730,516; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 through use of methods that include isoelectric focusing. Insome embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more such microfluidic chips 108 suchthat the one or more detection units 122 can be used to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that have been focused within one or moremicrofluidic channels of the one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured toinclude one or more CCD cameras that can be used to detect one or moreallergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be configured to include one or more spectrometers thatcan be used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Numeroustypes of spectrometers may be utilized to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 following isoelectric focusing. In some embodiments, oneor more detection units 122 may be configured to utilize refractiveindex to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. In someembodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured tocombine one or more samples 102 with one or more reagent mixtures thatinclude one or more binding molecules and/or binding complexes that bindto one or more allergen indicators 106 that may be present within theone or more samples 102 to form an allergen indicator-bindingmolecule/binding complex. Examples of such binding molecules and/orbinding complexes that bind to one or more allergen indicators 106include, but are not limited to, antibodies, aptamers, peptides,proteins, polynucleotides, and the like. In some embodiments, anallergen indicator-binding molecule/binding complex may be processedthrough use of isoelectric focusing and then detected with one or moredetection units 122. In some embodiments, one or more binding moleculesand/or one or more binding complexes may include a label. Numerouslabels may be used and include, but are not limited to, radioactivelabels, fluorescent labels, colorimetric labels, spin labels,fluorescent labels, and the like. Accordingly, in some embodiments, anallergen indicator-binding molecule (labeled)/binding complex (labeled)may be processed through use of isoelectric focusing and then detectedwith one or more detection units 122 that are configured to detect theone or more labels. Microfluidic chips 108 and detection units 122 maybe configured in numerous ways to process one or more samples 102 anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 though use of isoelectricfocusing.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of chromatographic methodology alone or in combination withadditional processing and/or detection methods. In some embodiments, oneor more microfluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or moresamples 102 and provide for detection of one or more allergen indicators106 through use of chromatographic methods. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with the one or more microfluidic chips 108 anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 that were processed throughuse of chromatographic methods. In some embodiments, the one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to operably associate with one ormore microfluidic chips 108 and supply solvents and other reagents tothe one or more microfluidic chips 108. For example, in someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include pumps andsolvent/buffer reservoirs that are configured to supply solvent/bufferflow through chromatographic media (e.g., a chromatographic column) thatis operably associated with one or more microfluidic chips 108. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be configured tooperably associate with one or more microfluidic chips 108 and beconfigured to utilize one or more methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. Numerous types of chromatographic methods and media maybe used to process one or more samples 102 and provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106. Chromatographic methods include,but are not limited to, low pressure liquid chromatography, highpressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), microcapillary low pressureliquid chromatography, microcapillary high pressure liquidchromatography, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography,gel filtration chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, thin layerchromatography, paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and the like.In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may beconfigured to include one or more high pressure microcapillary columns.Methods that may be used to prepare microcapillary HPLC columns (e.g.,columns with a 100 micrometer-500 micrometer inside diameter) have beendescribed (e.g., Davis et al., Methods, A Companion to Methods inEnzymology, 6: Micromethods for Protein Structure Analysis, ed. by JohnE. Shively, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, 304-314 (1994); Swiderek etal., Trace Structural Analysis of Proteins. Methods of Enzymology, ed.by Barry L. Karger & William S. Hancock, Spectrum, Publisher Services,271, Chap. 3, 68-86 (1996); Moritz and Simpson, J. Chromatogr.,599:119-130 (1992)). In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips108 may be configured to include one or more affinity columns. Methodsto prepare affinity columns have been described. Briefly, a biotinylatedsite may be engineered into a polypeptide, peptide, aptamer, antibody,or the like. The biotinylated protein may then be incubated with avidincoated polystyrene beads and slurried in Tris buffer. The slurry maythen be packed into a capillary affinity column through use of highpressure packing. Affinity columns may be prepared that may include oneor more molecules and/or complexes that interact with one or moreallergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments, one or moreaptamers that bind to one or more allergen indicators 106 may be used toconstruct an affinity column. Accordingly, numerous chromatographicmethods may be used alone, or in combination with additional methods, toprocess and detect one or more allergen indicators 106. Numerousdetection methods may be used in combination with numerous types ofchromatographic methods. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122may be configured to utilize numerous detection methods to detect one ormore allergen indicators 106 that are processed through use of one ormore chromatographic methods. Examples of such detection methodsinclude, but are not limited to, conductivity detection, use ofion-specific electrodes, refractive index detection, colorimetricdetection, radiological detection, detection by retention time,detection through use of elution conditions, spectroscopy, and the like.For example, in some embodiments, one or more chromatographic markersmay be added to one or more samples 102 prior to the samples 102 beingapplied to a chromatographic column. One or more detection units 122that are operably associated with the chromatographic column may beconfigured to detect the one or more chromatographic markers and use theelution time and/or position of the chromatographic markers as acalibration tool for use in detecting one or more allergen indicators106 if those allergen indicators 106 are eluted from the chromatographiccolumn. In some embodiments, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to utilize one or more ion-specific electrodes to detect oneor more allergen indicators 106. For example, such electrodes may beused to detect allergen indicators 106 that include, but are not limitedto, metals (e.g., tin, silver, nickel, cobalt, chromate), nitrates,nitrites, sulfites, and the like. Such allergen indicators 106 are oftenassociated with food, beverages, clothing, jewelry, and the like.Accordingly, chromatographic methods may be used in combination withadditional methods and in combination with numerous types of detectionmethods.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoprecipitation. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of immunoprecipitation. In some embodiments,immunoprecipitation may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoprecipitation. For example, in some embodiments, one or moresamples 102 may be combined with one or more antibodies that bind to oneor more allergen indicators 106 to form one or more antibody-allergenindicator 106 complexes. An insoluble form of an antibody bindingconstituent, such as protein A (e.g., protein A-sepharose bead, proteinA-magnetic bead, protein A-ferrous bead, protein A-non-ferrous bead, andthe like), Protein G, a second antibody, an aptamer, and the like, maythen be mixed with the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex such thatthe insoluble antibody binding constituent binds to theantibody-allergen indicator 106 complex and provides for precipitationof the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex. Such complexes may beseparated from other sample 102 components to provide for detection ofone or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in some embodiments,sample 102 components may be washed away from the precipitatedantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, one ormore microfluidic chips 108 that are configured for immunoprecipitationmay be operably associated with one or more centrifugation units 118 toassist in precipitating one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106complexes. In some embodiments, aptamers (polypeptide and/orpolynucleotide) may be used in combination with antibodies or in placeof antibodies. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofnumerous detection methods in combination with immunoprecipitation basedmethods.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoseparation. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of immunoseparation. In some embodiments,immunoseparation may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofimmunoseparation. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples102 may be combined with one or more antibodies that bind to one or moreallergen indicators 106 to form one or more antibody-allergen indicator106 complexes. An antibody binding constituent may be added that bindsto the antibody-allergen complex.

Examples of such antibody binding constituents that may be used alone orin combination include, but are not limited to, protein A (e.g., proteinA-sepharose bead, protein A-magnetic bead, protein A-ferrous bead,protein A-non-ferrous bead, and the like), Protein G, a second antibody,an aptamer, and the like. Such antibody binding constituents may bemixed with an antibody-allergen indicator 106 complex such that theantibody binding constituent binds to the antibody-allergen indicator106 complex and provides for separation of the antibody-allergenindicator 106 complex. In some embodiments, the antibody bindingconstituent may include a tag that allows the antibody bindingconstituent and complexes that include the antibody binding constituentto be separated from other components in one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, the antibody binding constituent may include a ferrousmaterial. Accordingly, antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes may beseparated from other sample 102 components through use of a magnet, suchas an electromagnet. In some embodiments, an antibody bindingconstituent may include a non-ferrous metal. Accordingly,antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes may be separated from othersample 102 components through use of an eddy current to direct movementof one or more antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In someembodiments, two or more forms of an antibody binding constituents maybe used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, insome embodiments, a first antibody binding constituent may be coupled toa ferrous material and a second antibody binding constituent may becoupled to a non-ferrous material. Accordingly, the first antibodybinding constituent and the second antibody binding constituent may bemixed with antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that the firstantibody binding constituent and the second antibody binding constituentbind to antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes that include differentallergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in such embodiments, differentallergen indicators 106 from a single sample 102 and/or a combination ofsamples 102 may be separated through use of direct magnetic separationin combination with eddy current based separation. In some embodiments,one or more samples 102 may be combined with one or more antibodies thatbind to one or more allergen indicators 106 to form one or moreantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, the oneor more antibodies may include one or more tags that provide forseparation of the antibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes. Forexample, in some embodiments, an antibody may include a tag thatincludes one or more magnetic beads, a ferrous material, a non-ferrousmetal, an affinity tag, a size exclusion tag (e.g., a large bead that isexcluded from entry into chromatographic media such thatantibody-allergen indicator 106 complexes pass through a chromatographiccolumn in the void volume), and the like. Accordingly, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of numerous detection methods in combinationwith immunoseparation based methods. In some embodiments, aptamers(polypeptide and/or polynucleotide) may be used in combination withantibodies or in place of antibodies.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of aptamer binding. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 through use of aptamer binding. In some embodiments,aptamer binding may be utilized in combination with additionalprocessing and/or detection methods to detect one or more allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108may be configured to process one or more samples 102 through use ofaptamer binding. For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples102 may be combined with one or more aptamers that bind to one or moreallergen indicators 106 to form one or more aptamer-allergen indicator106 complexes. In some embodiments, aptamer binding constituents may beadded that bind to the aptamer-allergen complex. Numerous aptamerbinding constituents may be utilized. For example, in some embodiments,one or more aptamers may include one or more tags to which one or moreaptamer binding constituents may bind. Examples of such tags include,but are not limited to, biotin, avidin, streptavidin, histidine tags,nickel tags, ferrous tags, non-ferrous tags, and the like. In someembodiments, one or more tags may be conjugated with a label to providefor detection of one or more complexes. Examples of such tag-labelconjugates include, but are not limited to, Texas red conjugated avidin,alkaline phosphatase conjugated avidin, CY2 conjugated avidin, CY3conjugated avidin, CY3.5 conjugated avidin, CY5 conjugated avidin, CY5.5conjugated avidin, fluorescein conjugated avidin, glucose oxidaseconjugated avidin, peroxidase conjugated avidin, rhodamine conjugatedavidin, agarose conjugated anti-protein A, alkaline phosphataseconjugated protein A, anti-protein A, fluorescein conjugated protein A,IRDye® 800 conjugated protein A, peroxidase conjugated protein A,sepharose protein A, alkaline phosphatase conjugated streptavidin, AMCAconjugated streptavidin, anti-streptavidin(Streptomyces avidinii)(rabbit) IgG Fraction, beta-galactosidase conjugated streptavidin, CY2conjugated streptavidin, CY3 conjugated streptavidin, CY3.5 conjugatedstreptavidin, CY5 conjugated streptavidin, CY5.5 conjugatedstreptavidin, fluorescein conjugated streptavidin, IRDye® 700DXconjugated streptavidin, IRDye® 800 conjugated streptavidin, IRDye®800CW conjugated streptavidin, peroxidase conjugated streptavidin,phycoerythrin conjugated streptavidin, rhodamine conjugatedstreptavidin, Texas red conjugated streptavidin, alkaline phosphataseconjugated biotin, anti-biotin (rabbit) IgG fraction, beta-galactosidaseconjugated biotin, glucose oxidase conjugated biotin, peroxidaseconjugated biotin, alkaline phosphatase conjugated protein G,anti-protein G (rabbit) Agarose conjugated, anti-protein G (Rabbit) IgGfraction, fluorescein conjugated protein G, IRDye® 800 conjugatedprotein G, peroxidase conjugated protein G, and the like. Many suchlabeled tags are commercially available (e.g., Rockland Immunochemicals,Inc., Gilbertsville, Pa.). Such labels may also be used in associationwith other methods to process and detect one or more allergen indicators106. Aptamer binding constituents may be mixed with an aptamer-allergenindicator 106 complex such that the aptamer binding constituent binds tothe aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex and provides for separationof the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complex. In some embodiments, theaptamer binding constituent may include a tag that allows the aptamerbinding constituent and complexes that include the aptamer bindingconstituent to be separated from other components in one or more samples102. In some embodiments, the aptamer binding constituent may include aferrous material. Accordingly, aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexesmay be separated from other sample 102 components through use of amagnet, such as an electromagnet. In some embodiments, an aptamerbinding constituent may include a non-ferrous metal. Accordingly,aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes may be separated from othersample 102 components through use of an eddy current to direct movementof one or more aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In someembodiments, two or more forms of aptamer binding constituents may beused to detect one or more allergen indicators 106. For example, in someembodiments, a first aptamer binding constituent may be coupled to aferrous material and a second aptamer binding constituent may be coupledto a non-ferrous material. Accordingly, the first aptamer bindingconstituent and the second aptamer binding constituent may be mixed withaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes such that the first aptamerbinding constituent and the second aptamer binding constituent bind toaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes that include different allergenindicators 106. Accordingly, in such embodiments, different allergenindicators 106 from a single sample 102 and/or a combination of samples102 may be separated through use of direct magnetic separation incombination with eddy current based separation. In some embodiments, oneor more samples 102 may be combined with one or more aptamers that bindto one or more allergen indicators 106 to form one or moreaptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. In some embodiments, the oneor more aptamer may include one or more tags that provide for separationof the aptamer-allergen indicator 106 complexes. For example, in someembodiments, an aptamer may include a tag that includes one or moremagnetic beads, a ferrous material, a non-ferrous metal, an affinitytag, a size exclusion tag (e.g., a large bead that is excluded fromentry into chromatographic media such that antibody-allergen indicator106 complexes pass through a chromatographic column in the void volume),and the like. Accordingly, one or more detection units 122 may beconfigured to detect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofnumerous detection methods in combination with aptamer binding basedmethods. In some embodiments, antibodies may be used in combination withaptamers or in place of aptamers.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of electrophoresis. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of electrophoresis. In some embodiments, suchmicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to operably associate with oneor more detection units 122. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one ormore detection units 122 may be configured to operably associate withone or more microfluidic chips 108 and detect one or more allergenindicators 106 that were processed through use of electrophoresis.Numerous electrophoretic methods may be utilized to provide fordetection of one or more allergen indicators 106. Examples of suchelectrophoretic methods include, but are not limited to, capillaryelectrophoresis, one-dimensional electrophoresis, two-dimensionalelectrophoresis, native electrophoresis, denaturing electrophoresis,polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, agarose gel electrophoresis, and thelike. Numerous detection methods may be used in combination with one ormore electrophoretic methods to detect one or more allergen indicators106. In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may bedetected according to the position to which the one or more allergenindicators 106 migrate within an electrophoretic field (e.g., acapillary and/or a gel). In some embodiments, the position of one ormore allergen indicators 106 may be compared to one or more standards.For example, in some embodiments, one or more samples 102 may be mixedwith one or more molecular weight markers prior to gel electrophoresis.The one or more samples 102, that include the one or more molecularweight markers, may be subjected to electrophoresis and then the gel maybe stained. In such embodiments, the molecular weight markers may beused as a reference to detect one or more allergen indicators 106present within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one ormore components that are known to be present within one or more samples102 may be used as a reference to detect one or more allergen indicators106 present within the one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, gelshift assays may be used to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.For example, in some embodiments, a sample 102 (e.g., a single sample102 or combination of multiple samples 102) may be split into a firstsample 102 and a second sample 102. The first sample 102 may be mixedwith an antibody, aptamer, ligand, or other molecule and/or complex thatbinds to the one or more allergen indicators 106. The first and secondsamples 102 may then be subjected to electrophoresis. The gelscorresponding to the first sample 102 and the second sample 102 may thenbe analyzed to determine if one or more allergen indicators 106 arepresent within the one or more samples 102. Microfluidic chips 108 anddetection units 122 may be configured in numerous ways to process anddetect one or more allergen indicators 106 through use ofelectrophoresis.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of one or more charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 that include one or moreCCD cameras may be configured to operably associate with one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. Such detection units 122 may be utilized incombination with numerous processing methods. Examples of such methodsinclude, but are not limited to, electrophoresis; competition assays;methods based on polynucleotide interaction, protein interaction,peptide interaction, antibody interaction, aptamer interaction,immunoprecipitation, immunoseparation, and the like. For example, insome embodiments, one or more microfluidic chips 108 may be configuredto process one or more samples 102 through use of immunoprecipitation.In some embodiments, one or more antibodies may be conjugated to afluorescent label such that binding of one or more labeled antibodies toone or more allergen indicators 106 included within one or more samples102 will form a fluorescently labeled antibody-allergen indicator 106complex. One or more insoluble allergen indicator 106 bindingconstituents, such as a sepharose bead that includes an antibody oraptamer that binds to the one or more allergen indicators 106, may bebound to the fluorescently labeled antibody-allergen indicator 106complex and used to precipitate the complex. One or more detection units122 that include a CCD camera that is configured to detect fluorescentemission from the one or more fluorescent labels may be used to detectthe one or more allergen indicators 106. In some embodiments, one ormore CCD cameras may be configured to utilize dark frame subtraction tocancel background and increase sensitivity of the camera. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may include one or morefilters to select and/or filter wavelengths of energy that can bedetected by one or more CCD cameras (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,065;herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may include polarized lenses. One or more detectionunits 122 may be configured in numerous ways to utilize one or more CCDcameras to detect one or more allergen indicators 106.

In some embodiments, one or more allergen indicators 106 may be detectedthrough use of immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or moremicrofluidic chips 108 may be configured to process one or more samples102 through use of immunoassay. In some embodiments, one or moredetection units 122 may be configured to operably associate with one ormore such microfluidic chips 108 and to detect one or more allergenindicators 106 associated with the use of immunoassay. Numerous types ofdetection methods may be used in combination with immunoassay basedmethods. In some embodiments, a label may be used within one or moreimmunoassays that may be detected by one or more detection units 122.Examples of such labels include, but are not limited to, fluorescentlabels, spin labels, fluorescence resonance energy transfer labels,radiolabels, electrochemiluminescent labels (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.5,093,268; 6,090,545; herein incorporated by reference), and the like.In some embodiments, electrical conductivity may be used in combinationwith immunoassay based methods.

At embodiment 6010, module 5820 may include. In some embodiments, one ormore devices may include one or more detection units 122 that arecalibrated for an individual. In some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be calibrated to detect one or more specific allergens 104and/or allergen indicators 106 that produce an allergic response by anindividual. For example, in some embodiments, one or more detectionunits 122 may be calibrated to detect peanuts and/or peanut associatedproducts for an individual who is allergic to peanuts. In someembodiments, one or more detection units 122 may be calibrated to detectdifferent concentrations of allergen indicators 106. For example, insome embodiments, an individual may produce an allergic response ifexposed to an allergen 104 at a concentration that is above a certainlevel. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a detection unit 122 may becalibrated to detect one or more concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 that produce an allergic response within an individual.

FIG. 61 illustrates alternative embodiments of devices 5800 of FIG. 58.FIG. 61 illustrates example embodiments of module 5830. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 6102, an embodiment 6104, anembodiment 6106, an embodiment 6108, an embodiment 6110, and/or anembodiment 6112.

At embodiment 6102, module 5830 may include one or more display unitsthat are passive display units. In some embodiments, one or more devicesmay include one or more display units 124 that are passive display units124. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may include oneor more liquid crystal displays (LCD). Methods to construct passivedisplays have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,807,967; 4,729,636:4,436,378; 4,257,041; herein incorporated by reference).

At embodiment 6104, module 5830 may include one or more display unitsthat are active display units. In some embodiments, one or more devicesmay include one or more display units 124 that are active display units124. Numerous active display units 124 are known and include, but arenot limited to, quarter-video graphics array (QVGA), video graphicsarray (VGA), super video graphics array (SVGA), extended graphics array(XGA), wide extended graphics array (WXGA), super extended graphicsarray (SXGA), ultra extended graphics array (UXGA), wide super extendedgraphics array (WSXGA), wide ultra extended graphics array (WUXGA).

At embodiment 6106, module 5830 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate a presence or an absence of one or more allergens withinthe one or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more devices mayinclude one or more display units 124 that indicate a presence or anabsence of one or more allergens 104 within the one or more samples 102.In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may use acolorimetric message to indicate a presence or an absence of one or moreallergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102. For example, insome embodiments, one or more display units 124 may display a greenlight if one or more allergen indicators 106 are not found within one ormore samples 102 and a red light if one or more allergen indicators 106are found within one or more samples 102. In some embodiments, one ormore display units 124 may use a pictographic message to indicate apresence or an absence of one or more allergen indicators 106 within oneor more samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or moredisplay units 124 may display a smiley face if one or more allergenindicators 106 are not found within one or more samples 102 and a frownyface if one or more allergen indicators 106 are found within one or moresamples 102. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may usea typographical message to indicate a presence or an absence of one ormore allergen indicators 106 within one or more samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may displayan “Allergen Not Present” message if one or more allergen indicators 106are not found within one or more samples 102 and an “Allergen Present”message if one or more allergen indicators 106 are found within one ormore samples 102. Such messages may be displayed in numerous languages.In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may display one ormore messages in multiple formats. For example, in some embodiments, oneor more messages may be displayed in colored text.

At embodiment 6108, module 5830 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate an identity of one or more allergens present within theone or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more devices mayinclude one or more display units 124 that indicate an identity of oneor more allergens 104 present within the one or more samples 102. Insome embodiments, one or more display units 124 may be operablyassociated with one or more microfluidic chips 108 that are configuredto identify one or more allergen indicators 106. Accordingly, in someembodiments, one or more display units 124 may be configured to displaythe identity of one or more allergens 104 that are present and/or absentfrom one or more samples 102. For example, in some embodiments, adisplay unit 124 may be configured to indicate a presence or an absenceof beta-lactoglobulin in a food product.

At embodiment 6110, module 5830 may include one or more display unitsthat indicate one or more concentrations of one or more allergens withinthe one or more samples. In some embodiments, one or more devices mayinclude one or more display units 124 that indicate one or moreconcentrations of one or more allergens 104 within the one or moresamples 102. Concentration may be displayed in numerous formats. Forexample, in some embodiments, concentration may be expressed numerically(e.g., mass allergen indicator 106 per volume sample 102 (e.g.,milligrams per milliliter), mass allergen indicator 106 per mass sample102 (e.g., milligrams per milligram of sample), parts per million, andthe like). In some embodiments, concentration may be expressedgraphically. For example, in some embodiments, one or more display units124 may include a display having a gray scale on which the concentrationof one or more allergen indicators 106 that are present within one ormore samples 102 may be indicated (e.g., higher concentrations of one ormore allergens 104 may be displayed as dark gray while lowerconcentrations of one or more allergens 104 may be displayed as lightgray). In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may include adisplay having a color scale on which the concentration of one or moreallergen indicators 106 that are present within one or more samples 102may be indicated (e.g., low concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 may be indicated by a green light, intermediateconcentrations of one or more allergen indicators 106 may be indicatedby a yellow light, high concentrations of one or more allergenindicators 106 may be indicated by a red light). In some embodiments,one or more display units 124 may be calibrated to an individual. Forexample, in such embodiments, an individual may use the display toobtain an immediate reading that will indicate if a food productcontains a dangerous level of one or more allergens 104.

At embodiment 6112, module 5830 may include. In some embodiments, one ormore devices may include one or more display units 124 that arecalibrated for an individual. In some embodiments, one or or moredisplay units 124 may be calibrated to display whether one or moreallergens 104, and/or allergen indicators 106, that are specific to anindividual are present or absent within one or more samples 102. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may beconfigured to display whether one or more samples 102 contain shellfishassociated allergens 104 for an individual known to be allergic toshellfish. In some embodiments, one or more display units 124 may becalibrated to indicate safe and/or unsafe concentrations of one or moreallergens 104 within one or more samples 102 for an individual.

FIG. 62 illustrates alternative embodiments of devices 5800 of FIG. 58.FIG. 62 illustrates example embodiments of module 5840. Additionalembodiments may include an embodiment 6202 and/or an embodiment 6204.

At embodiment 6202, module 5840 may include one or more reservoir unitsthat are configured for containing one or more reagents. In someembodiments, one or more devices may include one or more reservoir units112 that are configured for containing one or more reagents. Reservoirunit 112 may be configured to contain and/or deliver numerous types ofreagents. Examples of such reagents include, but are not limited to,phenol, chloroform, alcohol, salt solutions, detergent solutions,solvents, reagents used for polynucleotide precipitation, reagents usedfor polypeptide precipitation, reagents used for polynucleotideextraction, reagents used for polypeptide extraction, reagents used forchemical extractions, and the like. Accordingly, reservoir unit 112 maybe configured to contain and/or deliver virtually any reagent that maybe used for the analysis of one or more allergens 104 and/or allergenindicators 106. In some embodiments, one or more reservoir units 112 mayinclude one or more pumps configured to deliver one or more reagents toone or more microfluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, one or morereservoir units 112 may include one or more connectors configured tocouple the one or more reservoir units 112 to one or more microfluidicchips 108.

At embodiment 6204, module 5840 may include one or more reservoir unitsthat are configured as one or more waste reservoirs. In someembodiments, one or more devices may include one or more reservoir units112 that are configured as one or more waste reservoirs. Such wastereservoirs may be configured in numerous ways. For example such wastereservoirs may be configured for containing reagents, samples 102, andthe like. In some embodiments, waste reservoirs may be configured tocontain liquids, solids, gels, or substantially any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more waste reservoirs may include one ormore pumps configured to withdraw one or more reagents from one or moremicrofluidic chips 108. In some embodiments, one or more wastereservoirs may include one or more connectors configured to couple theone or more waste reservoirs to one or more microfluidic chips 108.

One skilled in the art will recognize that the herein describedcomponents (e.g., steps), devices, and objects and the discussionaccompanying them are used as examples for the sake of conceptualclarity and that various configuration modifications are within theskill of those in the art. Consequently, as used herein, the specificexemplars set forth and the accompanying discussion are intended to berepresentative of their more general classes. In general, use of anyspecific exemplar herein is also intended to be representative of itsclass, and the non-inclusion of such specific components (e.g., steps),devices, and objects herein should not be taken as indicating thatlimitation is desired.

With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singularterms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from theplural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as isappropriate to the context and/or application. The varioussingular/plural permutations are not expressly set forth herein for sakeof clarity.

While particular aspects of the present subject matter described hereinhave been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled inthe art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modificationsmay be made without departing from the subject matter described hereinand its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are toencompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as arewithin the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein.Furthermore, it is to be understood that the invention is defined by theappended claims. It will be understood by those within the art that, ingeneral, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g.,bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms(e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but notlimited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having atleast,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but isnot limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those withinthe art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation isintended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and inthe an absence of such recitation no such intent is present. Forexample, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims maycontain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one ormore” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrasesshould not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claimrecitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particularclaim containing such introduced claim recitation to inventionscontaining only one such recitation, even when the same claim includesthe introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinitearticles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically beinterpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holdstrue for the use of definite articles used to introduce claimrecitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introducedclaim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art willrecognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to meanat least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “tworecitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least tworecitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in thoseinstances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C,etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the senseone having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “asystem having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not belimited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and Btogether, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and Ctogether, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “atleast one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a constructionis intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understandthe convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” wouldinclude but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, Calone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A,B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those withinthe art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting twoor more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, ordrawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities ofincluding one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. Forexample, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include thepossibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”

Those having skill in the art will recognize that the state of the arthas progressed to the point where there is little distinction leftbetween hardware and software implementations of aspects of systems; theuse of hardware or software is generally (but not always, in that incertain contexts the choice between hardware and software can becomesignificant) a design choice representing cost vs. efficiency tradeoffs.Those having skill in the art will appreciate that there are variousvehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologiesdescribed herein can be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and/orfirmware), and that the preferred vehicle will vary with the context inwhich the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies aredeployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed andaccuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardwareand/or firmware vehicle; alternatively, if flexibility is paramount, theimplementer may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet againalternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware,software, and/or firmware. Hence, there are several possible vehicles bywhich the processes and/or devices and/or other technologies describedherein may be effected, none of which is inherently superior to theother in that any vehicle to be utilized is a choice dependent upon thecontext in which the vehicle will be deployed and the specific concerns(e.g., speed, flexibility, or predictability) of the implementer, any ofwhich may vary. Those skilled in the art will recognize that opticalaspects of implementations will typically employ optically-orientedhardware, software, and or firmware.

The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments ofthe devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts,and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/orexamples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will beunderstood by those within the art that each function and/or operationwithin such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented,individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software,firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment,several portions of the subject matter described herein may beimplemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), FieldProgrammable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), orother integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art willrecognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, inwhole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integratedcircuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or morecomputers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computersystems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors(e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors),as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designingthe circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and /or firmwarewould be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light ofthis disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciatethat the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capableof being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, andthat an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described hereinapplies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium usedto actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearingmedium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable typemedium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), aDigital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and atransmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analogcommunication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wiredcommunications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).

In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that thevarious embodiments described herein can be implemented, individuallyand/or collectively, by various types of electro-mechanical systemshaving a wide range of electrical components such as hardware, software,firmware, or virtually any combination thereof; and a wide range ofcomponents that may impart mechanical force or motion such as rigidbodies, spring or torsional bodies, hydraulics, and electro-magneticallyactuated devices, or virtually any combination thereof. Consequently, asused herein “electro-mechanical system” includes, but is not limited to,electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer (e.g., anactuator, a motor, a piezoelectric crystal, etc.), electrical circuitryhaving at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitryhaving at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having atleast one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitryforming a general purpose computing device configured by a computerprogram (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computerprogram which at least partially carries out processes and/or devicesdescribed herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer programwhich at least partially carries out processes and/or devices describedherein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms ofrandom access memory), electrical circuitry forming a communicationsdevice (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electricalequipment), and any non-electrical analog thereto, such as optical orother analogs. Those skilled in the art will also appreciate thatexamples of electromechanical systems include, but are not limited to, avariety of consumer electronics systems, as well as other systems suchas motorized transport systems, factory automation systems, securitysystems, and communication/computing systems. Those skilled in the artwill recognize that electromechanical as used herein is not necessarilylimited to a system that has both electrical and mechanical actuationexcept as context may dictate otherwise.

In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that thevarious aspects described herein which can be implemented, individuallyand/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, orany combination thereof can be viewed as being composed of various typesof “electrical circuitry.” Consequently, as used herein “electricalcircuitry” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry havingat least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having atleast one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least oneapplication specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming ageneral purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g.,a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which atleast partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein,or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at leastpartially carries out processes and/or devices described herein),electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of randomaccess memory), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communicationsdevice (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electricalequipment). Those having skill in the art will recognize that thesubject matter described herein may be implemented in an analog ordigital fashion or some combination thereof.

Those skilled in the art will recognize-that it is common within the artto implement devices and/or processes and/or systems in the fashion(s)set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering and/or businesspractices to integrate such implemented devices and/or processes and/orsystems into more comprehensive devices and/or processes and/or systems.That is, at least a portion of the devices and/or processes and/orsystems described herein can be integrated into other devices and/orprocesses and/or systems via a reasonable amount of experimentation.Those having skill in the art will recognize that examples of such otherdevices and/or processes and/or systems might include—as appropriate tocontext and application—all or part of devices and/or processes and/orsystems of (a) an air conveyance (e.g., an airplane, rocket, hovercraft,helicopter, etc.), (b) a ground conveyance (e.g., a car, truck,locomotive, tank, armored personnel carrier, etc.), (c) a building(e.g., a home, warehouse, office, etc.), (d) an appliance (e.g., arefrigerator, a washing machine, a dryer, etc.), (e) a communicationssystem (e.g., a networked system, a telephone system, a voice-over IPsystem, etc.), (f) a business entity (e.g., an Internet Service Provider(ISP) entity such as Comcast Cable, Quest, Southwestern Bell, etc), or(g) a wired/wireless services entity such as Sprint, Cingular, Nextel,etc.), etc.

Although a user 130 is shown/described herein as a single illustratedfigure, those skilled in the art will appreciate that a user 130 may berepresentative of a human user 130, a robotic user 130 (e.g.,computational entity), and/or substantially any combination thereof(e.g., a user 130 may be assisted by one or more robotic agents). Inaddition, a user 130 as set forth herein, although shown as a singleentity may in fact be composed of two or more entities. Those skilled inthe art will appreciate that, in general, the same may be said of“sender” and/or other entity-oriented terms as such terms are usedherein.

The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates differentcomponents contained within, or connected with, different othercomponents. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures aremerely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can beimplemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense,any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality iseffectively “associated” such that the desired functionality isachieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve aparticular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each othersuch that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective ofarchitectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components soassociated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or“operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality,and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewedas being “operably couplable”, to each other to achieve the desiredfunctionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include, but arenot limited to, physically mateable and/or physically interactingcomponents and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interactingcomponents and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactablecomponents.

All of the above U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications,U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applicationsand non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/orlisted in any Application Data Sheet, are incorporated herein byreference, in their entireties.

1. A method comprising: processing one or more samples with one or moremicrofluidic chips configured for analysis of one or more allergenindicators; and detecting the one or more allergen indicators with oneor more detection units that are operably associated with the one ormore microfluidic chips. 2-4. (canceled)
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the processing one or more samples with one or more microfluidicchips configured for analysis of one or more allergen indicatorscomprises: processing the one or more samples for the one or moreallergen indicators that are associated with one or more airborneallergens.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing one or moresamples with one or more microfluidic chips configured for analysis ofone or more allergen indicators comprises: processing the one or moresamples for the one or more allergen indicators that are associated withone or more food products.
 7. (canceled)
 8. (canceled)
 9. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the detecting the one or more allergen indicators withone or more detection units that are operably associated with the one ormore microfluidic chips comprises: detecting the one or more allergenindicators that are associated with one or more airborne allergens. 10.The method of claim 1, wherein the detecting the one or more allergenindicators with one or more detection units that are operably associatedwith the one or more microfluidic chips comprises: detecting the one ormore allergen indicators that are associated with one or more foodproducts.
 11. (canceled)
 12. (canceled)
 13. The method of claim 1,wherein the detecting the one or more allergen indicators with one ormore detection units that are operably associated with the one or moremicrofluidic chips comprises: detecting the one or more allergenindicators with one or more detection units that are calibrated for usewith an individual.
 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising:displaying results of the detecting with one or more display units thatare operably associated with the one or more detection units. 15-16.(canceled)
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the displaying results ofthe detecting with one or more display units that are operablyassociated with the one or more detection units comprises: indicating apresence or an absence of the one or more allergen indicators within theone or more samples.
 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the displayingresults of the detecting with one or more display units that areoperably associated with the one or more detection units comprises:indicating an identity of one or more allergens that correspond to theone or more allergen indicators present within the one or more samples.19. The method of claim 14, wherein the displaying results of thedetecting with one or more display units that are operably associatedwith the one or more detection units comprises: indicating one or moreconcentrations of one or more allergens that correspond to the one ormore allergen indicators present within the one or more samples.
 20. Themethod of claim 14, wherein the displaying results of the detecting withone or more display units that are operably associated with the one ormore detection units comprises: displaying results of the detecting withone or more display units that are calibrated for an individual.
 21. Themethod of claim 14, wherein the displaying results of the detecting withone or more display units that are operably associated with the one ormore detection units comprises: transmitting one or more signals to oneor more recording units.
 22. A method comprising: detecting one or moreallergen indicators with one or more detection units that are configuredto detachably connect to one or more microfluidic chips that areconfigured for analysis of the one or more allergen indicators; anddisplaying results of the detecting with one or more display units thatare operably associated with the one or more detection units.
 23. Themethod of claim 22, further comprising: processing one or more sampleswith the one or more microfluidic chips that are configured for analysisof the one or more allergen indicators.
 24. A method comprising:processing one or more samples with one or more microfluidic chips thatare configured for analysis of one or more allergen indicators;detecting the one or more allergen indicators with one or more detectionunits that are operably associated with the one or more microfluidicchips; and displaying results of the detecting with one or more displayunits that are operably associated with the one or more detection units.25. A method comprising: processing one or more samples with one or moremicrofluidic chips that are configured for analysis of one or moreallergen indicators; and extracting the one or more allergen indicatorsfrom the one or more samples with the one or more microfluidic chips.26-29. (canceled)
 30. The method of claim 25, wherein the processing oneor more samples with one or more microfluidic chips that are configuredfor analysis of one or more allergen indicators comprises: processingthe one or more samples that are associated with one or more foodproducts. 31-33. (canceled)
 34. The method of claim 25, furthercomprising: detecting the one or more allergen indicators with one ormore detection units.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the detectingthe one or more allergen indicators with one or more detection unitscomprises: detecting the one or more allergen indicators that areassociated with one or more airborne allergens.
 36. The method of claim34, wherein the detecting the one or more allergen indicators with oneor more detection units comprises: detecting the one or more allergenindicators that are associated with one or more food products. 37-40.(canceled)
 41. The method of claim 34, wherein the detecting the one ormore allergen indicators with one or more detection units comprises:detecting the one or more allergen indicators with one or more detectionunits that are calibrated for use with an individual.
 42. The method ofclaim 34, further comprising: displaying results of the detecting withone or more display units. 43-44. (canceled)
 45. The method of claim 42,wherein the displaying results of the detecting with one or more displayunits comprises: indicating a presence or an absence of the one or moreallergen indicators within the one or more samples.
 46. The method ofclaim 42, wherein the displaying results of the detecting with one ormore display units comprises: indicating an identity of one or moreallergens that correspond to the one or more allergen indicators presentwithin the one or more samples.
 47. (canceled)
 48. The method of claim42, wherein the displaying results of the detecting with one or moredisplay units comprises: displaying results of the detecting with one ormore display units that are calibrated for an individual.
 49. (canceled)